Red Line (Washington Metro)

Red Line
Overview
Type	Rapid transit
System	Washington Metro
Status	Operating
Locale	Montgomery County, MD and Washington, D.C.
Termini	Shady Grove (west) Glenmont (east)
Stations	27
Operation
Opened	March 27, 1976
Operator(s)	Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
Character	At-grade, underground, and elevated
Technical
Line length	31.9 mi (51.3 km)
Number of tracks	2
Track gauge	4 ft 8 ^1⁄4 in (1,429 mm)
Electrification	Third rail 750 V DC
Route map Legend Metropolitan Sub to Martinsburg (Amtrak, MARC) Shady Grove Yard Shady Grove Rockville Twinbrook Across Montgomery County, read up from bottom White Flint Grosvenor–Strathmore I-495 (Capital Beltway) Medical Center Bethesda Friendship Heights MD DC Tenleytown–AU Van Ness – UDC Cleveland Park Woodley Park Dupont Circle Farragut North McPherson Square Metro Center Gallery Place Judiciary Square I‑395 (Third Street Tunnel) Amtrak First Street Tunnel, VRE Union Station NoMa–Gallaudet University US 50 (New York Avenue NE) Brentwood Yard (WMATA), Ivy City (Amtrak) Northeast Corridor to Baltimore (Amtrak, MARC) Rhode Island Avenue–Brentwood Brookland–CUA Fort Totten Takoma DC MD Silver Spring Across Montgomery County, read up from Twinbrook I-495 (Capital Beltway) Forest Glen Wheaton Glenmont Glenmont Yard

For the proposed light rail project in Baltimore, Maryland, that was cancelled in 2015, see Red Line (Baltimore).

The Red Line of the Washington Metro rail rapid transit system serves 27 stations in Montgomery County, Maryland and the District of Columbia, United States. It is a primary line through downtown Washington and the oldest and busiest line in the system. It forms a long, narrow "U", capped by its terminal stations at Shady Grove and Glenmont.

The line provides service at 6-minute intervals during the day and 12-minute intervals in the evening.

The Red Line is the only line in the system that does not share its metrorail line with another metrorail line.

History

Planning for Metro began with the Mass Transportation Survey in 1955 which attempted to forecast both freeway and mass transit systems sufficient to meet the needs of 1980.^[1] In 1959, the study's final report included two rapid transit lines which anticipated subways in downtown Washington.^[2] Because the plan called for extensive freeway construction within the District of Columbia, alarmed residents lobbied for federal legislation creating a moratorium on freeway construction through July 1, 1962.^[3] The National Capital Transportation Agency's 1962 Transportation in the National Capital Region report anticipated much of the present Red Line route, with the Red Line following the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad right-of-way between Silver Spring and Rockville instead of a direct route between Bethesda and Rockville.^[4] The route continued in rapid transit plans until the formation of WMATA.

With the formation of WMATA in October 1966,^[5] planning of the system shifted from federal hands to a regional body with representatives of the District, Maryland and Virginia. Congressional route approval was no longer a key consideration.^[6] Instead, routes had to serve each local suburban jurisdiction to assure that they would approve bond referenda to finance the system.^[7] Because the least expensive way to build into the suburbs was to rely upon existing railroad right-of-ways, the Red Line took much of its present form, except that it continued to feature a further link between its two stems along the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad right-of-way.^[8]

By 1969, WMATA had decided on the current routing and stations, except for the extension beyond Rockville to Shady Grove.^[9] Montgomery County officials opposed ending the Red Line in downtown Rockville, saying it would cause congestion in the area and use scarce vacant land for a storage yard.^[10] Metro decided to propose to extend the red line one more station to Shady Grove and the U.S. Department of Transportation conditionally approved funding for the extension on July 26, 1975.^[10] Construction on the Red Line began with a groundbreaking ceremony on December 9, 1969.^[11] Construction proved difficult because the National Park Service prohibited a bridge across Rock Creek and required that the Red Line tunnel under that valley, the tunnel in turn caused both the DuPont Circle and Woodley Park stations to be built further underground.^[12] The Red Line was proposed to tunnel under Yuma Street from Connecticut Avenue to Wisconsin Avenue, but local residents sued and that court case delayed construction of the tunnel for two years, then WMATA finally won the right to build the tunnel there.^[13]

Service on the Red Line (and the Metro as a whole) began on March 27, 1976, with operations between Farragut North and Rhode Island Avenue.^[14] Gallery Place's opening was delayed due to a court order regarding lack of handicapped access, but it opened in the middle of the line on December 15, 1976. The western end of the line was extended one station to Dupont Circle on January 17, 1977, three stations to Van Ness – UDC on December 5, 1981, five stations to Grosvenor–Strathmore on August 25, 1984 and four stations to Shady Grove on December 15, 1984. The eastern end was extended four stations to Silver Spring on February 6, 1978 – which added Maryland to the system for the first time – two stations to Wheaton on September 22, 1990 and one station to Glenmont on July 25, 1998, completing the line.^[15]

The only time the Red Line shared tracks with another line was from January 27, 1997 to September 17, 1999, when the Green Line Commuter Shortcut used Red Line tracks from Brookland–CUA to Farragut North. A short time after the Green Line branch north of Fort Totten opened in the early 1990s, the Green Line Commuter Shortcut began as a six-month experiment. Passengers could board the Green Line between Greenbelt and West Hyattsville and travel as far as Farragut North without having to transfer; the trains bypassed Fort Totten via a single-track spur between the West Hyattsville and Brookland–CUA stations. Due to its success, the shortcut continued until the mid-city portion of the Green Line was completed in 1999.^[16]

The NoMa – Gallaudet University Metro station (formerly New York Ave–Florida Ave–Gallaudet University), located between Union Station and Rhode Island Avenue – Brentwood, opened on November 20, 2004. It was the system's first in-fill station (i.e., a new station built between existing stations).^[17]

On April 20, 2006, the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), Montgomery County and the state of Maryland announced an agreement to end the off-peak terminations at Grosvenor, having those trains operate instead between Shady Grove and Silver Spring.

The Red Line is undergoing a $212 million improvement program.

2004 Woodley Park accident

Accident at the Woodley Park – Zoo / Adams Morgan station on November 3, 2004

On November 3, 2004, an out-of-service Red Line train rolled backward into the Woodley Park – Zoo / Adams Morgan station and hit an in-service train stopped at the platform. No one was killed, but 20 people were injured.^[18] A 14-month investigation concluded that the train operator was most likely not alert as the train rolled backward into the station. Safety officials estimated that had the train been full, at least 79 would have died. The train operator was dismissed and Metro officials agreed to add rollback protection to more than 300 rail cars.^[19]

2009 train collision

June 2009 Metro collision scene

On the afternoon of June 22, 2009, at 5:03 p.m. EDT, two trains on the Red Line collided. A stationary train was struck from behind by a second six-car train, resulting in the telescoping of the moving train onto the rear of the stationary train. Nine people were killed in the collision (eight passengers and the train operator) and at least 70 people were injured. It is the deadliest accident in the history of the Washington Metro.^[20] The NTSB report on the accident was released on July 27, 2010 and blamed a faulty track circuit, part of the automatic train control system, for causing the crash.^[21][22] WMATA made a press release detailing changes on July 26 in anticipation of the release.^[23]

Chronology

Below is a chronological list of dates on which specific portions of the Red Line opened for service.^[24]

Date[15]	Event	Total number of stations	Total line length (mi)	Total line length (km)
March 29, 1976	Line opens between Farragut North and Rhode Island Avenue – Brentwood	5	4.6	7.4
December 15, 1976	Gallery Place opens between existing stations	6	4.6	7.4
January 1, 1977	Extension to Dupont Circle opens	7	5.7	9.2
February 6, 1978	Extension to Silver Spring opens	11	11.4	18.3
December 5, 1981	Extension to Van Ness – UDC opens	14	13.5	21.7
August 25, 1984	Extension to Grosvenor–Strathmore opens	19	20.3	32.7
December 15, 1984	Extension to Shady Grove opens	23	27.3	43.9
September 22, 1990	Extension to Wheaton opens	25	30.5	49.1
January 25, 1998	Extension to Glenmont opens	26	31.9	51.3
November 20, 2004	NoMa – Gallaudet University Metro station opens between existing stations	27	31.9	51.3

Route

System maps

Stylized map of existing lines and stations, based on official published map

Map of system drawn to scale, excluding the Silver Line

The Red Line begins above ground at Shady Grove, and parallels CSX Transportation's Metropolitan Subdivision (served by MARC Brunswick Line trains) to south of Twinbrook. The Red Line then enters a tunnel and curves west to run under Rockville Pike at White Flint. Until Tenleytown, the Red Line follows the route of Rockville Pike and Wisconsin Avenue, in a tunnel except for a bridge over the Washington Beltway (I-495). The tunnel curves east at Tenleytown into Yuma Street to reach the Van Ness-UDC station, curving south there under Connecticut Avenue to south of Farragut Square. A curve under Lafayette Park takes the tunnel east under G Street Northwest through the Metro Center station and the Gallery Place – Chinatown station.^[25]

From Gallery Place – Chinatown through Judiciary Square, the line runs southeast, turning east again at D Street to reach Union Station. There it turns north and surfaces adjacent to Union Station's platforms, follows the Washington Terminal yard tracks north to Brentwood where the line turns northwestward and again joins CSX Transportation's Metropolitan Subdivision tracks, running in a unique gauntlet arrangement with the freight railroad tracks straddling the Metro tracks. The Red Line continues in this manner northwest across the District-Maryland line, through Takoma and past Silver Spring. It reenters a tunnel at 16th Street and heads north under Georgia Avenue to the end at Glenmont.^[25] There is a maintenance yard between the NoMa and Rhode Island Avenue stops.^[26]

Internally, WMATA calls the Red Line the Shady Grove Route (A) and the Glenmont Route (B), which meet at Metro Center.^[27]

The Red Line needs 44 trains (10 eight-car trains and 34 six-car trains, consisting of 284 rail cars) to run at peak capacity^[28][29] Trains leave at 6-minute intervals during the mid-day^[30] and 12-minute intervals during the evenings.^[31]

The Red Line and Green Line are the only Metro lines that do not enter Virginia.

Stations

The line serves the following stations, from northwest to northeast:^[32]

Station	Code	Opened	Other Metro Line(s)	Notes
Shady Grove	A15	1984		Northwestern terminal
Rockville	A14	1984
Twinbrook	A13	1984
White Flint	A12	1984
Grosvenor–Strathmore	A11	1984
Medical Center	A10	1984
Bethesda	A09	1984
Friendship Heights	A08	1984
Tenleytown–AU	A07	1984
Van Ness–UDC	A06	1981
Cleveland Park	A05	1981
Woodley Park	A04	1981
Dupont Circle	A03	1977
Farragut North	A02	1976
Metro Center	A01	1976	Orange Line Blue Line Silver Line	transfer station for the Blue, Silver and Orange Lines.
Gallery Place	B01	1976	Green Line Yellow Line	(transfer station for the Green and Yellow Lines)
Judiciary Square	B02	1976
Union Station	B03	1976
NoMa–Gallaudet U	B35	2004
Rhode Island Avenue–Brentwood	B04	1976
Brookland–CUA	B05	1978
Fort Totten	B06	1978	Green Line Yellow Line	transfer station for the Green Line full-time and the Yellow Line during off-peak hours and Rush+
Takoma	B07	1978
Silver Spring	B08	1978
Forest Glen	B09	1990
Wheaton	B10	1990
Glenmont	B11	1998		Northeastern terminus

Future

In November 2010, WMATA authorized $37 million in capital improvements on the Red Line. This is a part of $212 million of work on the Red Line scheduled over 2010–2014.^[33] In December 2009, WMATA began construction of a new 1,200-car parking garage to supplement the existing 1,700-car parking garage at the Glenmont station. The new garage opened in April 2012^[34] and was funded by the State of Maryland.^[35]

WMATA is planning a new entrance to the Medical Center station on the east side of Wisconsin Avenue and a pedestrian tunnel to connect the entrance to the station. Currently, about 7,000 riders per day emerge from the station on the west side of Wisconsin, then cross the busy six-lane road to reach Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.^[36] The federally funded project is scheduled to open in 2015.^[37]

References

1. Schrag at p. 33-38.
2. Schrag at p. 39.
3. Schrag at p. 42.
4. Schrag at p. 55.
5. "D.C. Area Transit Compact Approved". The Baltimore Sun. October 14, 1966. p. A10.
6. Schrag at p. 104
7. Schrag at p. 108
8. Schrag at p. 110.
9. Financing Subway System for National Capital Region: Joint Hearings Before the Committee on the District of Columbia and the Subcommittee No. 4 of the Committee on the District of Columbia, 1969, p. 129
10. Eisen, Jack (July 27, 1975). "Rockville and Greenbelt Lines Are Funded by U.S. for Metro". The Washington Post. p. 9.
11. "WMATA History" (PDF). WMATA. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
12. Schrag at p. 151
13. Schrag at p. 160
14. Rosenthal, Harry (March 26, 1976). "First section of new subway system opens". Daily News. p. 14. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
15. "2010 Metro Media Guide" (PDF). WMATA. Retrieved December 11, 2010. page 25–27.
16. "Metro - Community Outreach - Lunchtalk Online Chat". WMATA. March 6, 2009. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
17. "Metro’s New York Ave-Florida Ave-Gallaudet U Metrorail station opens today on the Red Line". WMATA. November 20, 2004. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
18. Layton, Lyndsey; Steven Ginsberg (2004-11-04). "20 Injured in Crash of 2 Red Line Trains". The Washington Post. pp. A01. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
19. Sun, Lena H. (March 23, 2006). "Dozing Operator Blamed in Rail Accident". The Washington Post. p. A01.
20. Saslow, Eli (June 28, 2009). "Three Minutes to Fort Totten". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
21. "Fatal Washington Metro Crash Shows Need for U.S. Transit Rules, NTSB Says". Bloomberg. July 27, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
22. "July 27, 2010 Railroad Accident Report - Collision of Two Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority Metrorail Trains Near Fort Totten Station Washington, D.C. June 22, 2009". NTSB. July 27, 2010. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
23. "WMATA July 26 Press Release". WMATA. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
24. "Metro History" (PDF). WMATA. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 15, 2004. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
25. Metro Washington D.C. Beltway (Map) (2000–2001 ed.). American Automobile Association. 2000.
26. "WMATA Red Line". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
27. "106 Mile Regional System Track Schematic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 15, 2004. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
28. "Approved Fiscal 2009 Annual Budget" (PDF). Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. 2009. p. 80.
29. "Metrorail System Adds Trains to Fleet" (Press release). Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. April 9, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2009. – Note: add three trains to 8 and subtract 3 from 6
30. "Metrorail Timetable Weekday Mid-Day" (PDF). WMATA. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
31. "Metrorail Timetable Weekday Evening" (PDF). WMATA. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
32. "Metro - Rail - Maps". WMATA. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
33. "Overhaul of the Red Line continues". WMATA. November 18, 2010. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
34. Reed, Dan (April 26, 2012). "Can a parking deck be "green"? New Glenmont garage isn't". Greater Greater Washington.
35. Parcher, Amber (November 11, 2009). "Metro unveils design for Glenmont parking garage". Montgomery County Gazette. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
36. Waibel, Elizabeth (February 13, 2013). "New entrance, pedestrian tunnel planned for Medical Center Metro". Montgomery County Gazette. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
37. Berman, Mark (February 15, 2013). "Metro inches closer to new entrance, walkway at Medical Center". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 April 2015.

Further reading

• Schrag, Zachary (2006). The Great Society Subway: A History of the Washington Metro. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8246-X.

External links

Route map: Bing / Google

• Red Line at world.nycsubway.org