Rashid Sunyaev

Rashid Sunyaev
Sunyaev in 2010
Born	1 March 1943 Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, Soviet Union
Residence	Munich, Germany
Nationality	Russian, German
Fields	Astronomer
Institutions	Russian Academy of Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics
Alma mater	Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MS), Moscow State University (Ph.D)
Known for	Cosmic microwave background radiation
Notable awards	Heineman Prize (2003), Crafoord Prize (2008), Kyoto Prize (2011)

Rashid Alievich Sunyaev (Cyrillic: Раши́д Али́евич Сюня́ев; born March 1, 1943 in Tashkent, USSR) is a Soviet and Russian astrophysicist of Tatar descent. He was educated at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MS). He became a professor at MIPT in 1974. Sunyaev was the head of the High Energy Astrophysics Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and has been chief scientist of the Academy's Space Research Institute since 1992. He has also been a director of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching, Germany since 1996.

Works

Sunyaev and Yakov B. Zel'dovich developed the theory for the evolution of density fluctuations in the early universe. They predicted the pattern of acoustic fluctuations that have been clearly seen by WMAP and other CMB experiments in the microwave sky and in the large-scale distribution of galaxies. Sunyaev and Zel’dovich stated in their 1970 paper, “A detailed investigation of the spectrum of fluctuations may, in principle, lead to an understanding of the nature of initial density perturbations since a distinct periodic dependence of the spectral density of perturbations on wavelength (mass) is peculiar to adiabatic perturbations.” CMB experiments have now seen this distinctive scale in temperature and polarization measurements. Large-scale structure observations have seen this scale in galaxy clustering measurements.

With Yakov B. Zel'dovich, at the Moscow Institute of Applied Mathematics, he proposed what is known as the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect, which is due to electrons associated with gas in galaxy clusters scattering the cosmic microwave background radiation.^[1][2][3][4]

Sunyaev and Nikolay I. Shakura developed a model of accretion onto black holes, from a disk,^[5] and he has proposed a signature for X-radiation from matter spiraling into a black hole. He has collaborated in important studies of the early universe, including the recombination of hydrogen and the formation of the cosmic microwave background radiation. He led the team which operated the X-ray observatory attached to the Kvant-1 module of the Mir space station and also the GRANAT orbiting X-ray observatory. Kvant made the first detection of X-rays from a supernova in 1987. His team is currently preparing the Spectrum-X-Gamma International Astrophysical Project and is working with INTEGRAL spacecraft data. At Garching he is working in the fields of theoretical high energy astrophysics and physical cosmology and participates in the data interpretation of the ongoing ESA Planck spacecraft mission.

Honors and awards

• Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1984
• Bruno Rossi Prize in 1988 for his contributions to understanding cosmic X-ray sources, especially the structure of accretion disks around black holes, the X-ray spectra of compact objects, and the Mir-based discovery of hard X-ray emission from supernovae 1987A^[6]
• Foreign Associate of USA National Academy of Sciences since 1991
• Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1995^[7]
• Bruce Medal in 2000 for a lifetime of outstanding research in astronomy^[8][9]
• State Prize of Russian Federation in 2000 for research of Black Holes and Neutron stars with GRANAT X-ray and gamma-ray astrophysical observatory in 1990-1998^[10]
• Alexander Friedman Prize by Russian Academy of Sciences in 2002 for the publications on the reduction of brightness of cosmic microwave background radiation in the direction of clusters of galaxies^[10]
• Heineman Prize in 2003 for outstanding work in astrophysics^[11]
• Gruber Prize in Cosmology in 2003 for pioneering studies on the nature of the cosmic microwave background and its interaction with intervening matter that led to new cosmological models^[12]
• Member of German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina since 2003
• Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2004^[13]
• International Member of the American Philosophical Society since 2007
• Crafoord Prize in 2008 for decisive contributions to high-energy astrophysics and cosmology.^[14]
• Henry Norris Russell Lectureship in 2008^[15]
• Karl Schwarzschild Medal of the German Astronomische Gesellschaft in 2008.^[16]
• Foreign Member of the Royal Society since 2009
• King Faisal International Prize for Science (Physics) (2009)
• Kyoto Prize (2011)^[17]
• Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics from the Franklin Institute (2012)^[18]
• Einstein Professorship (2014) (Chinese Academy of Sciences)

Literature

• Yudhijit Bhattacharjee: In the Afterglow of the Big Bang - Toiling behind the Iron Curtain under a tough mentor, a Russian astrophysicist uncovered secrets of the universe that have led to discoveries 4 decades later, in: Science, 1 January 2010, Vol. 327, Page 26

References

1. Sunyaev RA; Zel'dovich YB (1969). "The interaction of matter and radiation in a hot-model universe". Astrophys. Space Sci. 4 (3): 301–16. Bibcode:1969Ap&SS...4..301Z. doi:10.1007/BF00661821.
2. Sunyaev RA; Zel'dovich YB (1970). "Small-scale fluctuations of relic radiation". Astrophys. Space Sci. 7 (1): 3–19.
3. Sunyaev RA; Zel'dovich YB (1972). "The observations of relic radiation as a test of the nature of X-ray radiation from the clusters of galaxies". Comm. Astrophys. Space Phys. 4: 173. Bibcode:1972ComAp...4..173S.
4. Sunyaev RA; Zel'dovich YB (1980). "Microwave background radiation as a probe of the contemporary structure and history of the universe". Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 18 (1): 537–60. Bibcode:1980ARA&A..18..537S. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.002541.
5. Shakura NI; Syunyaev RA (1973). "Black holes in binary systems. Observational appearance". Astron. Astrophys. 24: 337–55. Bibcode:1973A&A....24..337S.
6. HEAD AAS Rossi Prize Winners
7. Winners of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
8. 2000 Bruce Medalist
9. 2000 ASP Annual Award Winners
10. Awards and best publications. ICR RAS
11. Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics
12. 2003 Gruber Cosmology Prize
13. "Rashid Sunyaev". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
14. The Crafoord Prize in Mathematics and Astronomy 2008
15. Henry Norris Russell Lectureship
16. "Recipients of the Karl Schwarzschild Medal". Retrieved 2008-09-24.
17. Kyoto Prize for Russian astronomer
18. "Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics". Franklin Institute. 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-07.

External links

• Syunyaev Rashid Alievich. Site of Russian Academy of Sciences
• Biography at the website of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences