Recession of 1958

The Recession of 1958, also known as the Eisenhower Recession, was a sharp worldwide economic downturn in 1958 (3). The effect of the recession spread beyond United States borders to Europe and Canada, causing many businesses, like the mining operation, to shut down (4). It was the most significant recession during the post-World War II boom between 1945 and 1970 and had a sharp economic decline that only lasted eight months. By the time recovery began in May of 1958, most lost ground had been regained. As 1958 ended, the economy was heading towards new high levels of employment and production. Overall, the recession was regarded as a moderate one based on the duration and extent of declines in employment, production, and income (3).

Causes

There were many major factors in the decline that exerted a growing downward pressure on production and employment, resulting in a general reduction of economic activity (3).

• New car sales took a sharp dive. Auto sales fell 31% over 1957, making 1958 the worst auto year since World War II (3). In just three short years, car sales fell from almost 8 million purchases in 1955 to 4.3 million purchases in 1958. Ford Motor Company’s failure of the Edsel was a major contribution to this problem within the industry (2). In an effort to overcome declining auto sales, one of the hardest hit sectors of the slump, the Beyer DeSoto dealership of St. Louis put its salesmen on duty for 64 hours straight, as part of a sell-a-thon that raised sales 73% (4).
• Housing construction slowed due to higher interest rates in 1955 and 1956. By 1957, new house construction had fallen to about 1.2 million units (2).
• There was a gradual decrease in incoming business of capital goods industries (3), which resulted in the ending of an expansive boom. The initial trouble began in 1956 with a deceleration in business planning for replacement of equipment and expansion of manufacturing facilities, resulting in a drop in new orders for equipment (2). This created a widening gap between the supply and the use of industrial capacity (3). Federal Reserve economists believed that the administration had contributed to the recession by cutting back on Department of Defense purchases in 1957 (2).

Consequences

• Durable goods manufactures and the lumber, mining, and textile industries were three of the industries who were hit the hardest. Due to a severe drop in unfulfilled orders for durable goods and a decreasing demand for commodities and other materials, the recession of 1958 forced over five million people out of work (4).
• In the United States, unemployment rose but there was little to no decline in personal income. Overall, employment decreased by 6.2%, resulting in 2 million job losses and 1.3 million people drawing unemployment insurance (3). Unemployment was highest in industrial areas in the Northeast and Midwest and in mining areas in the Pennsylvania, West Virginia and the West. Michigan suffered the most of any state with an unemployment rate of 11%, as Detroit maintained a record high of 20%. In large part, this was a result of a 47% decline in automobile production. When unemployment rates rose beyond 5.1 million in January 1958, they were higher than at any point since 1941 (2).

Price and Costs

• The effect on prices and costs was an apparent paradox, as prices continued to rise while production and employment were declining (3). In past recessions, prices tended to fall during recessionary conditions, but this time they went up apart from raw materials. The U.S. consumer prices rose 2.7% from 1957 to 1958, and after a pause they continued to push up until November 1959. Wholesale prices rose 1.6% from 1957 to 1959. The continued upward creep of prices became a cause of concern among many well known economists analyzing the economy, such as Arthur F. Burns.

Governmental Actions

In an effort to promptly recover the economy, the government played an important role in the moderation of the recession by creating policies. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Raymond J. Saulnier, Robert B. Anderson, and Lyndon B. Johnson were some of the important figures that held major roles in the effort to save the economy. Eisenhower’s main focus was to stimulate recovery while keeping the government’s financial “house in order” (2).

• Construction projects already underway were accelerated, and those that were already funded were planned and begun immediately. The Department of Agriculture projects for water resource programs and rural electrification were pushed ahead (2).
• In order to encourage home building, the administration ended restrictions on “no-no-down payment” mortgage loans (2).
• Finally, in June 1958, the Congress enacted the legislation to authorize federal assistance to the states so that they could lengthen the period of unemployment benefits (2).
• Monetary policy also played a role in dealing with the recession. The Federal Reserve made moves once aware of the severity of the situation, lowering the discount rate to 1.75 percent until conditions began to improve (2).

By the end of the recession, the economy was in a different place. The index of industrial production was 142% of the 1947 to 1949 average. Total employment had increased by about 1 million from its recession low while unemployment had been reduced by 1 million. Income and expenditures of individuals were at new high levels. Gross National Product, our broadest measure of the Nation’s output of goods and services, had risen to an annual rate of 453 billion (3). As the American people became more conscious of the business cycle and more alert to any alterations in the economy, there was an increased public awareness of both the need for and the attainability of economic progress (1).

Officially, recessionary circumstances lasted from the middle of 1957 to April of 1958 (2).

References

1. Burns, Arthur F. "PROGRESS TOWARDS ECONOMIC STABILITY." The American Economic Review L.1 (1960): 1-22. JSTOR. Web. 25 Oct. 2014.
2. McClenahan, William M, and William H. Becker. Eisenhower and the Cold War Economy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011. Print.
3. "The Economic Report of the President." Monthly Labor Review 82.3 (1959): 1-225. The American Presidency Project. U.S. Government Printing Office, 20 Jan. 1959. Web. 20 Oct. 2014. <http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/economic_reports/1959.pdf>.
4. The Recession of 1958 - Photo Essays. (2008, January 1). Retrieved November 5, 2014, from http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1850639,00.html
5. Gable, Richard W. "The Politics and Economics of the 1957-1958 Recession," The Western Political Quarterly, vol. 12, No. 2 (Jun., 1959), pp. 557-559 (published by: University of Utah on behalf of the Western Political Science Association)
6. Hansen, Alvin H. (1960). Economic Issues of the 1960s. New York: McGraw-Hill.
7. Katona, George (1960). The Powerful Consumer: Psychological Studies of the American Economy. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Further reading

• Time magazine photo series