Data storage device

Many different consumer electronic devices can store data.
Edison cylinder phonograph ca. 1899. The phonograph cylinder is a storage medium. The phonograph may be considered a storage device.
A reel-to-reel tape recorder (Sony TC-630). The magnetic tape is a data storage medium. The recorder is data storage equipment using a portable medium (tape reel) to store the data.
Crafting tools such as paint brushes can be used as data storage equipment. The paint and canvas can be used as data storage media.
RNA might be the oldest data storage medium.[1]

A data storage device is a device for recording (storing) information (data). Recording can be done using virtually any form of energy, spanning from manual muscle power in handwriting, to acoustic vibrations in phonographic recording, to electromagnetic energy modulating magnetic tape and optical discs.

A storage device may hold information, process information, or both. A device that only holds information is a recording medium. Devices that process information (data storage equipment) may either access a separate portable (removable) recording medium or a permanent component to store and retrieve data.

Electronic data storage requires electrical power to store and retrieve that data. Most storage devices that do not require vision and a brain to read data fall into this category. Electromagnetic data may be stored in either an analog data or digital data format on a variety of media. This type of data is considered to be electronically encoded data, whether it is electronically stored in a semiconductor device, for it is certain that a semiconductor device was used to record it on its medium. Most electronically processed data storage media (including some forms of computer data storage) are considered permanent (non-volatile) storage, that is, the data will remain stored when power is removed from the device. In contrast, most electronically stored information within most types of semiconductor (computer chips) microcircuits are volatile memory, for it vanishes if power is removed.

Except for barcodes and OCR data, electronic data storage is easier to revise and may be more cost effective than alternative methods due to smaller physical space requirements and the ease of replacing (rewriting) data on the same medium.[2] However, the durability of methods such as printed data is still superior to that of most electronic storage media. The durability limitations may be overcome with the ease of duplicating (backing-up) electronic data.

Terminology

Devices that are not used exclusively for recording such as hands, mouths, musical instruments, and devices that are intermediate in the storing/retrieving process, like eyes, ears, cameras, scanners, microphones, speakers, monitors, or video projectors, are generally not considered storage devices. Devices that are exclusively for recording such as printers, exclusively for reading, like barcode readers, or devices that process only one form of information, like phonographs may or may not be considered storage devices. In computing these are known as input/output devices.

All information is data. However, not all data is information.

Many data storage devices are also media players. Any device that can store and playback multimedia may also be considered a media player such as in the case with the HD media player. Designated hard drives are used to play saved or streaming media on home cinemas or home theater PCs.

Global capacity, digitization, and trends

In a recent study in Science it was estimated that the world's technological capacity to store information in analog and digital devices grew from less than 3 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 1986, to 295 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007,[3] and doubles roughly every 3 years.[4]

It is estimated that the year 2002 marked the beginning of the digital age for information storage, the year that marked the date when human kind started to store more information on digital than on analog storage devices.[3] In 1986 only 1% of the world's capacity to store information was in digital format, which grew to 3% by 1993, 25% in the year 2000, and exploded to 97% of the world's storage capacity by 2007.

Data storage equipment

Any input/output equipment may be considered data storage equipment if it writes to and reads from a data storage medium.

Data storage equipment uses either:

The following are examples of those methods:

Portable methods

Semi-portable methods

Volatile methods

Recording medium

A recording medium is a physical material that holds data expressed in any of the existing recording formats. With electronic media, the data and the recording medium is sometimes\s part of the surface of the medium.

Some recording media may be temporary either by design or by nature. Volatile organic compounds may be used to preserve the environment or to purposely make data expire over time. Data such as smoke signals or skywriting are temporary by nature.

Ancient examples

The Gutenberg Bible displayed by the United States Library of Congress, demonstrating printed pages as a storage medium
A set of index cards in a file box are a nonlinear storage medium.

Modern examples by energy used

Graffiti on a public wall. Public surfaces are being used as unconventional data storage media, often without permission.
Photographic film is a photochemical data storage medium
A floppy disk is a magnetic data storage medium
A 3.5" PATA hard drive is both storage equipment and a storage medium.

Modern examples by shape

A typical way to classify data storage media is to consider its shape and type of movement (or non-movement) relative to the read/write device(s) of the storage apparatus as listed:

Bekenstein (2003) foresees that miniaturization might lead to the invention of devices that store bits on a single atom.[6]

Weight and volume

Especially for carrying around data, the weight and volume per MB are relevant. They are quite large for written and printed paper compared with modern electronic media. On the other hand, written and printer paper do not require (the weight and volume of) reading equipment, and handwritten edits only require simple writing equipment, such as a pen.

With mobile data connections the data need not be carried around to be available.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Gilbert, Walter (Feb 1986). "The RNA World". Nature 319 (6055): 618. Bibcode:1986Natur.319..618G. doi:10.1038/319618a0.
  2. ↑ Rotenstreich, Shmuel. "The Difference between Electronic and Paper Documents" (PDF). The George Washington University. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  3. 1 2 Hilbert, Martin; López, Priscila (2011). "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information". Science 332 (6025): 60–65. doi:10.1126/science.1200970.; free access to the article through here: martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html
  4. ↑ "video animation on The World’s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information from 1986 to 2010
  5. ↑ Aaron P. Nelson and Susan Gilbert, Harvard Medical School Guide to Achieving Optimal Memory, Mar 2005, page 66
  6. ↑ Bekenstein, Jacob D. (2003, August). Information in the holographic universe. Scientific American.

Further reading

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, April 14, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.