Reflective listening

Reflective listening is a communication strategy involving two key steps: seeking to understand a speaker's idea, then offering the idea back to the speaker, to confirm the idea has been understood correctly. It attempts to "reconstruct what the client is thinking and feeling and to relay this understanding back to the client". Reflective listening is a more specific strategy than the more general methods of active listening. It arose from Carl Rogers' school of client-centered therapy in counseling theory.^[1] Empathy is at the center of Rogers' approach. ^[2]

Dalmar Fisher, an Associate Professor at Boston College, developed a model for Reflective Listening that includes the following elements:^[3]

- Focusing upon the conversation by reducing or eliminating any kind of distraction, thereby allowing participants to focus upon the conversation.

- Genuinely embracing the speaker’s perspective without necessarily agreeing with it. By engaging in a non-judgmental and empathetic approach, listeners encourage the others to speak freely.

- Mirroring the mood of the speaker, reflecting the emotional state with words and nonverbal communication. This requires the listener to quiet his mind and focus fully upon the mood of the speaker. This mood will become apparent not just in the words used but in the tone of voice, posture and other nonverbal cues given by the speaker. The listener will look for congruence between words and mood.

- Summarizing what the speaker said, using the listener’s own words rather than merely paraphrasing words and phrases, thereby mirroring the essential concept of the speaker. A reflective listener recaps the message using his/her own words.

- Responding to the speaker's specific point, without digressing to other subjects.

- Repeating the procedure for each subject, and switching the roles of speaker and listener, if necessary.

- During the reflective listening approach, both client and therapist embrace the technique of thoughtful silence, rather than to engage in idle chatter.^[4]

Additional application

Reflective listening has been found to be effective in a therapeutic setting. Subjects receiving reflective listening from a counselor have reported better therapeutic relationship and more disclosure of feelings.^[5]

Cognitive content is one of the two main options that a counselor has for reflecting the client's previous communication in the counseling session. This form deals with people, places, problems, situations, and things. Cognitive content can play a role in help with problem solving. Incorporating cognitive content in problem solving makes it easier for clients to identify and work through issues. If neither the counselor nor the client can identify a problem that the client has, there is no need to problem solve and there is no need for counseling. Similar to problem solving where one initially identifies the quandary, counseling calls for identification of the fundamental issue in order to successfully change the client’s behaviors or thought patterns.^[6]

See also

• Focusing
• Motivational interviewing

References

1. Lane, Lara Lynn (2005). "Reflective listening". Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology
2. Grogan, Jessica. March 11, 2013. It's not enough to listen. In: 'Psychology Today'
3. Dalmar Fisher, Communication in Organizations (St. Paul, MN, West Publishing Company, 1993, pp. 430-436)
4. Sundararajan, L. (1995). Echoes after Carl Rogers:“Reflective listening” revisited. The Humanistic Psychologist, 23(2), 259-271. doi:10.1080/08873267.1995.9986828
5. Rautalinko, E; Lisper, HO; Ekehammar, B (2007). "Reflective listening in counseling: Effects of training time and evaluator social skills". American journal of psychotherapy 61 (2): 191–209. PMID 17760322.
6. Heppner, P. Paul; Reeder, B. Lynne; Larson, Lisa M. (1983). "Cognitive variables associated with personal problem-solving appraisal: Implications for counseling". Journal of Counseling Psychology 30 (4): 537–45. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.30.4.537.

Further reading

• Arnold, Kyle. (2014). Behind the Mirror: Reflective Listening and its Tain in the Work of Carl Rogers. The Humanistic Psychologist, 42:4 354-369.
• Baker, A. C.; Jensen, P. J.; Kolb, D. A. (1997). "In Conversation: Transforming Experience into Learning". Simulation & Gaming 28 (1): 6–12. doi:10.1177/1046878197281002.
• Fisher, Dalmar (1981). Communication in organizations. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Company.
• Gerwood, Joseph B. (1993). "Nondirective Counseling Interventions with Schizophrenics". Psychological Reports 73 (3f): 1147–51. doi:10.2466/pr0.1993.73.3f.1147. PMID 8115566. INIST:3863920.
• Katz, Neil H. and John W. Lawyer (1985). Communication and conflict resolution skills. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt.
• Kotzman, Anne (1984). Reflective listening. Kew, Victoria: Institute of Early Childhood Development.
• Rogers, Carl (1951). Client-Centered Therapy: its current practice, implications, and theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• Sahakian, William S. (1977). "William S. Sahakian. History and systems of psychology. New York: Wiley, 1975. Xviii + 494 pp. $19.50; paper, $8.95. (Paul T. Mountjoy)". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 13 (1): 78–81. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(197701)13:1<78::AID-JHBS2300130109>3.0.CO;2-9.

External links

• Reflective Listening — One-page summary used by National Health Care for the Homeless Council (currently under construction as of January 12, 2013)