Republic of China Military Academy

Coordinates: 22°37′09.0″N 120°21′56.2″E / 22.619167°N 120.365611°E / 22.619167; 120.365611

Republic of China Military Academy
中華民國陸軍軍官學校
Motto "Fraternity, Devotion, Sincerity." (first proclaimed by Sun Yat-sen at the Whampoa Military Academy's opening in 1924)
Type Military academy
Established 1 May 1924 (as KMTMA)
1927 (as CMA)
1950 (as ROCMA)
Superintendent Maj. Gen. Chang Chieh (張捷)
Location Fengshan District, Kaohsiung,  Republic of China (Taiwan)
Campus Suburban
Nickname Whampoa Military Academy
Website www.cma.edu.tw

The Republic of China Military Academy (ROCMA; Chinese: 中華民國陸軍軍官學校; pinyin: Zhōnghúa Mīngúo Lùjūn Jūnguān Xúexiào; literally: "Republic of China Army Officer School"; or abbreviated Chinese: 陸軍官校; pinyin: Lùjūn Guānxiào; literally: "Army Officer School"), is the military academy for the army of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and is located in Fengshan District, Kaohsiung. Previously commonly known as the Whampoa Military Academy, the military academy produced many prestigious commanders who fought in many of China's conflicts in the 20th century, notably the Northern Expedition, the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War.

The military academy was officially opened on May 1, 1924 under the Kuomintang (KMT), but the first lessons began on June 16, 1924. The inauguration was on Changzhou Island offshore from the Whampoa (Huangpu) dock in Guangzhou, thus earning its name. During the inaugural ceremonies, Sun Yat-sen delivered a speech that was later to become the lyrics of the national anthem of the Republic of China. It has been considered one of the most important institutions of the Republic of China with National Chengchi University, which is a prestigious incubator for senior civil service.

After the Nationalists retreated from mainland China to Taiwan, the academy was re-established as the Republic of China Military Academy in Fengshan District, Kaohsiung.

Establishment

Sun Yat-sen [middle behind the table] and Chiang Kai-shek [on stage in uniform] at the founding of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924.
Flag of the ROCMA

After the death of Yuan Shikai, China fragmented into numerous fiefdoms ruled by warlords. Sun Yat-sen attempted in 1917 and 1920 to set up a base in his native Guangdong to launch a northern campaign to unite China under his Three Principles of the People. However, his government remained militarily weaker than local warlords armies. Calls by Sun for arms and money were ignored by the western powers. Then in 1921 the representative of Comintern, Henk Sneevliet (using the name Maring), met with Sun in Guangxi. He proposed setting up a military academy to train the revolutionary army, which confirmed Sun's ideas and he eventually accepted. The Chinese Communist Party sent Li Dazhao and Lin Boqu to discuss with Sun and his party on how to set up the academy. In 1924, in the 1st National Congress of Kuomintang, the policy of alliance with the Soviet Union and CCP was passed as guidance for KMT. As a result, the final decision of establishment of a military academy was made and preparatory committee was set up accordingly. The money necessary for the construction and support of the Academy in 1924-1925 was provided by the Soviets.

Organization, training and students

Flag of the National Revolutionary Army (now as the Republic of China Army
Commandant Chiang Kai-shek inspecting cadets from the Whampoa Military Academy.

In the beginning, the Academy had only one department which provided soldiers with basic training. While the main Academy goal was preparation of infantry units, it also provided special classes for artillery, engineering, communication, logistical and machine gun units. A special department for preparation of political agitators was established later.

The academy concentrated the revolutionary military talents at the time. Sun took the job of Premier of this academy in person although it was just an honorary title. Sun's favorite and rising star Chiang Kai-shek was appointed the first commandant of the academy. Liao Zhongkai, the famous leftist in the Kuomintang and Sun's treasury secretary, was appointed as representative of KMT to the academy. Zhou Enlai, Hu Hanmin and Wang Jingwei were one of the instructors in the political department. He Yingqin and Ye Jianying were once military instructors.

The serious lack of expert teachers was the biggest problem for the Academy. That is why lectures delivered by Soviet officers were extremely popular with students. A.S. Bubnov, G.I. Gilev, M.I. Dratvin, S.N. Naumov prepared lectures which explained the development of military thought throughout human history and the division between western and Soviet schools of military thought.

Zhou Enlai as Director of the political department, Whampoa Military Academy.

Soviet officers taught different military subjects in the Academy using their broad experience gained during the Russian Civil War. Among them were I. Vasilevich (Janovsky), N. Korneev, M. Nefedov, F. Kotov (Katyushin), P. Lunev, V. Akimov. Galina Kolchugina (wife of Vasily Blyukher who was Commander-in-Chief of all Soviet volunteer forces sent to China) read a course of lectures on political agitation.

The first two groups of students prepared by the Academy became the core for the formation of the first two National Revolutionary Army regiments (V.A. Stepanov was an advisor provided by the Soviet Union to help in this matter). The first two prepared groups of students included 500 officers, the third one had 800 officers and the fourth group had 2000.

Legendary graduates include Nationalist commanders Chen Cheng, Du Yuming, Xue Yue, Hu Zongnan, Hu Lien and Guan Linzheng and Communist commanders Lin Biao, Xu Xiangqian, Zuo Quan, Liu Zhidan and Chen Geng. The young cadets first showed their training and courage in the war against local warlord and dissident of Sun, Chen Jiongming and later the unification of Guangdong province. Then they made greater contributions in the Northern Expedition.

The Muslim Ma clique General Ma Zhongying, who commanded the 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army), attended the Whampoa military academy in Nanjing in 1929.[1][2][3]

Influence

Modern picture of the former Whampoa Military Academy in Guangzhou
The front entrance gate of the Whampoa Military Academy

The Whampoa Military Academy plays an important role in Chinese history. It not only supplied many military commanders for both the KMT and CCP, but also its graduates have much more influence on both parties' policies and governance. Especially for Chiang and KMT, the Whampoa Clique was pivotal for his governance. It competed with other cliques of KMT such as the New Guangxi Clique led by Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi, CC Clique led by Chen Lifu and Chen Guofu, Politics Research Group led by Yang Yongtai (楊永泰) and Zhang Qun. At the same time, when the CCP built its first Red Army after the Nanchang Uprising in 1927 most of its commanders were from Whampoa, and in the following two decades, the CCP trained its army in the Whampoa way.

The motto of the academy "Camaraderie" (Chinese: 親愛精誠; literally: "Fraternity, Dexterity, Sincerity") was proclaimed by Sun Yat-sen at the opening ceremonies. The irony is that during the Chinese Civil War both the commanders from KMT and CCP were trained and educated in Whampoa. They fought for different beliefs and ideals although they used to live and study together like brothers in arms.

The academy also had significant influence over the 20th century history of other Asian countries. The fourth term of the Academy saw students not only from all parts of China, but also from different parts of Asia enroll. For example, there were 30 Koreans among them. Some of them were brought up in China, others were active participants during the national liberation movement of Korea in 1917-1926 and emigrated to China later only to take up arms for struggle for freedom of their country after their education was over.

A large number of students were originally from Vietnam. This group was led by the exiled leader to-be of the Communist Party of Vietnam and future leader of the Vietnamese struggle for independence, Ho Chi Minh.

Relocations

Front gate of the ROCMA in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

The original Whampoa Military Academy existed from 1924 to 1926. Over 6 terms it enrolled more than 7000. However, after Chiang Kai-shek purged the Chinese Communist Party during the Northern Expedition, the academy was moved (and renamed as Central Military Academy and later as Chinese Workers and Peasants Military Academy) to the newly established capital in Nanjing after the defeat of the warlords in 1928. The academy moved again to Chengdu during the Japanese invasion.

Relocation to Taiwan

In 1950, after the Communist victory on mainland China and the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the academy was re-established in Fengshan, Kaohsiung as the Republic of China Military Academy (陸軍官校). The site of the original academy in Guangzhou is now a museum.

List of Superintendents

Note: "Class year" refers to the alumnus's class year, which usually is the same year they graduated. However, in times of war, classes often graduate early.
A "—" in the Class year column indicates a Superintendent who is not an alumnus of the Academy.
# Start End Name Photo Class year Notability
1. 2 May 1924 October 1947 Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek — Generalissimo; 1st President of the Republic of China
2. October 1947 September 1949 Lt. Gen. Guan Linzheng (關麟徵) — General; ROC Army Commander-in-Chief
3. September 1949 December 1949 Lt. Gen. Chang Yao-ming (張耀明) 1924 Lieutenant General; Superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
4. October 1950 31 October 1954 Lt. Gen. Lo Yu-lun (羅友倫) 1929 General; ROC Combined Services Force Commander-in-Chief
5. 1 September 1954 31 March 1957 Lt. Gen. Hsieh Chao-chih (謝肇齊) 1929 Lieutenant General; Vice President of the Army, Navy and Air Force Joint Staff University
6. 1 April 1957 31 December 1960 Lt. Gen. Hsu Ju-cheng (徐汝誠) 1929 Lieutenant General; Deputy Chief of the General Staff for Operations, MND-GSH
7. 1 January 1961 March 1965 Lt. Gen. Ai Ai (艾靉) 1926 Lieutenant General; Deputy Executive Minister of National Defense
8. March 1965 31 March 1970 Lt. Gen. Chang Li-fu (張立夫) 1929 Lieutenant General; Superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
9. 1 April 1970 February 1973 Lt. Gen. Lin Chu-yao (林初耀) 1933 Lieutenant General; Superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
10. February 1973 31 March 1976 Lt. Gen. Chin Tsu-hsi (秦祖熙) 1937 Lieutenant General; Superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
11. 1 April 1976 December 1977 Lt. Gen. Yen Pai-chien (言百謙) 1941 General; Director of the Joint Operations Training Department, MND
12. December 1977 December 1979 Lt. Gen. Hsu Li-nung (許歷農) 1939 General; Director of the General Political Warfare Department, MND
13. December 1979 30 June 1981 Lt. Gen. Chu Chih-yuan (朱致遠) 1939 Lieutenant General; ROC Army Vice Commander-in-Chief
14. 1 July 1981 30 June 1983 Lt. Gen. Lu Kuang-yi (盧光義) 1949 Lieutenant General; Director of the Military Intelligence Bureau, MND
15. 1 July 1983 30 June 1985 Lt. Gen. Huang Hsing-chiang (黃幸強) 1949 General; ROC Army Commander-in-Chief
16. 1 July 1985 December 1986 Lt. Gen. Huang Yao-yu (黃耀羽) 1952 Lieutenant General; Deputy Director-General of the National Security Bureau
17. December 1986 30 June 1989 Lt. Gen. Tang Yuan-pu (湯元普) 1960 Lieutenant General; Superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
18. 1 July 1989 60 June 1991 Lt. Gen. Hu Chia-chi (胡家麒) 1961 Lieutenant General; Superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
19. 1 July 1991 September 1993 Lt. Gen. Yang Te-chih (楊德智) 1964 General; ROC Combined Services Force Commander-in-Chief
20. September 1993 July 1996 Lt. Gen. Ma Teng-ho (馬登鶴) 1960 Lieutenant General; ROC Combined Services Force Vice Commander-in-Chief
21. July 1996 July 1997 Lt. Gen. Tung Chao-yang (童兆陽) 1965 Lieutenant General; ROC Army Vice Commander-in-Chief
22. July 1997 January 1998 Lt. Gen. Ting Yu-chou (丁渝洲) 1966 General; Secretary-General of the National Security Council
23. January 1998 28 February 2002 Lt. Gen. Chang Yueh-heng (張岳衡) 1965 Lieutenant General; Superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
24. 1 March 2002 30 June 2005 Lt. Gen. Yang Kuo-chiang (楊國強) 1972 Lieutenant General; Incumbent Director-General of the National Security Bureau
25. 1 July 2005 30 June 2006 Lt. Gen. Wang Ken-lin (王根林) 1971 Lieutenant General; Superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
acting 1 July 2006 31 July 2006 Lt. Gen. Chia Fu-yi (賈輔義) 1970 Lieutenant General; Superintendent of the ROC Military Academy (acting)
The rank of the superintendent was demoted from Lieutenant General to Major General by the disarmaments policy of the then President Chen Shui-bian.
26. 1 October 2006 July 2010 Maj. Gen. Chen Liang-pei (陳良沛) 1979 Major General; Superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
27. July 2010 30 June 2012 Maj. Gen. Quan Tzu-jui (全子瑞) 1981 Lieutenant General; Incumbent ROC Army Chief of Staff
28. 1 July 2012 February 2015 Maj. Gen. Liu Te-king (劉得金) 1983 Lieutenant General; Incumbent Director of the Telecommunications Development Office, MND-GSH
29. February 2015 present Maj. Gen. Chang Chieh (張捷) 1985 Major General; Incumbent Superintendent of the ROC Military Academy

Faculties

Transportation

The academy is accessible within walking distance South of Dadong Station of the Kaohsiung MRT.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic of China Military Academy (Fongshan).

References

  1. ↑ James A. Millward (2007). Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. p. 193. ISBN 0-231-13924-1.
  2. ↑ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4.
  3. ↑ Christian Tyler (2004). Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-8135-3533-6.
  4. ↑ http://www.cma.edu.tw/en_university_list.php

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whampoa Military Academy.
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