Reichenau Glosses

The Reichenau Glosses were compiled in the 8th century in Picardy,^[1][2] to help local monks understand archaic terms in the Vulgate, which had been written over three centuries prior in Late Latin, a language which they could no longer understand without formal training.^[3] For each obscure biblical term a more familiar equivalent is supplied, sometimes another Classical Latin one, sometimes a Gallo-Romance or Germanic one with a latinized spelling.^[4] Usually the gloss lived on in later French, but not the biblical one- although sometimes the latter survived in specialized uses or in other Romance Languages.

Presented below is an alphabetized list of the glosses, along with the pronunciation of each term in Classical Latin^[5] where applicable and relevant. The pronunciations given for nouns will most often reflect the accusative, as those are the forms through which Romance Languages generally inherited Latin nouns.^[6] Verbs are usually given with the same conjugations in Romance as in Latin, but since Latin's synthetic passive has no equivalent in the modern languages,^[7] the infinitive will be supplied in those cases. Neologisms such as Spanish óptimo or borrowings such as Italian formaggio (from O.Fr. formage) are not considered in the derivative tables.

Original term	Translation	Gloss	Origin of gloss	Classical Pronunciation(s)	Descendants of gloss	Descendants of original term
Abio [8]	I go	Vado	Approx. CL synonym.	ˈwaːdoː	Fr. je vais, Occ. vau, Cat. vaig, It. vado, Dlm. vis, Sp. voy, Po. vou
Aes	bronze	Eramen	LL syn. & deriv.	ae̯ˈraːmɛn ae̯ˈraːmɪnɛ[9]	Fr. airain, Occ. & Cat. & Rmsh. aram, It. rame, Srd. ràmene, Sp. alambre, Gal. & Po. arame, Rom aramă, Arom. aramã
Ager	field	Campus	CL for "wild field."	ˈagrũː ˈkampũː	Fr. champ, Occ. c(h)amp, Cat. camp, Rmsh. champ, It. campo, Srd. campu, Dlm. cuomp, Sp. & Po. campo, Rom. câmp	Gal. agra or agrela, Rom. & Arom. agru
Aper	wild boar	Salvaticus Porcus	Porcus is CL for "pig." Salvaticus is a VL deriv. of CL silvāticus "wild."	/ ˈaprũː / / ˈpɔrkũː sɪɫˈwaːtɪkũː /	Fr. porc sauvage, Occ. pòrc sauvatge or salvatge, Cat. porc salvatge, Rmsh. portg selvadi, It. porco salvatico, Rom. porc sălbatic	Possibly second element of Srd. porcabru
Arena	sand	Sabulo	CL for "gravel."	aˈreːnãː sabʊˈloːnẽː	Fr. & O.Occ. sablon, Cat. sauló, Rmsh. sablun, It. sabbione, Sp. sablón, Dlm. sablaun. From variant sablum (pl. sabla): Fr. sable, Occ. sabla, It. sabbia, Po. saibro	O.Fr. areine, Occ. & Cat. arena, It. rena, Srd. & Sp. arena, Gal. area, Po. areia, Rom. dial. arină, anină
Atram	black	Nigram	Approx. CL syn.	ˈnɪgrãː	Fr. noire, Occ. & Cat. negra, Rmsh. naira, It. nera, Dlm. niara, Sp. & Po. negra, Rom. neagră
Axis	axle	Ascialis	Adj. form of axis.	ˈaksẽː	O.Fr. aissel. From *axilem: Fr. essieu	Fr. & Occ. ais "plank", Cat. eix, It. asse, Sp. eje, Po. eixo
Binas	in pairs	Duas et Duas	Romance construction,[10] lit. "two and two."	ˈdʊaːs ɛt ˈdʊaːs	Fr. deux à deux, Cat. de dues en dues, It. due a due, Sp. de dos en dos, Po. de dois em dois.
Callidior	cleverer	Vitiosior	Comp. form of CL vitiõsus "full of vitia or defects," but in O.Fr. vice (< vitium) came to mean "a ruse" as well, hence this new meaning.[11]	wɪtiˈoːsũː	O.Fr. voiseus, It. vezzoso. From *vitiatus: O.Fr. vezié, Occ. dial. beziat
Calumpniam[12]	malicious contention	Contentio	Calumnia had evolved into an early form of O.Fr. chalonge "challenge," hence the need for a gloss.[13]	kaˈlʊmniãː kɔntɛntɪˈoːnẽː	Occ. contensó	O.Fr. chalonge, Occ. calonja
Canere	to sing	Cantare	CL freq. form of canere.	kanˈtaːrɛ	Fr. chanter, Occ. c(h)antar, Cat. cantar, Rmsh. chantar, It. & Srd. cantare, Sp. & Po. cantar, Rom. cântare
Cartallo	basket	Panario	CL for "breadbasket."	paːˈnaːriũː	Fr. panier, Occ. panièr, Sp. panero, Po. paneiro, Rom. paner
Caseum	cheese	Formaticum	VL *formaticus caseus, lit. "formed cheese."	ˈkaːseũː	Fr. fromage, Occ. & Cat. formatge	It. cacio, Srd. casu, Sp. queso, Po. queijo, Rom. caş. Via VL dimin. caseolus: Rmsh. caschiel
Cementarii	masons	Mationes	Gm. loan akin to second element of German Steinmetz.	-	Fr. maçons, O.Occ. matz	-
Cementariis	masons	Macionibus	See above. Note the confusion of palatalized t and c, both of which had become /ʦ/ [14]	-	-	-
Cenacula	little chambres	Mansiunculas	LL dimin. of CL mansiōnēs, "lodges." Itself a Vulgate term, mansiuncula didn't survive in Fr. but was similar enough to the words that did for it to be a useful gloss.[15]	mãːsiˈoːneːs mãːsiˈʊnkʊlaːs	It. magioncelle. From mansiōnēs: Fr. maisons, O.Occ. maizons.
Clivium	mountain	Montania	CL montāna "mountainous."	mɔnˈtaːnã:	Fr. montagne, Occ. montanha, Cat. muntanya, Rmsh. muntogna, It. montagna, Sp. montaña, Po. montanha. Rom. munte is from L. montem, the stem of montānus.
Coccinus	scarlet red	Rubeus	CL for "red."	ˈrʊbeũː ˈkɔkkɪnũː	Fr. rouge, Occ. roge, Cat. roig, It. rubbio, Sp. rubio, Po. ruivo, Rom. roib	Rmsh. cotschen, Lad. cueciun, Rom. coacin
Commutatione	exchange	Concambiis	Gaulish, with the L. prefix -con.	-	Fr. échange, Occ. & Cat. escambi, It. scambio, Rom. schimb (all with prefixes from CL ex-), Sp. & Por. cambio
Concidit	he cut	Taliavit	CL tālea "cutting from a plant."	-	Fr. il tailla, Occ. talhèt, Cat. tallà, It. tagliò, Sp. tajó, Sp. talhou, Rom. tăie
Conquirebant	they were debating	Causabant	CL. causābantur.	kau̯saːˈbantʊr	O.Fr. chosoient, Occ. dial. causavan
Contumeliam	humiliation	Verecundiam	CL for "feeling of shame."	wɛɾeː'kʊndiã	Fr. vergogne, Occ. vergonha, Cat. vergonya, It. vergogna, Srd. bergugna, Sp. vergüenza, Po. vergonha
Coturnices	quails	Quacoles	Gm. loan akin to Flemish kwakkel.	koːtʊrˈniːkeːs	Fr. cailles, Occ. calhas, Cat. guattles (from *quattulas), Rmsh. quacras, It. quaglie	Sp. codornices, Po. codornizes, Rom. potârnichi "partridges"
Coturnix	quail	Quaccola	See above.	-	-	-
Crastro [16]	army camp	Heribergo	Gm. loan meaning "army barracks," akin to harry & bury.	ˈkastrũ	O.Fr. herberge, Fr. héberger "to barrack"	Via Arabic al-qaṣr "the castle": Cat. alcàsser, Sp. alcázar, Po. alcácer
Crura	legs	Tibia	CL for "shinbone."	ˈtiːbiã:	Fr. tige "stem"
Cuncti	all of them	Omnes	CL syn, did not survive in O.Fr.	ˈɔmneːs	It. ogni, Srd. onzi
Da	give it	Dona	Approx. CL. syn.	daː ˈdoːnaː	Fr. donne, Occ. dòna, Cat. dóna	Rmsh. dai, It. dà, Sp. da, Po. dá, Rom. dă
Detegere	uncover	Discooperire	CL cooperīre "cover" with prefix dis- "un-"	(dɪs)kɔɔpɛˈriːrɛ	Fr. découvrir, Occ. & Ct. descobrir, It. discoprire, Sp. descubrir, Po. descobrir, Rom. descoperire
Detestare	to revile	Blasphemare	CL syn.	blaspʰeːˈmaːrɛ	Via VL *blastemare: Fr. blâmer, Occ. blaimar, blasmar, Rmsh. blastemmar, It. bestemmiare, Sp. & Po. lastimar, Rom. blestemare
Ducta	[she was] directed	Menata	CL mināta "driven" in reference to animals.	ˈdʊktãː mɪˈnaːtãː	Fr. menée, Occ. & Cat. menada, It. menata, Rom. mânata	O.Fr. duite, It. dotta, Rom. dusă
Emit	he bought	Comparavit	CL for "he obtained."	kɔmpaˈraːwɪt	O.Fr. compara, Occ. crompèt, Cat. comprà, It. comprò, Sp. compró, Po. comprou, Rom. cumpără
Ensis	sword	Gladius	CL syn.	ˈɡladiũː	Via dimin. gladiolum: O.Fr. glai
Fatigatus	tired	Lassus	CL syn.	ˈlassũː	Fr. & O.Occ. las, Occ. alassar "to tire"
Femur	thigh	Coxa	CL for "hip."	ˈkɔksãː	Fr. cuisse, Occ. cuèissa, Cat. cuixa, Rmsh. cuissa or cossa, It. coscia, Srd. coscia or cossa, Sp. cuja, Po. coxa, Dlm. copsa, Rom. coapsă
-	-	Cingolo	CL cingulum "belt" alt. gloss for prev. entry.	ˈkɪŋɡʊlũː ˈkɪŋɡʊla	Via variant cingula: O.Fr. cengle, Fr. sangle "strap, thong", Occ. cengla, Cat. cingla, It. cinghia, Sp. cincha, Po. cilha, Rom. chingă
Ferus	harsh	Durus	Approx. CL syn.	ˈfɛrũː ˈduːrũː	Fr. & Occ. & Cat. dur, Rmsh. dür, It. & Sp. & Po. duro, Rom. dur	Fr. fier, It. fiero both "proud". Also Cat. fer, Sp. fiero with orig. L. meaning.
Fervet	it boils	Bullit	CL syn.	'bʊllɪt ˈfɛrwɛt	Fr. il bout, Occ. bolís, Cat. bull, Po. bole "he fidgets"	It. ferve "he has a fever", Sp. hierve, Po. ferve, Rom. fierbe
Flare	to blow	Suflare	CL sufflāre, prefixed form of flāre.	sʊfˈflaːrɛ	Fr. souffler, Occ. soflar, Rmsh. suflar, It. soffiare, Sp. sollar[17] (Montaña asuellar), Po. sofrar, Rom. suflare
Forum	market	Mercatum	CL syn.	ˈfɔrũː merˈkaːtũː	Fr. marché, Occ. & Cat. mercat, Rmsh. marchà, It. mercato, Sp. & Gal. & Po. mercado, Arom. mercatu	Fr. fur "measure", O.Fr. feur, Occ. for, Sp fuero, all with various legal senses
Furvus	brown	Brunus	Gm. loan akin to "brown."	-	Fr. & Occ. brun, Cat. bru, Rmsh. brün or brin, It. & Sp. & Po. bruno
Fusiles	melted	Fundutas	Romance past participle[18] of CL fundere "to smelt."	ˈfuːsɪleːs	Fr. fondues, Occ. fondudas. From *funditas: Sp. hundidas "sunken, collapsed", Po. fundidas "smelted"	From CL p.p.p. fūsās: It. fuse [19]
Galea	helmet	Helmus	Gm. loan.	-	Fr. heaume, It. elmo, Sp. yelmo, Po. elmo
Gratia	thanks	Merces	CL for "wages."	ˈɡraːtiãː mɛrˈkeːdẽː	Fr. merci, Occ. mercé, both "thank you" and "mercy", It. merce "goods", Sp. merced, Po. mercê, both "mercy"	Fr. grâce "divine grace", It. grazie, Sp. gracias
Hiems	winter	Ibernus	CL hībernus, adj. form of hiems.	hiːˈbɛrnũː	French hiver, Occ. ivèrn, Cat. hivern, Rmsh. inviern, It. inverno, Sp. invierno, Po. inverno, Rom. iarnă
Horreis	granaries	Spicariis	CL spīca "ear of grain" with locational suffix -ārium. Apparently there was an O.Fr. *espiguier or *espier which is nevertheless unattested.[20] The modern Romance words mostly derive from CL grānārium.	ˈhɔrreũː	O.Wal. spir "provisions"[21]	Gal. hórreo, O.Po. orreo
Ictus	a blow	Colpus	CL colaphus "a punch", from Greek.	ˈiːktũː 'kɔlapʰũː	Fr. coup, Occ. còp, Cat. colp, It. colpo, Sp. & Po. golpe	Po. eito "a row"
Indutus	dressed up	Vestitus	CL. syn.	wɛs'tiːtũː	O.Fr. vesti, Occ. & Ct. vestit, It. vestito, Sp. & Po. vestido. From *vestutu: Fr. vêtu, O.It. vestuto[22]
Isset	he would have gone	Ambulasset	CL for "he'd have walked."	ˈɪssɛt ambʊˈlaːssɛt	It. ambiasse, Rom. umblase "he'd walked"	Lad. jissa. Infinitive īre preserved in O.Occ. & Sp. & Po. ir
Ita	yes	Sic	Approx. CL syn.	siːk	Fr. si, Cat. sí, Rmch. schi, It. sì, Sp. sí, Po. sim, all "yes", Rom. şi "and, also". The French one is a pos. response to a neg. question.
Jacere	to throw	Jactare	CL freq. of jacere.	jakˈtaːrɛ	Via VL *jectare: Fr. jeter, Occ. getar, It. gettare, Srd. ghetare, Sp. echar, Po. jeitar
Jecore	liver	Ficato	CL fīcātum "figged liver," from fīcum "fig," probably a calque of Greek sykōtón, from sỹkon "fig."[23]	fiːˈkaːtũː	Fr. foie, Occ. & Cat. fetge, Rmsh. fio, It. fegato, Dalm. fecuat, Sp. hígado, Port. fígado, Rom. ficat
Jus	law	Legem	Approx. CL syn. Jūs was a homophone for "sauce" or "juice," which may explain why it fell out of favor.[24]	ˈleːgẽː	Fr. loi, Occ. lei, Cat. llei, It. legge, Sp. & Po. ley	Fr. jurer, Occ. & Cat. jurar, It. & Srd. giurare, Sp. & Po. jurar, Rom. jurare, all derived from Latin jūrāre "to swear", from jūs (obl. stem: jūr-)
-	-	Potestatem	CL for "authority", alt. gloss for previous entry.	pɔtɛsˈtaːtẽː	O.Fr. poesté, Occ. poestat, It. podestà, Po. podestade
Lamento	I wail	Ploro	Approx. CL syn.	ˈploːroː	Fr. je pleure, Occ. plore, Cat. ploro, O.It. pioro, Sp. lloro, Port. choro
Lebes	boiler	Chaldaria	LL caldaria, from CL caldāria "pertaining to hot water," from cald- "hot" with adj. ending -ārius.	kaɫ'daːriãː	Fr. chaudière, Occ. c(h)audièra, Cat. caldera, It. caldaia, Sp. caldera, Po. caldeira, Rom. căldare
Leva	on the left	Sinistra	CL syn.	sɪˈnɪstrãː sɪˈnɪstrũː	Fr. senestre, Rmsh. sanestra, It. sinistra, Sp. siniestro, Po. sestro
Liberos	children	Infantes	CL syn. less easily confused with līberōs "free."	ĩːˈfanteːs	Fr. & Occ. enfants, Cat. infants, Rmsh. unfants or uffants, It. fanti "soldiers, infantry", O.Sp. & O.Po. ifantes
Ludebant	they were playing	Jocabant	CL syn.	jɔˈkaːbant	Fr. jouaient, Occ. jogavan, Cat. jugaven, Rmsh. giogavan, It. giocavano, Sp. jugaban, Po. jogavam, Rom. jucau
Manipulos	bundles	Garbas	Gm. loan akin to Dutch garf, Germ Garbe.	maˈnɪpʊloːs	O.Fr. jarbes, Fr. gerbes	O.Fr. manoils, Sp. manojos, Po. molhos
Mares	males	Masculi	CL dimin. of mās (singular of marēs.)	ˈmareːs ˈmaskʊloːs	Fr. mâles, Occ. & Cat. mascles, Rmsh. mascels, It. maschi, Sp. & Po. machos, Rom. dial. mascuri "male pigs"	Rom. mare "big"
Malus	mast	Mastus	Germanic loan akin to mast.	-	Fr. mât, Occ. mast
Milites	soldiers	Servientes	CL for "servants."	sɛrwi'ɛnteːs	Fr. sergents, It. serventi, Sp. sirvientes. Only the Fr. word has the military sense.
Mutuo Acceperam	I have borrowed	Habeo Impruntatum	VL *impromutuatum, from prefixed form of CL promūtuārī "to lend," itself prefixed from mūtuārī, from mūtuō "in exchange." Tense construction with CL habeō "I have" and a perfect participle is characteristic of Romance.[25]	-	Fr. J'ai emprunté, It. ho improntato, Rom. am împrumutat
Necetur	let him be killed	Occidetur	CL syn., but it should be occīdātur.	nɛkaːrɛ ɔkˈkiːdɛrɛ	O.Fr. occir, Occ. aucir, Cat. occir, It. uccidere, Srd. ochídere, Rom. ucidere	Fr. noyer, It. annegare, Sp. anegar, Rom. înecare, all referring to drowning
Nemini	to nobody	Nulli	CL syn. The nom. of nēminī is nēmō.	ˈnuːllũː ˈneːmoː ˈneːmɪniː	Fr. & Rmsh. nul, It. nullo, Sp. & Po. nulo	It. dial. nimo, Rom. nimeni
Nonnulli	several	Multi	CL syn.	ˈmʊɫtũː	O.Fr. moult, Cat. molt, It. molto, Sp. mucho, Po. muito, Dlm. muolt, Rom. mult
Novacula	a razor	Rasorium	CL rās- "scraped" with agent suffix -or.	nɔˈwaːkʊla	Fr. rasoir, Occ. rasor, It. rasoio	Cat. navalla, Sp. navaja, Po. navalha
Noverca	stepmother	Matrastra	CL mātrem "mother" with suffix -aster "wannabe."	nɔˈwerkãː	Fr. marâtre, Cat. & Sp. madrastra, Gal. & Po. madrasta	Arom. nuearcã
Non pepercit	he did not spare	Non Sparniavit	Gm. loan akin to "spare."	-	Fr. il n'épargna pas
Ocreas	boots	Husas	Gm. loan akin to "hose."	-	O.Fr. heuse
Offendas	may you beat off	Abattas	CL battuās "may you beat" with prefix ab "away."	-	Fr. abattes, Occ. abatas, Cat. abatis, Sp. & Po. abatas
Onager	wild donkey	Asinus Salvaticus	Asinus is CL. For salvaticus, see entry for aper.	ˈasɪnũː	Fr. âne, Occ. asne, Cat. ase, Rmsh. asen, It. asino, Sp. & Po. asno, Rom. asin
Onustus	burdened	Carcatus	LL carricatus "loaded," from carricus "cart," from Gaulish.	karrɪˈkaːtũː	Fr. chargé, Occ. & Cat. cargat, It. caricato, Sp. cargado, Po. carregado, Rom. încărcat
Oppidis	towns	Civitatibus	LL for "cities", in CL "citizenry."	kiːwɪˈtaːteːs	Fr. cités, Occ. & Cat. ciutats, Rmsh. citads, It. città, Srd. tzitades, Sp. ciudades, Po. cidades, Rom. cetati "fortresses"
-	-	Castellis	CL for "fortresses", alt. gloss for previous entry.	kasˈtɛllũː	Fr. château, Occ. c(h)astèl, Cat. castell, Rmsh. chastè, It. castello, Sp. castillo, Po. castelo
Opilio	shepherd	Berbicarius	CL vervēx "a ram" with occupational suffix -ārius.	-	Fr. berger, Srd. berbecarju
Oportet	it is fitting	Convenit	Had this sense in CL as well.	ˈkɔnwɛnɪt	Fr. convient, Occ. conven, Cat. convé, It. & Sp. conviene, Po. convém, Rom. cuvine
Optimos	the best	Meliores	CL for "the better ones."	ˈɔptɨmoːs mɛliˈoːreːs	Fr. meilleurs, Occ. melhors, Cat. millors, Rmsh. megliers, It. migliori, Sp. mejores, Po. melhors	It. ottimi
Optimum	the best	Valde Bonum	CL for "very good." Valdē only survives as the first element in M.Fr. vaudoux "dull, insipid" and vaupute "sin against nature."	ˈɔptɨmũː ˈwaɫdeː ˈbɔnũː	Fr. très bon, Occ. fòrça bon, Cat. molt bo, Rmsh. bler bun, It. molto buono, Sp. muy bueno, Po. muito bom, Rom. foarte bun	It. ottimo
Ore	mouth	Bucca	CL for "cheek."	ˈbʊkkãː	Fr. bouche, Occ. & Cat. boca, Rmsh. bucca, It. bocca, Sp. & Po. boca, all "mouth", Rom. bucă has orig. CL meaning
Ostendit	he showed	Monstravit	CL syn.	mõːˈstraːwɪt	Fr. montra, Occ. mostrèt, Cat. mostrà, It. mostrò, Sp. mostró, Po. mostrou, Rom. mustră
Oves	sheep	Berbices	CL vervēcēs "rams."	ˈɔweːs ˈwɛrweːkeːs	Fr. brebis, O.Occ. berbitz, Rmsh. barbeischs, O.It. berbici, Srd. barvéghes, Rom. berbeci	Via VL dimin. *oviclas: Fr. ouailles, Occ. oelhas or auvelhas, Cat. ovellas, Sp. ovejas, Po. ovelhas. Directly from ovēs: Rom. oi
Papilionis	tent	Travis	CL trabem "roof, beam."	ˈtrabẽː paːpɪliˈoːnẽː	O.Fr. tref "tent, beam", O.Occ. trau, It. & O.Po. trave, all with CL meaning "beam"	Fr. pavillon and Sp. pabellón, both "pavilion". Fr. papillon, Occ. parpalhòl, Cat. papallona, all "butterfly"
Pes	foot	Pedis	VL, regularized nom.[26] based on CL obl. stem ped-	ˈpɛdẽː	Fr. pied, Occ. pè, Cat. peu, Rmsh. pe, It. piede, Srd. pei, Sp. pie, Po. pé, Rom. piez
Pingues	fat ones	Grassi	CL crassī.	ˈkrassoːs	Adj's: Fr. gras, Cat. grassos, It. grassi, Sp. grasos, Po. graxos, Rom grași. Nouns: Fr. graisse, Occ. grais, Cat. greix, Rmsh. grass, It. grasso, Sp. grasa, Po. graxa
Plaustra	carts	Carra	Approx. CL syn. of Gaulish origin.	ˈkarroːs	Fr. chars, Occ. c(h)arris, Cat. carros, It. carri, Sp. & Po. carros, Rom. care
Ponatur	may it be put	Mittatur	CL for "may it be put forth" or "sent out."	ˈmɪttɛrɛ ˈpoːnɛre	Fr. mettre, Occ. metre, Rmsh. meter, It. mettere, Sp. & Po. meter "insert"	Fr. & Occ. & Cat. pondre "to lay an egg", It. porre, Sp. poner, Po. pôr, Rom. punere
Pallium	sheet	Drappum	Possibly Gaulish.	ˈpalliũː	Fr. & Occ. & Cat. drap, It. drappo, Sp. trapo	It. palio "banner"
Pignus	token, pledge	Wadius	Gm. loan akin to wed.	ˈpɪŋnʊs ˈpɪŋnɔra	Fr. gage "will", O.Occ. gadi "will, testament"	Occ. penha, Rmsh. pegn, It. pegno, Sp. prenda, Por penhor
Pulempta [27]	flour	Farina	Approx. CL syn.	faˈriːnãː pɔˈlɛntãː	Fr. farine, Occ. & Cat. & Rmsh. & It. farina, Dlm. faraina, Sp. harina, Po. farinha, Rom. făină	It. polenta
Pulchra	beautiful	Bella	CL syn.	ˈbɛllãː	Fr. belle, Occ. bèla, Cat. & Rmsh. & It. & Sp. bella, Po. bela
Res	thing	Causa	CL for "a cause," later in VL "a thing, subject, matter."	rẽː reːs ˈkau̯sãː	Fr. chose, Occ. c(h)ausa, Cat. cosa, Rmsh. chossa or caussa, It. cosa, Sp. cosa, Po. coisa	From the form rem: Fr. rien, O.Po. rem. From the form rēs: Occ. & Cat. res, all "nothing". In O.Fr. rien meant "thing", hence Fr. ne... rien, "nothing".
Respectant	they watch	Rewardant	Gm. loan akin to ward, meaning "observe, watch over."	rɛsˈpɛktant	Fr. regardent, Occ. regardan, Cat. guarden, Rmsh. guardan or vurdan, It. riguardano, Sp. reguardan, Po. guardam	It. rispettano, Sp. respetan, Por respeitam
Reus	guilty	Culpabilis	LL syn.	ˈreũː kʊɫpaːbɪlẽː	Fr. coupable	It. rio, Dlm. ri, Rom. rău, all meaning "bad"
Rostrum	beak	Beccus	Gaulish.	ˈroːstrũː ˈbɛkkũː	Fr. bec, Occ. bèc, Cat. bec, It. becco, Sp. pico, Po. bico	Rom. rost "mouth"
Rufa	reddish	Sora	Germanic borrowing akin to "sear(ed)."	-	Fr. saure "smoked" or "of a colour resulting from smoking", Occ. saura "yellow"
Ruga	crease	Fruncetura	Gm. loan.	ˈruːgãː	O.Fr. fronceüre, Fr. fronçure, Cat. frunsidura	Fr. rue "street", hence the need for this gloss.[28]
Sarcina	package	Bisatia	CL bisaccia, pl. of bisaccium "a double-sack."	ˈsarkɪnãː bɪˈsakkia	Fr. besace, Occ. biassa	Rom. sarcină, Arom. sartsinã
Sartago	pan	Patella	CL syn.	paˈtɛllãː sarˈtaːɡɪnẽː	Fr. poêle, Occ. padèla, Cat. paella, Rmsh. & It. & Dlm. padella, Sp. padilla, Po. patela	Sp. sartén, Po. sertã
Saniore	healthier	Plus Sano	Romance construction,[29] lit. "more healthy."	pluːs ˈsaːnũː	Fr. plus sain, It. più sano. From magis (syn. of plus): Cat. més sano, Sp. más sano, Po. mais são, Rom. mai sănăt
Scabrones[30]	hornets	Wapces	Gm. loan akin to O.E. wæps, O.S. wepsia "wasp."	kraːˈbroːneːs	Fr. guêpes is from L. vespās, but its form was influenced by wapces.[31]	Via VL *carabriones: It. calabroni
Scinifes	gnats	Cincellas	LL. zinzalas, possibly onomatopoeic.	ˈzɪnzalaːs	O.Fr. cinceles. Cognates: It. zanzare, Sp. cénzalos, Rom. țânțari	-
Semel	once	Una Vice	Romance construction, lit. "one time",[32] from CL vicem "turn, succession."	ˈuːnãː ˈvɪkẽː	Fr. une fois, Occ. una vetz, Cat. una vegada (from *vicata), Sp. una vez, Po. uma vez. It. una volta employs a similar noun.
Sepulta	[she was] interred	Sepelita	Rare CL variant.[33]	sɛˈpʊɫtãː sɛpɛˈli:tãː [34]	O.Fr. sevelie, Fr. ensevelie, Occ. sebelida, It. seppellita.	It. sepolta (alt. form)
Singulariter	solely	Solamente	Romance adv. ending first attested in CL abl. absolutes such as sollicitā mente "assiduously, with an assiduous mind", later grammaticalized.[35]	ˈsoːlaː ˈmɛntɛ	Fr. seulement, Occ. & Cat. solament, It. & Sp. solamente, Po. somente
Si vis	if you want	Si voles	VL regularized form of vis, to match other CL conjugations such as volunt.[36]	-	Fr. si tu veux, Occ. se vòles, Cat. si vols, Rmsh. sche ti vuls, It. se vuoi, Rom. dacă vrei
Sortileus [37]	diviner	Sorcerus	VL *sortiarius "fortune teller," from CL sort- "fortune" with occupational suffix -ārius.	-	Fr. sorcier
Stercora	excrements	Femus	CL syn. fimus.	ˈfɪmũː ˈstɛrkʊs	O.Fr. fien, Occ. & Cat. fem. Fr. fumier is from *femarium	Rom. șterc. From VL *stercorem: Sp. estiércol.[38]
Succendunt	they set ablaze	Sprendunt	CL prendunt "they seize" with the prefix ex.	ˈprɛndʊnt	Fr. ils éprennent, Occ. espren
Submersi	drowned	Necati	CL for "murdered."	-	See entry for necetur	-
Subtilissima	very slender	Perpittita	Gaulish, with the Latin intensifier per-	sʊpˈtiːlẽː	Fr. petite, Occ. pitita, Cat. petita. From *pittina: Rmsh. pitschna. From *peccuina: Sp. pequeña, Po. pequena	Cat. sotila, It. sottile
Sus	pig	Porcus	CL syn.	ˈsʊẽː	See entry for aper	Srd. sue
Tedet	it annoys	Anoget	GR *anodjet, from the VL *inodiat,[39] which is akin to CL in odiō est "it is despised."	-	Fr. ennuie, Occ. enuja, Cat. enutja, It. annoia, Sp. & Po. enoja
Tedio	trifle, cliché	Tepiditas	Approx. CL syn., extinct in O.Fr.	-	From tepidum: Fr. tiède, Occ. tèbi, Cat. tebi, It. tiepido, Sp. & Po. tibio
Teristrum	head-veil	Cufia	Gm. loan.	-	Fr. coiffe, O.Occ. cofa	-
-	-	Vitta	CL for headband.	ˈwɪttãː	O.Fr. vete, Occ. & Cat. veta, It. vetta, Sp. veta, Po. fita, Rom. bată	-
Thurmas [40]	crowds	Fulcos	Gm. loan akin to folk.	ˈtʊrmaːs	O.Fr. fols, fouls, O.Occ. folcs	It. & Fri. torme, Srd. trumas, Rom. turme
Torax	cuirass	Brunia	Gm. loan.	-	O.Fr. broigne, O.Occ. bronha
Transgredere	to go beyond	Ultra alare	Ultrā is proper CL for "beyond". Alare is a latinized spelling of GR aler "to go",[41] of disputed origin.	-	Fr. aller outre
Transmeare	to swim across	Transnotare	VL *notare, from CL natāre.	naˈtaːrɛ	O.Fr. noer, Rmsh. nudar, It. nuotare, Rom. înotare. Directly from natare: Occ. nadar, Cat. nedar, Sp. & Po. nadar
Tugurium	hut	Cavana	Unknown.	-	O.Fr chavane, Occ. cabana, It. cappana, Sp. cabaña, Po. cabana
Umo	ground	Terra	CL for "land."	ˈtɛrrãː	Fr. terre, Occ. & Cat. & Rmsh. & It. & Srd. terra, Sp. tierra, Po. terra, Rom. ţară
Ungues	fingernails	Ungulas	CL for "claws", dimin. of unguēs.	ˈʊngʊlaːs	Fr. ongles, Occ. onglas or unglas, Cat. ungles, Rmsh. ùnglas, It. unghie, Srd. ungas, Sp. uñas, Po. unhas, Rom. unghii
Usuris	interest on a loan	Lucris	CL for "profits."	ˈlʊːkrũː	O.Fr. & Occ. logre, Sp. & Po. logro
Utere	use it	Usitare	CL freq. of Å«tere (p.p. Å«sus sum.)	-	Via VL *usa: Fr. use, Occ. & Cat. & It. & Sp. & Po. usa
Uvas	grapes	Racemos	CL for "clusters, bunches", often in reference to grapes.	ˈuːwaːs raˈkeːmoːs	Fr. raisins, Occ. rasims, Cat. raïms, all "grapes", Sp. & Po. racimos with orig. L. meaning	Rmsh. ivas, It. uve, Sp. & Po. uvas, Dlm. joive, Rom. dial. aue "bunches"
Veru	spit for roasting	Spidus	Gm. loan akin to spit.	-	Fr. époi, Sp. & Por. espeto
Vespertiliones	bats	Calves Sorices	CL calvās soricēs "bald mice."	/wɛspɛrtiːliˈoːneːs/ /ˈkaɫwaːs ˈsɔrɪkeːs/	Fr. chauves-souris	O.It. vipistrello (mod. pipistrello), Asturian esperteyo
Vestis	a garment	Rauba	Gm. loan meaning "spoils, clothing" akin to Eng. rob.	-	Fr. robe, Occ. rauba, Cat. & It. roba	From CL vestīmentum: Fr. vêtement, Rmsh. büschmaint, Dlm. vestemiant, Rom. veșmânt, Arom. vishtimintu
Vim	force	Fortiam	VL noun from CL fortia neuter pl. of fortis "strong."	ˈfɔrtiãː	Fr. force, Occ fòrça, Cat. força, Rmsh. & It. forza, Sp. fuerza, Po. força
Viscera	guts	Intralia	CL interānea "guts, intestines."	ɪntɛraːnea	From VL *intralia: Fr. entrailles. From *intrania: O.Fr. entraigne, Cat. entranyes, Sp. entrañas, Po. entranhas
Vorax	devouring	Manducans	CL for "chewing."	manduːˈkantẽː	It. mangiante. Via gerund mandūcandum: Fr. mangeant, Occ. manjant, Cat. menjant, Rmsh. mangiond, It. mangiando, Po. manjando, Rom. mâncând

References

1. Quirós, Manuel (1986). "Las Glosas De Reichenau". Filología y Lingüística 12: 43. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
2. Diament, H. (1968). A New Hypothesis of the origin of French Aller. Routledge. p. 73.
3. Herman, József (2000). Vulgar Latin. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0-271-02001-6.
4. Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Rosen (July 2010). Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 319–320. ISBN 9780521717847.
5. Allen, William Sidney (1978) [1965]. Vox Latina—a Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 21, 30–34, 47–50, 51–52. ISBN 0-521-37936-9.
6. Hermann, p. 3
7. Akire & Rosen, p.174-175
8. read: abeo
9. The proper Latin accusative was aeramen, identical to the nominative, but the productive form in Romance languages (other than Italian) was the original ablative aeramine. See: Pei, Mario (1941). The Italian Language. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 78.
10. Daiches, David; Thorlby, Anthony (December 1972). Literature and Western Civilization: The Modern World Volume II Realities. Aldus Books. p. 41. ISBN 0490002447.
11. Diez, p. 16
12. read: calumniam
13. Diez, p. 49
14. Alkire & Rosen, p. 62-63
15. Diez, p.16
16. read: castro
17. Real Academia Española, Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd edn., s.v. "sollar", 2014, accessed 14 March 2016.
18. Akire & Rosen, p.176-177
19. For evolution of -ās into -e, see Akire & Rosen p. 189
20. Diez, p. 17
21. Adams, J.N. (7 January 2008). The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC - AD 600. Cambridge University Press. p. 315. ISBN 9781107684584.
22. Akire & Rosen, p.177
23. Reinhard Kiesler, Einführung in die Problematik des Vulgärlateins (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 2006), 91.
24. Diez, Friedrick (1870). Anciens glossaires romans. Paris: A. Franck. p. 49.
25. Diez, p. 32
26. Akire & Rosen, p.196
27. read: polenta
28. Brunot, Ferdinand; Bruneau, Charles (1905). Histoire de la langue française des origines à 1900. Paris: Armand Colin. p. 140. ISBN 9781172727995.
29. Diez, p. 45
30. read: crabrones
31. Diez, p. 19
32. Diez, p. 48
33. Diez, p.17
34. For the long i in CL, see: Grandgent, Charles (1991). Introducción al latín vulgar. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. p. 266. ISBN 9788400071912.
35. Müller, Peter; Ohnheiser, Ingeborg; Olsen, Susan; Rainer, Franz (March 2015). Word-Formation An International Handbook of the Languages of Europe. De Gruyter. p. 1831. ISBN 9783110427516.
36. Anderson, James; Rochet, Bernard (1979). Historical romance morphology. University Microfilms International. p. 267. ISBN 9780835704625.
37. read: sortilegus
38. Roberts, Edward (April 2014). A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language with Families of Words Based on Indo-European Roots: Volume II (H - Z and Appendix). Xlibris. p. 672. ISBN 9781493191130.
39. Rickard, Peter (2000). A History of the French Language (2 ed.). London: Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 041510887X.
40. read: turmas
41. Alkire & Rosen, p.320.