Rellich–Kondrachov theorem

In mathematics, the Rellich–Kondrachov theorem is a compact embedding theorem concerning Sobolev spaces. It is named after the Italian-Austrian mathematician Franz Rellich and the Russian mathematician Vladimir Iosifovich Kondrashov. Rellich proved the L2 theorem and Kondrachov the Lp theorem.

Statement of the theorem

Let Ω  Rn be an open, bounded Lipschitz domain, and let 1  p < n. Set

p^{*} := \frac{n p}{n - p}.

Then the Sobolev space W1,p(Ω; R) is continuously embedded in the Lp space Lp(Ω; R) and is compactly embedded in Lq(Ω; R) for every 1  q < p. In symbols,

W^{1, p} (\Omega) \hookrightarrow L^{p^{*}} (\Omega)

and

W^{1, p} (\Omega) \subset \subset L^{q} (\Omega) \mbox{ for } 1 \leq q < p^{*}.

Kondrachov embedding theorem

On a compact manifold with C1 boundary, the Kondrachov embedding theorem states that if k > and kn/p > n/q then the Sobolev embedding

W^{k,p}(M)\subset W^{\ell,q}(M)

is completely continuous (compact).

Consequences

Since an embedding is compact if and only if the inclusion (identity) operator is a compact operator, the Rellich–Kondrachov theorem implies that any uniformly bounded sequence in W1,p(Ω; R) has a subsequence that converges in Lq(Ω; R). Stated in this form, in the past the result was sometimes referred to as the Rellich-Kondrachov selection theorem, since one "selects" a convergent subsequence. (However, today the customary name is "compactness theorem", whereas "selection theorem" has a precise and quite different meaning, referring to multifunctions).

The Rellich–Kondrachov theorem may be used to prove the Poincaré inequality,[1] which states that for u  W1,p(Ω; R) (where Ω satisfies the same hypotheses as above),

\| u - u_{\Omega} \|_{L^{p} (\Omega)} \leq C \| \nabla u \|_{L^{p} (\Omega)}

for some constant C depending only on p and the geometry of the domain Ω, where

u_{\Omega} := \frac{1}{\mathrm{meas} (\Omega)} \int_{\Omega} u(x) \, \mathrm{d} x

denotes the mean value of u over Ω.

References

  1. Evans, Lawrence C. (2010). "§5.8.1". Partial Differential Equations (2nd ed.). p. 290. ISBN 0-8218-4974-3.

Literature

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