Red Cliffs order of battle
The following is the order of battle for the Battle of Red Cliffs (208–209 CE).
Cao Cao forces
- Chancellor (丞相) Cao Cao[1]
- (Acting) General Who Attacks the South (行征南將軍) Cao Ren[2]
- Commandant-Protector of the Army (都督護軍) Zhao Yan (趙儼), oversaw the units commanded by the following seven officers:[3]
- General Who Sweeps Across the Wilderness (橫野將軍) Xu Huang[8]
- General Who Inspires Martial Might (奮武將軍) Cheng Yu[9]
- Palace Counsellor (太中大夫) Jia Xu[10]
- Administrator of Runan (汝南太守) Man Chong[11]
Total strength of combined land and naval forces: ≈800,000 (according to Cao Cao's claim);[12] ≈220,000–240,000 (according to Zhou Yu's estimations)[13]
Sun Quan forces
- General Who Attacks Barbarians (討虜將軍) Sun Quan[14]
- Central Protector of the Army (中護軍) Zhou Yu, served as the Left Commander (左都督).[15][16]
- General of the Household Who Rocks Bandits (盪寇中郎將) Cheng Pu, served as the Right Commander (右都督).[15][16]
- Colonel Who Praises the Army (贊軍校尉) Lu Su[17]
- General of the Household Who Attacks Barbarians (征虜中郎將) Lü Fan[18]
- General of the Household Who Sweeps Across the Wilderness (橫野中郎將) Lü Meng[19]
- General of the Household (中郎將) Han Dang[20]
- Commandant of Danyang (丹陽都尉) Huang Gai[21]
- Commandant of Vehemence (承烈都尉) Ling Tong[22]
- Chief of Yichun (宜春長) Zhou Tai[23]
- Gan Ning[24]
Total strength of combined land and naval forces: ≈30,000[25][26][27]
Liu Bei forces
- General of the Left (左將軍) Liu Bei[26][28]
- Lieutenant-General (偏將軍) Guan Yu[26][29]
- General of the Household (中郎將) Zhang Fei[26][30]
- Zhuge Liang[26][27]
- Administrator of Jiangxia (江夏太守) Liu Qi[31]
Total strength of combined land and naval forces: ≈20,000[31]
References
- ↑ (夏六月，以公為丞相。 ... 公至赤壁，與備戰，不利。於是大疫，吏士多死者，乃引軍還。備遂有荊州、江南諸郡。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
- ↑ (從平荊州，以仁行征南將軍，留屯江陵，拒吳將周瑜。 ... ) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (太祖征荊州，以儼領章陵太守，徙都督護軍，護于禁、張遼、張郃、朱靈、李典、路招、馮楷七軍。) Sanguozhi vol. 23.
- ↑ (... 拜禁虎威將軍。 ... 是時，禁與張遼、樂進、張郃、徐晃俱為名將，太祖每征伐，咸遞行為軍鋒， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
- ↑ (... 以遼為盪寇將軍。 ... 太祖旣征孫權還，使遼與樂進、李典等將七千餘人屯合肥。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
- ↑ (... 以功遷平狄將軍。別征東萊，討管承，又與張遼討陳蘭、梅成等，破之。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
- ↑ (... 遷破虜將軍。與張遼、樂進屯合肥， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
- ↑ (... 拜橫野將軍。從征荊州，別屯樊，討中廬、臨沮、宜城賊。又與滿寵討關羽於漢津，與曹仁擊周瑜於江陵。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
- ↑ (... 拜昱奮武將軍， ... 太祖征荊州，劉備奔吳。論者以為孫權必殺備，昱料之曰： ... 權果多與備兵，以禦太祖。) Sanguozhi vol. 14.
- ↑ (... 徙詡為太中大夫。建安十三年，太祖破荊州，欲順江東下。 ... 太祖不從，軍遂無利。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
- ↑ (太祖憂之，以寵為汝南太守。 ... 建安十三年，從太祖征荊州。) Sanguozhi vol. 26.
- ↑ (江表傳載曹公與權書曰：「近者奉辭伐罪，旄麾南指，劉琮束手。今治水軍八十萬衆，方與將軍會獵於吳。」權得書以示羣臣，莫不嚮震失色。) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 47.
- ↑ (江表傳曰： ... 及會罷之夜，瑜請見曰：「諸人徒見操書，言水步八十萬，而各恐懾，不復料其虛實，便開此議，甚無謂也。今以實校之，彼所將中國人，不過十五六萬，且軍已久疲，所得表衆，亦極七八萬耳，尚懷狐疑。 ...) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
- ↑ (曹公表權為討虜將軍， ... 是時曹公新得表衆，形勢甚盛，諸議者皆望風畏懼，多勸權迎之。惟瑜、肅執拒之議，意與權同。瑜、普為左右督，各領萬人，與備俱進，遇於赤壁，大破曹公軍。) Sanguozhi vol. 47.
- 1 2 (以瑜為中護軍， ... 時劉備為曹公所破，欲引南渡江，與魯肅遇於當陽，遂共圖計，因進住夏口，遣諸葛亮詣權，權遂遣瑜及程普等與備并力逆曹公，遇於赤壁。 ... 又豫備走舸，各繫大船後，因引次俱前。曹公軍吏士皆延頸觀望，指言蓋降。蓋放諸船，同時發火。時風盛猛，悉延燒岸上營落。頃之，煙炎張天，人馬燒溺死者甚衆，軍遂敗退，還保南郡。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
- 1 2 (後拜盪寇中郎將， ... 與周瑜為左右督，破曹公於烏林， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
- ↑ (時周瑜受使至鄱陽，肅勸追召瑜還。 ... 遂任瑜以行事，以肅為贊軍校尉，助畫方略。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
- ↑ (七縣平定，拜征虜中郎將， ... 曹公至赤壁，與周瑜等俱拒破之， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 56.
- ↑ (以蒙為橫野中郎將，賜錢千萬。 ... 是歲，又與周瑜、程普等西破曹公於烏林，圍曹仁於南郡。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
- ↑ (後以中郎將與周瑜等拒破曹公， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
- ↑ (遷丹楊都尉，抑彊扶弱，山越懷附。 ... 建安中，隨周瑜拒曹公於赤壁，建策火攻，語在瑜傳。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
- ↑ (權以統為承烈都尉， ... 與周瑜等拒破曹公於烏林， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
- ↑ (後從攻皖，及討江夏，還過豫章，復補宜春長， ... 後與周瑜、程普拒曹公於赤壁，攻曹仁於南郡。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
- ↑ (後隨周瑜拒破曹公於烏林。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
- ↑ (江表傳曰： ... 權撫背曰：「 ... 五萬兵難卒合，已選三萬人，船糧戰具俱辦，卿與子敬、程公便在前發，孤當續發人衆，多載資糧，為卿後援。 ... 」) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
- 1 2 3 4 5 (江表傳曰：備從魯肅計，進住鄂縣之樊口。諸葛亮詣吳未還，備聞曹公軍下，恐懼，日遣邏吏於水次候望權軍。吏望見瑜船，馳往白備，備曰：「何以知之非青徐軍邪？」吏對曰：「以船知之。」備遣人慰勞之。瑜曰：「有軍任，不可得委署，儻能屈威，誠副其所望。」備謂關羽、張飛曰：「彼欲致我，我今自結託於東而不往，非同盟之意也。」乃乘單舸往見瑜，問曰：「今拒曹公，深為得計。戰卒有幾？」瑜曰：「三萬人。」備曰：「恨少。」瑜曰：「此自足用，豫州但觀瑜破之。」備欲呼魯肅等共會語，瑜曰：「受命不得妄委署，若欲見子敬，可別過之。又孔明已俱來，不過三兩日到也。」備雖深愧異瑜，而心未許之能必破北軍也，故差池在後，將二千人與羽、飛俱，未肯係瑜，蓋為進退之計也。) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32.
- 1 2 (權大恱，即遣周瑜、程普、魯肅等水軍三萬，隨亮詣先主，并力拒曹公。 ... 曹公敗于赤壁， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
- ↑ (表先主為左將軍， ... 與曹公戰于赤壁，大破之，焚其舟船。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
- ↑ (曹公禽羽以歸，拜為偏將軍，禮之甚厚。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ (... 曹公拜飛為中郎將。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- 1 2 (亮曰：「豫州軍雖敗於長阪，今戰士還者及關羽水軍精甲萬人，劉琦合江夏戰士亦不下萬人。 ...) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
- Chen, Shou. Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Pei, Songzhi. Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
- Sima, Guang. Zizhi Tongjian.
- 燕京晓林 (Yanjing Xiaolin) (1 August 2005). "赤壁之战是以少胜多的经典战例吗？——从军事历史的角度分析赤壁之战双方的实际参战兵力 [Was the Battle of Red Cliffs a classic example of a smaller force defeating a larger army? -- Analysis of the active strengths of both sides in the Battle of Red Cliffs from the perspective of a military historian]" (in Chinese). e3ol.com. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
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