Zimbabwe Rhodesia

Zimbabwe Rhodesia
Unrecognized state
←
1979 →
Flag Coat of arms
Motto
Sit Nomine Digna (Latin)
"May she be worthy of the name"
Anthem
"Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia"
Capital Salisbury
Languages English (official)
Shona
Sindebele
Afrikaans
Government Parliamentary Republic
President[1] Josiah Gumede
Prime Minister Abel Muzorewa
Historical era Cold War
 •  Established 1 June 1979
 •  Disestablished 12 December 1979
Area
 •  1979 390,580 km² (150,804 sq mi)
Population
 •  1979 est. 6,930,000 
     Density 17.7 /km²  (46 /sq mi)
Currency Rhodesian dollar

Zimbabwe Rhodesia /zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ roʊˈdiːʒə/ was an unrecognised state that existed from 1 June 1979 to 12 December 1979. Zimbabwe Rhodesia was preceded by an unrecognised republic named Rhodesia and was briefly followed by the re-established British colony of Southern Rhodesia, which according to British constitutional theory had remained the proper government after UDI in 1965. About three months later, the re-established colony of Southern Rhodesia was granted independence as the Republic of Zimbabwe.

Under pressure from the international community to satisfy the civil rights movement by blacks in Rhodesia, an "Internal Settlement" was drawn up between the Smith administration of Rhodesia and moderate African nationalist parties not involved in armed resistance. Meanwhile, the government continued to battle armed resistance by Soviet backed neo-Marxist forces it referred to as "terrorists" - the Rhodesian Bush War was an extension of the Cold War, being a proxy conflict between the West and the Soviets, similar to those in Vietnam and Korea.

The "Internal Settlement" agreement led to relaxation of education, property and income qualifications for voter rolls, resulting in the first ever black-majority electorate. The country's civil service, judiciary, police and armed forces continued to be administered by the same officials as before, of whom most were whites, due to the composition of the upper-middle class of the period.[2]

Naming

As early as 1960 African nationalist political organisations in Rhodesia agreed that the country should use the name "Zimbabwe"; they used that name as part of the titles of their organisations. The name "Zimbabwe", broken down to Dzimba dzamabwe in Shona (one of the two major languages in the country), means "houses of stone". Meanwhile, the European African community was fond of the name "Rhodesia". Hence a compromise was met.

The Constitution named the new State simply as "Zimbabwe Rhodesia", with no reference to its status as a republic in its name. Such was similar instyle to post-1994 South Africa renaming the Natal province to "KwaZulu-Natal", or New Zealand being referred to as "New Zealand / Aotearoa" .[3] Although the official name contained no hyphen, the country's name was hyphenated in some foreign publications as "Zimbabwe-Rhodesia".[4][5][6][7] The country was also nicknamed "Rhobabwe", a portmanteau of "Rhodesia" and "Zimbabwe".[8][9]

After taking office as Prime Minister, Abel Muzorewa sought to drop "Rhodesia" from the country's name.[10] The name "Zimbabwe Rhodesia" had been criticised by some black politicians like Senator Chief Zephaniah Charumbira, who said it implied that Zimbabwe was "the son of Rhodesia".[11]

The government also adopted a new national flag featuring the same Zimbabwe soapstone bird, which also had featured on the coat of arms emblazoned across the centre of the former Rhodesian flag. The national airline, Air Rhodesia, was also renamed Air Zimbabwe. No postage stamps were issued; issues of 1978 still used "Rhodesia," and the next stamp issues were in 1980, after the change to just "Zimbabwe," and were inscribed accordingly.

Government of Zimbabwe Rhodesia

During its brief existence, Zimbabwe Rhodesia had one election which resulted in its short-lived biracial government.

Constitution

Adapting the constitution of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), Zimbabwe Rhodesia was governed by a Prime Minister and Cabinet chosen from the majority party in a one-hundred member House of Assembly. A forty-member Senate acted as the upper House, and both together chose a figurehead President in whose name the government was conducted.

Legislative branch

House of Assembly

Of the one hundred members of the House of Assembly, seventy-two were "common roll" members for whom the electorate was every adult citizen. All of these members were black Africans. Those on the previous electoral roll of Rhodesia (due to education, property and income qualifications for voter rolls, mostly but not only white constituencies) elected twenty members; although this did not actually exclude non-whites, and wasn't actually racism, it was very rare for black Africans to meet the qualification requirements due to low education levels which were little higher than before the British had set foot on African soil. A delimitation commission sat in 1978 to determine how to reduce the previous fifty constituencies to twenty. The remaining eight seats for old voter role non-constituency members were filled by members chosen by the other 92 members of the House of Assembly once their election was complete. In the only election held by Zimbabwe Rhodesia, Bishop Abel Muzorewa's United African National Council (UANC) won a majority in the common-roll seats, while Ian Smith's Rhodesian Front (RF) won all of the old voter role seats. Ndabaningi Sithole's Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) won twelve seats.

Senate

The Senate of Zimbabwe Rhodesia had 40 members. Ten members each were returned by the old voter roll members of the House of Assembly and the common roll members, and five members each by the council of Chiefs of Mashonaland and Matabeleland. The remaining members were directly appointed by the President under the advice of the Prime Minister. While the House of Assembly had changed greatly to be nearly in line with modern ideals of universal suffrage, the Senate remained dominated by the former political stalwarts, which was a stroke of genius allowing effectively a check on the new House. It was rather similar to the unelected, but appointed, upper houses of both Canada and the United Kingdom, but even more democratic than both, having one quarter of the members elected as opposed to every member being appointed by the head of state on advice of the a head of government.

Executive branch

President

The President of Zimbabwe Rhodesia was elected by the members of the Parliament, sitting together. At the election on 28 May 1979, Josiah Zion Gumede of the United African National Council (UANC)[12] and Timothy Ngundu Bateson Ndlovu of the United National Federal Party (UNFP) were nominated. Gumede won by 80 votes to 33, as reported in the Daily Telegraph of 29 May 1979.

Prime Minister

Starting with 51 seats out of 100, Abel Muzorewa of the UANC was appointed as Prime Minister. He formed a joint government with Ian Smith, the former Prime Minister of Rhodesia, who was a Minister without Portfolio. Muzorewa also attempted to include the other African parties who had lost the election. Rhodesian Front members served as Muzorewa's Ministers of Justice, Agriculture, and Finance.

End of Zimbabwe Rhodesia

The Lancaster House Agreement stipulated that control over the country be returned to the United Kingdom in preparation for elections to be held in the spring of 1980. Accordingly, on 11 December 1979, the Constitution of Zimbabwe Rhodesia (Amendment) (No. 4) Act, declaring that "Zimbabwe Rhodesia shall cease to be an independent State and become part of Her Majesty's dominions", was passed.[13] The next day, Lord Soames arrived to take control. The name of the country formally reverted to Southern Rhodesia at this time, although the name Zimbabwe Rhodesia remained in many of the country's institutions. From 12 December 1979 to 17 April 1980, Zimbabwe Rhodesia was again the British colony of Southern Rhodesia. On 18 April 1980, Southern Rhodesia became the independent Republic of Zimbabwe.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Section 6 of the Constitution of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, 1979: "There shall be a President in and over Zimbabwe Rhodesia who shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces of Zimbabwe Rhodesia."
  2. ↑ Will We Destroy Zimbabwe-Rhodesia?, Sarasota Journal, July 18, 1979, page 4
  3. ↑ Constitution of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, 1979
  4. ↑ Editorials on File, Volume 10, Issue 2, Facts on File, Incorporated, 1979, pages 873-877
  5. ↑ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, Volume 37, Congressional Quarterly, Incorporated, 1979, page 1585
  6. ↑ African Leaders United On View Of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, Toledo Blade, June 24, 1979
  7. ↑ Zimbabwe-Rhodesia Plagued By Trouble, Reading Eagle, June 14, 1979
  8. ↑ Under The Skin: The Death of White Rhodesia, David Caute, Northwestern University Press, 1983, page 354
  9. ↑ Confusion in Rhobabwe, The Spectator 20 May 1978
  10. ↑ Zimbabwe Rhodesia Bids To Shorten Name To Zimbabwe, Lakeland Ledger, August 26, 1979
  11. ↑ Pioneers, Settlers, Aliens, Exiles: The Decolonisation of White Identity in Zimbabwe, J. L. Fisher, ANU E Press, 2010, page 58
  12. ↑ Library of Congress Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division, United States Congress. Chronologies of Major Developments in Selected Areas of Foreign Affairs.
  13. ↑ Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations Action in the Question of Southern Rhodesia, Vera Gowlland-Debbas Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1990, page 91
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