Redcurrant
| Redcurrant | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Cultivated redcurrant | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Core eudicots |
| Order: | Saxifragales |
| Family: | Grossulariaceae |
| Genus: | Ribes |
| Species: | R. rubrum |
| Binomial name | |
| Ribes rubrum L. 1753 not Torr. & A. Gray 1840 nor Hook. f. & Thomson 1858 | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
|
List
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The redcurrant, or red currant (Ribes rubrum) is a member of the genus Ribes in the gooseberry family. It is native to parts of western Europe (Belgium, Great Britain, France, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, northern Italy, northern Spain, Portugal, Poland, and Croatia).[2] The species is widely cultivated and has escaped into the wild in many regions.[3][4]
Ribes rubrum is a deciduous shrub normally growing to 1–1.5 m (3.3–4.9 ft) tall, occasionally 2 m (7 ft), with five-lobed leaves arranged spirally on the stems. The flowers are inconspicuous yellow-green, in pendulous 4–8 cm (2–3 in) racemes, maturing into bright red translucent edible berries about 8–12 mm (0.3–0.5 in) diameter, with 3–10 berries on each raceme. An established bush can produce 3–4 kg (7–9 lb) of berries from mid to late summer.[4]
Cultivation
There are several other similar species native in Europe, Asia and North America, also with edible fruit. These include Ribes spicatum (northern Europe and northern Asia), Ribes alpinum (northern Europe), R. schlechtendalii (northeast Europe), R. multiflorum (southeast Europe), R. petraeum (southwest Europe) and R. triste (North America; Newfoundland to Alaska and southward in mountains).
While Ribes rubrum and R. nigrum are native to northern and eastern Europe, large berried cultivars of the redcurrant were first produced in Belgium and northern France in the 17th century. In modern times, numerous cultivars have been selected; some of these have escaped gardens and can be found in the wild across Europe and extending into Asia.[5]
The white currant is also a cultivar of Ribes rubrum.[6] Although it is a sweeter and albino variant of the redcurrant, not a separate botanical species, it is sometimes marketed with names such as Ribes sativum or Ribes silvestre, or sold as a different fruit.
Currant bushes prefer partial to full sunlight and can grow in most types of soil.[6] They are relatively low-maintenance plants and can also be used as ornamentation.
Culinary uses
With maturity, the tart flavour of redcurrant fruit is slightly greater than its blackcurrant relative, but with the same approximate sweetness. The albino variant of redcurrant, often referred to as white currant, has the same tart flavour but with greater sweetness. Although frequently cultivated for jams and cooked preparations, much like the white currant, it is often served raw or as a simple accompaniment in salads, garnishes, or drinks when in season.
In the United Kingdom, redcurrant jelly is a condiment often served with lamb, game meat including venison, turkey and goose in a festive or Sunday roast. It is essentially a jam and is made in the same way, by adding the redcurrants to sugar, boiling, and straining.[7]
In France, the highly rarefied and hand-made Bar-le-duc or Lorraine jelly is a spreadable preparation traditionally made from white currants or alternatively redcurrants. The pips are taken off by hand with a goose feather, before cooking.
In Scandinavia and Schleswig-Holstein, it is often used in fruit soups and summer puddings (Rødgrød, Rote Grütze or Rode Grütt). In Germany it is also used in combination with custard or meringue as a filling for tarts. In Linz, Austria, it is the most commonly used filling for the Linzer torte.[8] It can be enjoyed in its fresh state without the addition of sugar.
In German-speaking areas, syrup or nectar derived from the redcurrant is added to soda water and enjoyed as a refreshing drink named Johannisbeerschorle. It is so named because the redcurrants (Johannisbeeren, "John's berry" in German) are said to ripen first on St. John's Day, also known as Midsummer Day, June 24.
In Russia, redcurrants are ubiquitous and used in jams, preserves, compotes and desserts; while leaves have many uses in traditional medicine.
In Mexico, redcurrants are a popular flavour for iced/frappé drinks and desserts, most commonly in 'raspado' (scraped ice) form.
Nutrition and phytochemicals
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 234 kJ (56 kcal) |
|
13.8 g | |
| Sugars | 7.37 g |
| Dietary fiber | 4.3 g |
|
0.2 g | |
|
1.4 g | |
| Vitamins | |
| Thiamine (B1) |
(3%) 0.04 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) |
(4%) 0.05 mg |
| Niacin (B3) |
(1%) 0.1 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) |
(1%) 0.064 mg |
| Vitamin B6 |
(5%) 0.07 mg |
| Folate (B9) |
(2%) 8 μg |
| Choline |
(2%) 7.6 mg |
| Vitamin C |
(49%) 41 mg |
| Vitamin E |
(1%) 0.1 mg |
| Vitamin K |
(10%) 11 μg |
| Minerals | |
| Calcium |
(3%) 33 mg |
| Iron |
(8%) 1 mg |
| Magnesium |
(4%) 13 mg |
| Manganese |
(9%) 0.186 mg |
| Phosphorus |
(6%) 44 mg |
| Potassium |
(6%) 275 mg |
| Sodium |
(0%) 1 mg |
| Zinc |
(2%) 0.23 mg |
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Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database | |
In a 100 gram serving, redcurrants (or white) supply 56 calories and are a rich source of vitamin C, providing 49% of the Daily Value (DV, table). Vitamin K is the only other essential nutrient in significant content at 10% of DV (table).
Phytochemicals
Some Ribes fruits, such as red and blackcurrants, are known for their tart flavor, a characteristic provided by a relatively high content of organic acids and mixed polyphenols.[9] As many as 65 different phenolic compounds may contribute to the astringent properties of redcurrants, with these contents increasing during the last month of ripening.[10] Twenty-five individual polyphenols and other nitrogen-containing phytochemicals in redcurrant juice have been isolated specifically with the astringent flavor profile sensed in the human tongue.[11]
See also
References
- ↑ The Plant List, Ribes rubrum L.
- ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, Ribes rubrum L. includes photos and European distribution map
- ↑ Flora of North America, Ribes rubrum Linnaeus, 1753. Red garden currant, groseillier rouge
- 1 2 Flora of China, Ribes rubrum Linnaeus, 1753. 红茶藨子 hong cha biao zi
- ↑ Verlag, Orbis "Orbis Naturführer", 2000,
- 1 2 "redcurrant". growyourown. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
- ↑ "Homemade Redcurrant Jelly recipe". www.cookitsimply.com.
- ↑ Haywood, A and Walker, K "Upper Austria - Linz", Lonely Planet - Austria p. 207
- ↑ Mikulic-Petkovsek M, Schmitzer V, Slatnar A, Stampar F, Veberic R (2012). "Composition of sugars, organic acids, and total phenolics in 25 wild or cultivated berry species". J Food Sci 77 (10): C1064–70. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02896.x. PMID 22924969.
- ↑ Mikulic-Petkovsek M et al. (2015). "Changes in fruit quality parameters of four Ribes species during ripening". Food Chem 173: 363–74. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.011. PMID 25466034.
- ↑ Schwarz B, Hofmann T (2007). "Sensory-guided decomposition of red currant juice (Ribes rubrum) and structure determination of key astringent compounds". J Agric Food Chem 55 (4): 1394–404. PMID 17261016.
External links
Media related to Ribes rubrum at Wikimedia Commons