Renal sympathetic denervation

Renal sympathetic denervation (RSDN), or renal denervation (RDN), is a minimally invasive, endovascular catheter based procedure using radiofrequency ablation or ultrasound ablation aimed at treating resistant hypertension (high blood pressure not controlled by medication).[1] Nerves in the wall of the renal artery are ablated by applying radiofrequency pulses or ultrasound to the renal arteries. This causes reduction of sympathetic afferent and efferent activity to the kidney and blood pressure can be decreased.[2] Early data from international clinical trials without sham controls was promising - demonstrating large blood pressure reductions in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension.[3][4] However, in 2014 a prospective, single-blind, randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial failed to confirm a beneficial effect on blood pressure.[5] A 2014 consensus statement from The Joint UK Societies did not recommend the use of renal denervation for treatment of resistant hypertension on current evidence.[6]

History

Prior to pharmacological management of hypertension, surgical sympathectomy was a recognized treatment for hypertension.[7] This was often successful in reducing blood pressure but due to its non-selective nature the side effects of the procedure were poorly tolerated. Side effects included orthostatic hypotension, palpitations, anhydrosis, intestinal disturbances, loss of ejaculation, thoracic duct injuries and atelactasis.[8] Modern antihypertensive pharmacological interventions have improved the control of hypertension, but only 34-66% of people with hypertension in England, USA and Canada have blood pressure at or below target levels.[9] Resistant hypertension is defined as blood pressure above target (140/90mm Hg) despite concomitant use of 3 or more anti-hypertensives – one of which should be a diuretic.[10] It has been estimated that 8-10% of people with hypertension fall into this category.[6]

Devices

Several commercial devices exist.[11] These include Medtronic's Symplicity Renal Denervation System, St. Jude Medical’s EnligHTN™ System, Boston Scientific's Vessix V2™ Renal Denervation System, Covidien’s OneShot™ System, Recor’s Paradise™ System, Terumo's Iberis™ System and Cordis Corporation's RENLANE™ Renal Denervation System. Currently, no renal denervation device has FDA approval.

Procedure

The procedure involves endovascular access via the femoral artery with advancement of a catheter-mounted device into the renal artery. The device uses radiofrequency or ultrasound to ablate the renal nerves. Typically, numerous ablations are applied at a different longitudinal and rotational positions to ensure maximal denervation.[12] The procedure does not involve a permanent implant.

Benefits

The most widely-discussed studies to date are the Symplicity HTN-1, HTN-2 and HTN-3 trials, conducted with Medtronic's Symplicity RDN System.

Symplicity HTN-1[3] looked at outcomes in 153 patients that underwent catheter-based renal denervation. Three-year follow-up data have demonstrated an average blood pressure reduction of -33/-19mm Hg.

Symplicity HTN-2[4] was a randomized, controlled trial that compared 54 control patients with 52 patients who underwent catheter-based renal denervation. Six month follow-up data demonstrated a blood pressure reduction of -32/12mm Hg in the treated group compared with a change of 1/0 mm Hg in the control group.

Meta-analyses of renal denervation have yielded conflicting results.[13] Whilst office systolic blood pressure reductions typically average around 30 mmHg, reductions observed on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring are typically much smaller, around 10 mmHg.[14] Explanations offered for this mismatch include renal denervation obliterating the white coat response, thereby disproportionately reducing clinic pressures,[13] or inadvertent bias arising from the unblinded design and lack of sham control procedure in almost all renal denervation trial designs to date.[14][15]

The most recent study, Symplicity HTN-3, was a prospective, single-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial in which 535 patients with severe resistant hypertension were randomized to undergo renal denervation or a sham procedure (in a 2:1 ratio). The results showed no statistically significant difference between renal denervation and the sham procedure.[5]

Following the publication of Symplicity HTN-3 the Joint UK Societies produced a consensus statement that did not recommend the use of renal denervation for treatment of resistant hypertension in routine clinical practice. However they advocated further research with better designed randomised studies.[6]

Risks

The Symplicity HTN-1, HTN-2 and HTN-3 trials have demonstrated acceptable safety profiles for catheter based renal denervation. Patients may experience pain during application of radiofrequency pulses and intraprocedural bradycardia requiring atropine has also been reported.[4] Other documented procedure related complications include femoral artery pseudoaneurysm and renal artery dissection.

Of particular concern is the theoretical risk of damage to renal arteries during delivery of radiofrequency energy. An animal study using swine showed no damage to the renal arteries at 6 month follow up. This finding is further supported in human studies in the HTN-1 and HTN-2 trial where follow up imaging has not demonstrated renal vascular damage.[16]

Other indications

Other diseases may be associated with an overactive sympathetic drive and therefore, in theory, renal denervation could be of benefit. Congestive heart failure (CHF), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), atrial fibrillation (AF), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) all have been associated with increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Current clinical trials are examining the effect of renal denervation in these conditions.[17]

References

  1. ↑ Goel, Ayush. "Renal sympathetic denervation". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  2. ↑ Esler, MC; Krum, H; Sobotka, PA; Schlaich, MP; Schmieder, RE; Böhm, M (Dec 4, 2010). "Renal sympathetic denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension (The Symplicity HTN-2 Trial): a randomized controlled trial.". Lancet 376 (9756): 1903–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62039-9. PMID 21093036.
  3. 1 2 Symplicity HTN-1, Investigators (May 2011). "Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: durability of blood pressure reduction out to 24 months.". Hypertension 57 (5): 911–7. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.163014. PMID 21403086.
  4. 1 2 3 Symplicity HTN-2, Investigators; Esler, MD; Krum, H; Sobotka, PA; Schlaich, MP; Schmieder, RE; Böhm, M (Dec 4, 2010). "Renal sympathetic denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension (The Symplicity HTN-2 Trial): a randomised controlled trial.". Lancet 376 (9756): 1903–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62039-9. PMID 21093036.
  5. 1 2 Bhatt, Deepak L.; Kandzari, David E.; O'Neill, William W.; D'Agostino, Ralph; Flack, John M.; Katzen, Barry T.; Leon, Martin B.; Liu, Minglei; Mauri, Laura; Negoita, Manuela; Cohen, Sidney A.; Oparil, Suzanne; Rocha-Singh, Krishna; Townsend, Raymond R.; Bakris, George L. (2014). "A Controlled Trial of Renal Denervation for Resistant Hypertension". New England Journal of Medicine 370 (15): 1393–1401. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1402670. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 24678939.
  6. 1 2 3 Lobo, M. D.; de Belder, M. A.; Cleveland, T.; Collier, D.; Dasgupta, I.; Deanfield, J.; Kapil, V.; Knight, C.; Matson, M.; Moss, J.; Paton, J. F. R.; Poulter, N.; Simpson, I.; Williams, B.; Caulfield, M. J. (2014). "Joint UK societies' 2014 consensus statement on renal denervation for resistant hypertension". Heart 101 (1): 10–16. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-307029. ISSN 1355-6037. PMID 25431461.
  7. ↑ Doumas, M; Douma, S (Apr 11, 2009). "Interventional management of resistant hypertension.". Lancet 373 (9671): 1228–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60624-3. PMID 19332354.
  8. ↑ Doumas, M; Faselis, C; Papademetriou, V (Feb 15, 2010). "Renal sympathetic denervation and systemic hypertension.". The American journal of cardiology 105 (4): 570–6. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.10.027. PMID 20152255.
  9. ↑ Joffres, M.; Falaschetti, E.; Gillespie, C.; Robitaille, C.; Loustalot, F.; Poulter, N.; McAlister, F. A.; Johansen, H.; Baclic, O.; Campbell, N. (30 August 2013). "Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in national surveys from England, the USA and Canada, and correlation with stroke and ischaemic heart disease mortality: a cross-sectional study". BMJ Open 3 (8): e003423–e003423. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003423. ISSN 2044-6055.
  10. ↑ Calhoun, DA; Jones, D, Textor, S, Goff, DC, Murphy, TP, Toto, RD, White, A, Cushman, WC, White, W, Sica, D, Ferdinand, K, Giles, TD, Falkner, B, Carey, RM, American Heart Association Professional Education, Committee (Jun 24, 2008). "Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research.". Circulation 117 (25): e510–26. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.189141. PMID 18574054. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  11. ↑ Mafeld, S.; Vasdev, N.; Haslam, P. (2012). "Renal denervation for treatment-resistant hypertension". Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease 6 (6): 245–258. doi:10.1177/1753944712468040. ISSN 1753-9447.
  12. ↑ ="MafeldVasdev2012"
  13. 1 2 "Should ambulatory blood pressure monitoring be mandatory for future studies in resistant hypertension: a perspective". J. Hypertens. 30: 874–6. 2012. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328352c3c7. PMID 22495128.
  14. 1 2 http://heart.bmj.com/content/early/2013/09/12/heartjnl-2013-304238.abstract
  15. ↑ Shun-Shin, MJ; Howard, JP; Francis, DP (Mar 6, 2014). "Removing the hype from hypertension.". BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 348: g1937. doi:10.1136/bmj.g1937. PMID 24603957. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  16. ↑ Rippy, MK; Zarins, D; Barman, NC; Wu, A; Duncan, KL; Zarins, CK (Dec 2011). "Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation: chronic preclinical evidence for renal artery safety.". Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society 100 (12): 1095–101. doi:10.1007/s00392-011-0346-8. PMID 21796327.
  17. ↑ www.renaldenervationworld.org
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