Rasm
| Quran |
|---|
 |
|
Rasm is an Arabic writing script often used in the early centuries of Arabic literature (7th century - early 11th century AD). Essentially it is the same as today's Arabic script except for the big difference that dots and dashes are omitted. It is also known as Arabic skeleton script. In Rasm notation, the five distinct letters ـبـ ـتـ ـثـ ـنـ ـيـ are indistinguishable because all the dots are omitted. In other words Rasm script omits i'jam pointing.
In the early Arabic manuscripts that survive today (physical manuscripts dated 7th and 8th centuries AD), one finds dots but "putting dots was in no case compulsory".[1] Some manuscripts have no dots at all, while others add dots only sparingly and only in phrase contexts where the scribe thinks the omission of dotting on a word would leave the meaning ambiguous.
Rasm (Arabic: رَسْم) means 'drawing', outline, or pattern in Arabic. When speaking of the Qur'an, it stands for the basic text made of the 18 letters without vowel diacritics and without i'jam consonant points.
The rasm is the oldest part of the Arabic script; it has 18 elements, excluding the ligature of lām and alif. When isolated and in the final position, the 18 letters are visually distinct. However, in the initial and medial positions, certain letters that are distinct otherwise are not differentiated visually. This results in only 15 visually distinct glyphs each in the initial and medial positions.
| Name | Final | Medial | Initial | Isolated | Rasm | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Final | Medial | Initial | Isolated | Codepoint | |||||
| Alif | ـا | ـا | ا | ا | ـا | ـا | ا | ا | U+0627 |
| Bāʾ | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | ب | ـٮ | ـٮـ | ٮـ | ٮ | U+066E |
| Tāʾ | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | ت | |||||
| Ṯāʾ | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | ث | |||||
| Nūn | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | ن | ـں | ں | U+06BA [a] | ||
| Yāʾ | ـي | ـيـ | يـ | ي | ـى | ـىـ | ىـ | ى | U+0649 |
| Alif maqṣūrah | ـى | ى | |||||||
| Ǧīm | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | ج | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | ح | U+062D |
| Ḥāʾ | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | ح | |||||
| Ḫāʾ | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | خ | |||||
| Dāl | ـد | ـد | د | د | ـد | ـد | د | د | U+062F |
| Ḏāl | ـذ | ـذ | ذ | ذ | |||||
| Rāʾ | ـر | ـر | ر | ر | ـر | ـر | ر | ر | U+0631 |
| Zayn / zāy | ـز | ـز | ز | ز | |||||
| Sīn | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | س | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | س | U+0633 |
| Šīn | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | ش | |||||
| Ṣād | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | ص | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | ص | U+0635 |
| Ḍād | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | ض | |||||
| Ṭāʾ | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | ط | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | ط | U+0637 |
| Ẓāʾ | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | ظ | |||||
| ʿAyn | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | ع | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | ع | U+0639 |
| Ghayn | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | غ | |||||
| Fāʾ | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | ف | ـڡ | ـڡـ | ڡـ | ڡ | U+06A1 |
| Qāf | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | ق | ـٯ | ـٯـ | ٯـ | ٯ | U+066F |
| Kāf | ـك | ـكـ | كـ | ك | ـڪ | ـڪـ | ڪـ | ڪ | U+06AA |
| Lām | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | ل | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | ل | U+0644 |
| Mīm | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | م | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | م | U+0645 |
| Hāʾ | ـه | ـهـ | هـ | ه | ـه | ـهـ | هـ | ه | U+0647 |
| Tāʾ marbūṭah | ـة | ة | |||||||
| Wāw | ـو | ـو | و | و | ـو | ـو | و | و | U+0648 |
| Lām + alif | ـلا | ـلا | لا | لا | ـلا | ـلا | لا | لا | U+FEFB, U+FEFC |
| Hamzah | ء | ء | ء | ء | (None) [b] | ||||
- ^a This character may not display correctly in some fonts. The dot should not appear in all four positional forms and the initial and medial forms should join with following character. In other words the initial and medial forms should look exactly like those of a dot-less bāʾ while the isolated and final forms should look like those of a dot-less nūn.
- ^b There is no hamzah in rasm writing, including hamzah-on-the-line (i.e., hamzah between letters).
Compare the beginning verse of the Qurʾān with all diacritics and with the rasm only.
The first sentence only appears as it should if one of the fonts Scheherazade or Lateef was installed. The last two sentences appear with them and can also appear properly if DejaVu Sans was installed.
| With i'jam and all diacritics | بِسْمِ ٱللّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ |
|---|---|
| Rasm only | ٮسماللهالرحمںالرحىم |
| Rasm with spaces | ٮسم ا لله ا لر حمں ا لر حىم |
Note that when rasm is written with spaces, they do not only occur between words. Within a word, spaces also appear between adjacent letters that are not connected.
Historical example
The Kufic Samarkand Qur'an that was from 1869 to 1917 in St. Petersburg shows almost only the rasm.
See also
References and external links
- ↑ "What Are Those Few Dots for? Thoughts on the Orthography of the Qurra Papyri (709-710), the Khurasan Parchments (755-777) and the Inscription of the Jerusalem Dome of the Rock (692)", by Andreas Kaplony, year 2008 in journal Arabica volume 55 pages 91-101.
- Some pages from the famous Saint Petersburg-Samerkand-Tashkent Koran. The fourth to seventh images are written in the Kufic script
- A page in the earliest script, known as ma'il