Ralph Wigram

Ralph Follett Wigram CMG (/ˈreɪf ˈwɪɡrəm/; 23 October 1890 – 31 December 1936) was a British government official in the Foreign Office. He helped raise the alarm about German re-armament under Hitler during the period prior to World War II.

In part, he did this by providing intelligence information about German re-armament to Winston Churchill at a time when Churchill did not hold a position in the government of Stanley Baldwin. Churchill used the information to publicly attack the policies of Baldwin. Churchill's magisterial six-volume history of World War II, The Second World War, described Wigram as a "great unsung hero." The autobiography of Valentine Lawford, who worked under Wigram in the Central Department, describes him variously as "the authentic local deity" and "the departmental volcano."

Wigram's role was brought to public attention by the Southern Television drama serial Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (in which he was portrayed by Paul Freeman), and later by the biographical movie about Churchill, The Gathering Storm (in which he was portrayed by Linus Roache).

Background and education

Wigram was the son of Eustace Rochester Wigram and Mary Grace Bradford-Atkinson, and had a younger sister, Isabel.[1] He was the grandson of the Right Reverend Joseph Cotton Wigram, Bishop of Rochester, younger son of Sir Robert Wigram, 1st Baronet. He was a second cousin of Lord Wigram.[2] He was educated at Eton and University College, Oxford.

Career

Wigram joined the Foreign Office after graduation. He served as Temporary Secretary at the British Embassy in Washington, D.C. from 1916 to 1919, as Third Secretary at the Foreign Office from 1919 to 1920, as Second Secretary at the Foreign Office from 1920 to 1921, as First Secretary at the British Embassy in Paris from 1924 to 1933, and as Counsellor at the Foreign Office and head of the Central Department from 1934 to 1936. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1933.

German re-armament and Churchill

Wigram helped raise the alarm about German re-armament under Adolf Hitler during the period prior to the Second World War. In part, he did this by providing intelligence information about German re-armament to Winston Churchill, at a time when Churchill did not hold any position in the government of Stanley Baldwin. Churchill used the information to attack the policies of Stanley Baldwin.

Wigram's superior in the Foreign Office, Permanent Under-Secretary Sir Robert Vansittart had been quite alarmed about the German situation for several years, and when Wigram came on board they soon came to share deep concern about the situation. Churchill's biographer William Manchester described one of Wigram's memos from this period as having "a sagacity and vision seldom matched in Britain's archives".[3] In the beginning, they tried to raise the alarm with their political masters in the government, to no avail; in desperation, they then turned to other means.

Wigram did make at least one attempt at direct publicity – at the time of the Occupation of the Rhineland in early 1936, he arranged a press conference for French Minister of Foreign Affairs Flandin, but it had little effect. His efforts in another direction were far more successful. Wigram had begun passing information to Churchill in late 1934, apparently with the knowledge and support of Vansittart. The original path was via Major Desmond Morton, but from early 1935, Wigram began to interact directly with Churchill. From then on, Wigram and Churchill were in close contact. Starting on 7 April 1935, the Wigrams often spent weekends with Churchill at Chartwell, his country house, and Churchill also visited Wigram's London home. The information seems to have been primarily about the German air force, although more general material about German rearmament, and Hitler's character and likely aims, was included as well.

Wigram was one of many people passing information to Churchill; Churchill's biographer, Martin Gilbert, estimated that there were more than twenty (although he credited Wigram as one of the three main players in this). The film Gathering Storm, however, focuses on Wigram; the film's director, Richard Loncraine, said that "in reality there were four 'Wigrams' – two Army officers and two civil servants. It would be cinematographically inept to have four people doing the same thing. What we did was leave out the other three characters."[4]

There is some confusion as to the legality of Wigram's passing of documents to Churchill; Wigram was an MP proetcetd by the conventions of absolute privilege.[lower-alpha 1] Although it seems to have been carried out in a manner that implied it was illegal, Churchill was at the time a Privy Counsellor, and as such would have been allowed access to the papers. Baldwin's government certainly did not like the passing of information to Churchill; Walter Runciman, the President of the Board of Trade, was sent to see Wigram's wife Ava when Wigram was not at home to try to convince her to stop her husband from passing information to Churchill.[5]

Wigram and Churchill did disagree over the Anglo-German Naval Agreement. Wigram supported it as a means to escape the strictures of disarmament, whereas Churchill felt it condoned German treaty-breaking. Nevertheless Wigram remained a firm opponent of the policy of Appeasement. During his time at No.10 he also worked closely with the scientist Prof F.A.Lindemann.

Personal life

Wigram married Ava Bodley (1896–1974), daughter of the historian J. E. C. Bodley, on 28 February 1925; they had one child, Charles Edward Thomas Bodley Wigram (1929–1951)[6] (who apparently suffered from some sort of birth defect, but sources disagree whether it was Down syndrome, cerebral palsy or autism).[7][8][5] Ava's letters to Churchill indicate that she supported Wigram's attempts to warn Churchill.

Wigram's sudden death is somewhat mysterious. Again, sources disagree on several points. For one, some say he was found dead at home, but a letter from Churchill says he died in Ava's arms.[8][9] His death certificate recorded the cause of death as pulmonary haemorrhage, but a letter from Henry Pelling indicates he committed suicide while deeply depressed.[8][7] The fact that his own parents did not attend his funeral is cited as support for this theory (although Churchill and his family did attend, along with Robert Vansittart and Brendan Bracken).[8][7] Churchill's letters indicate (but only indirectly) that depression and suicide were the cause.[7] Polio has also been put forward as a cause by some sources.[5] He was buried in the churchyard at Cuckfield, Sussex.[10] After Wigram's death, Ava stayed in close contact with Churchill, writing to him about her travels to Germany before the outbreak of war. She married Sir John Anderson in 1941.

Sources

Notes

  1. ↑ Absolute Privilege - means that MPs are entitled to say anything they feel appropriate in the chamber withoit fear or favour. They cannot be prosecuted for revealing information to the government. Qualified Privilege - is the rule in courts of law in which a barrister, who owes a duty to the Judiciary-in-Camera are entitled to take all reasonable precautions to pursue their case, protect their client, the principles of justice and the Rule of Law.

References

  1. ↑ http://awt.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=REG&db=conqueror&id=I44727&ti=5538
  2. ↑ thepeerage.com Ralph Follett Wigram
  3. ↑ Manchester, William (1988). The Last Lion. Boston: Little, Brown., pg. 116
  4. ↑ - The Scotsman at thescotsman.scotsman.com
  5. 1 2 3 Langworth, Richard. "The Gathering Storm". The Churchill Centre. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  6. ↑ Soames, p. 421
  7. 1 2 3 4 Manchester (op. cit.), pg. 193
  8. 1 2 3 4 Thorpe, Vanessa (22 June 2002). "The man who told Churchill to take on Hitler". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  9. ↑ Gilbert, Martin (1990). Prophet of Truth. London: Minerva., pg. 833
  10. ↑ Soames, p. 420

External links

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