Religion and schizophrenia

The relationship between religion and schizophrenia is of particular interest to psychologists because of the similarities between religious experiences and psychotic episodes; religious experiences often involve auditory and/or visual hallucinations, and those with schizophrenia commonly report similar hallucinations, along with a variety beliefs that are commonly recognized by Western medical practitioners as delusional.[1] In general, religion has been found to have "both a protective and a risk increasing effect" for schizophrenia.[2]

A common report from those with schizophrenia is some type of a religious belief that many medical practitioners consider to be delusional - such as the belief they are divine beings, God is talking to them, they are possessed by demons, etc.[3][4][5] Active and adaptive coping skills in subjects with residual schizophrenia are associated with a sound spiritual, religious, or personal belief system.[6] In a study of patients with schizophrenia that had been previously admitted to a hospital, 24% had what the medical field refers to as religious delusions. This has led some researchers to question whether schizophrenia leads an individual to become more religious, or if intense religiosity leads to schizophrenia.[7]

Trans-cultural studies have found that such religious beliefs, which often may not be associated with reality, are much more common in schizophrenic patients who identify as Christian and/or reside in predominately Christian areas such as Europe or North America.[8][9] By comparison, patients in Japan much more commonly have delusions surrounding matters of shame and slander,[8] and in Pakistan matters of paranoia regarding relatives and neighbors.[9]

Background

Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder characterized by a difficulty in recognizing reality, regulating emotional responses, and thinking in a clear and logical manner.[10] The causes of schizophrenia are unclear, but it seems that genetics play a heavy role, as individuals with a family history are far more likely to suffer from schizophrenia.[11][12] The disorder can be triggered and exacerbated by social and environmental factors, with episodes becoming more apparent in periods of high stress. Symptoms usually appear around the onset of early adulthood.[11] It is rare for a child to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, in part because of the difficulty in establishing what erroneous thoughts and beliefs can be attributed to childhood development and which thoughts and beliefs can be attributed to schizophrenia. With psychiatric medication (usually antipsychotics) and therapy, individuals with schizophrenia can live successful, productive lives.

Role of religion in schizophrenia treatment

It has been shown in longitudinal studies that those suffering from schizophrenia have varying degrees of success when religion plays a significant role in their recovery.[13] It would seem that the use of religion can either be a helpful method of coping with the disorder, or it can be a significant hindrance in recovery. Religion, depending on how a patient views it, can be paralyzing and quite harmful, in that a patient may refuse treatment based on religious beliefs; in certain instances, one might believe that their delusions and hallucinations are actually a divine experience, and therefore deny any need for treatment. On the other hand, religion can also be a very valuable tool in coping with the disorder, especially for those who are active in a religious community.[14] Provided that a therapist is open to the use of religion in one's treatment, it is possible to tie religion in with professional therapeutic aids and medication in order to meet a desirable goal.[15]

Religion as a trigger for schizophrenia

Schizophrenia can be triggered by a variety of environmental factors, including significant stress, intensely emotional situations, and disturbing or uncomfortable experiences. It is possible that religion itself may be a trigger for schizophrenia; religious imagery is often very grandiose, and defies commonly held beliefs of what is realistic and natural in the world. Experiencing an intense religious experience may trigger a psychotic episode in those who are vulnerable to them, because religion often requires a believer to suspend their usual idea of what is possible and impossible. This could potentially lead to a psychotic episode due to the shift in realistic thinking; a sufferer may believe that they themselves are religious deities or Messiahs, or that God himself is speaking to the individual. It has been shown that those with schizophrenia who suffer from religious delusions are more religious than those who do not suffer from these delusions.[16] It has also been shown that those who suffer from religious delusions are less likely to continue long-term treatment.[16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Murray, ED.; Cunningham MG; Price BH (2012). "The role of psychotic disorders in religious history considered". J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neuroscience 24 (4): 410–26. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11090214. PMID 23224447.
  2. ↑ Gearing, Robin Edward, Dana Alonzo, Alex Smolak, Katie McHugh, Sherelle Harmon, and Susanna Baldwin. "Association of religion with delusions and hallucinations in the context of schizophrenia: Implications for engagement and adherence." Schizophrenia research 126, no. 1 (2011): 150-163.
  3. ↑ Siddle, Ronald; Haddock, Gillian, Tarrier, Nicholas, Faragher, E. Brian (1 March 2002). "Religious delusions in patients admitted to hospital with schizophrenia". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 37 (3): 130–138. doi:10.1007/s001270200005. PMID 11990010. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  4. ↑ Mohr, Sylvia; Borras, Laurence; Betrisey, Carine; Pierre-Yves, Brandt; Gilliéron, Christiane; Huguelet, Philippe (1 June 2010). "Delusions with Religious Content in Patients with Psychosis: How They Interact with Spiritual Coping". Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 73 (2): 158–172. doi:10.1521/psyc.2010.73.2.158.
  5. ↑ Siddle, R; Haddock, G; Tarrier, N; Faragher, EB (March 2002). "Religious delusions in patients admitted to hospital with schizophrenia.". Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 37 (3): 130–8. doi:10.1007/s001270200005. PMID 11990010.
  6. ↑ Shah, Ruchita, et al. "Relationship between spirituality/religiousness and coping in patients with residual schizophrenia." Quality of Life Research 20.7 (2011): 1053-1060.
  7. ↑ Siddle, Ronald; Haddock, Gillian, Tarrier, Nicholas, Faragher, E. Brian (1 November 2002). "The validation of a religiosity measure for individuals with schizophrenia". Mental Health, Religion & Culture 5 (3): 267–284. doi:10.1080/13674670210130027. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  8. 1 2 Tateyama M, Asai M, Hashimoto M, Bartels M, Kasper S (1998). "Transcultural study of schizophrenic delusions. Tokyo versus Vienna and Tübingen (Germany)". Psychopathology 31 (2): 59–68. doi:10.1159/000029025. PMID 9561549.
  9. 1 2 Stompe T, Friedman A, Ortwein G, Strobl R, Chaudhry HR, Najam N, Chaudhry MR (1999). "Comparison of delusions among schizophrenics in Austria and in Pakistan". Psychopathology 32 (5): 225–34. doi:10.1159/000029094. PMID 10494061.
  10. ↑ "Schizophrenia". A.D.A.M,.
  11. 1 2 van Os, J; Kapur, S (2009-08-22). "Schizophrenia.". Lancet 374 (9690): 635–45. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60995-8. PMID 19700006.
  12. ↑ Picchioni, MM; Murray, RM (2007-07-14). "Schizophrenia.". BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 335 (7610): 91–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.39227.616447.BE. PMC: 1914490. PMID 17626963.
  13. ↑ Mohr, S. (1 November 2006). "Toward an Integration of Spirituality and Religiousness Into the Psychosocial Dimension of Schizophrenia". American Journal of Psychiatry 163 (11): 1952–1959. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.11.1952.
  14. ↑ Danbolt, Lars J. (31 March 2011). "The Personal Significance of Religiousness and Spirituality in Patients With Schizophrenia". International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 21 (2): 145–158. doi:10.1080/10508619.2011.557009.
  15. ↑ Mohr, S; Huguelet P. "The relationship between schizophrenia and religion and its implications for care" (PDF). Swiss Medical Weekly.
  16. 1 2 Mohr, Sylvia; Borras, Laurence; Rieben, Isabelle; Betrisey, Carine; Gillieron, Christiane; Brandt, Pierre-Yves; Perroud, Nader; Huguelet, Philippe (11 October 2009). "Evolution of spirituality and religiousness in chronic schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorders: a 3-years follow-up study". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 45 (11): 1095–1103. doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0151-0.
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