Rewi Alley

Rewi Alley, 路易•艾黎, Lùyì Àilí, QSO, MM (2 December 1897 – 27 December 1987), was a New Zealand-born writer, educator, political activist, revolutionary, social reformer, potter, and member of the Communist Party of China.

Portrait of Rewi Alley by Deng Bangzhen. Located in CPAFFC offices, Factory Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing. Used to be the Italian Embassy, later Rewi Alley's residence

Rewi Alley was a prolific western writer about 20th century China, and especially about the Communist revolution. He dedicated 60 years of his life to the cause of the Communist Party of China, and was a key figure in the establishment of Chinese Industrial Cooperatives, and technical training schools, including the Peili Vocational Institute, better known as the Bailie Vocational Institute in Beijing. The school is now known in English as the Beijing Bailie University.

Early life and influences

Memorial plaque at Christchurch Boys' High School, Alley's 100th birthday.

Rewi was born in the small town of Springfield in inland Canterbury, New Zealand. He was named after Rewi Maniapoto, a Māori chief famous for his resistance to the British military during the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s. Alley's father was a teacher, and Rewi attended primary school at Amberley; then Wharenui School in Christchurch, where his father was appointed headmaster in 1905; and finally Christchurch Boys' High School. His mother, Clara, was a leader of the New Zealand women's suffrage movement.

The parents' keen interest in social reform and education influenced all their children:

In 1916, Alley joined the New Zealand Army and was sent to serve in France where he won the Military Medal. While there he met some Chinese men who had been sent to work for the Allied armies. During the war, he was injured and caught in no man's land. Lyall McCallum and another man rescued him and took him back to safety. After the war, Alley tried farming in New Zealand. In 1927, he decided to go to China. He moved to Shanghai with thoughts of joining the Shanghai Municipal Police, but instead he became a fireman. During this period he gradually became aware of the poverty in the Chinese community and the racism in the Western communities. He joined a political study group whose members included himself, Alec Camplin, George Hatem, Ruth Weiss, Trude Rosenberg, Heinz Schippe, Irene Wiedemeyer, Talitha Gerlach, Maud Russell, Lily Haass, Cora Deng and Cao Liang.[4] His politics turned from fairly conventional right-wing pro-Empire sentiments to thoughts of social reform. In particular, a famine in 1929 made him aware of the plight of China's peasants. Using his holidays and taking time off work, Alley toured rural China helping with relief efforts. He adopted a 14-year-old Chinese boy, Duan Si Mou, whom he named Alan, in 1929.

After a brief visit to New Zealand, where Alan experienced public racism, Alley became Chief Factory Inspector for the Shanghai Municipal Council in 1932. By this time he was a secret member of the Communist Party of China and was involved in anti-criminal activities on behalf of the party. At one time he was given the job of washing the blood off criminals' money confiscated by the Red Army in raids. He adopted another Chinese son, Li Xue, whom he called Mike, in 1932. After the outbreak of war with Japan in 1937, Alley set up the Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. He also set up schools, calling them Bailie Schools after his American friend Joseph Bailie.[5] Edgar Snow wrote of Alley's work in CIC: "Where Lawrence brought to the Arabs the distinctive technique of guerilla war, Alley was to bring China the constructive technique of guerilla industry...." [6] In 1945, he became headmaster of the Shandan Bailie School following the death of George Hogg.

After the Communist victory

Following the Communist victory over the Nationalists in 1949 Alley was urged to remain in China and work for the Communist Party of China. He produced many works praising the Party and the government of the People's Republic of China, including Yo Banfa!, Man Against Flood and China's Hinterland in the Great Leap Forward. Some of his published works have historic interest. Although imprisoned and "struggled with" during the Cultural Revolution, Alley remained committed to communism and bore no grudges.

In 1973 New Zealand civil servant Gerald Hensley and the new New Zealand Ambassador to China, Bryce Harland, called on Alley.[7] He was in his seventies, a bald, pink-faced man with bright blue eyes, and an inexhaustible flow of conversation. We sat and talked for most of an afternoon, with Rewi occasionally jumping up to fetch a book or check a point. He had, he said, lost the best of two libraries, once to the Japanese and again to the Red Guards, who had thrown out his collections and torn up his pictures in front of him. He was still bitter over their behaviour. He was living in the old Italian Legation which had been converted into flats for the leading foreign friends, which were allocated on the bleak basis of seniority. On the death of the previous occupant Anna Louise Strong, Rewi moved downstairs into the best front apartment and everyone else moved on one place.

Unlike most of the friends of the Communist Party of China who remained in Beijing, Alley had little trouble travelling around the world, usually lecturing on the need for nuclear disarmament. The New Zealand government did not strip Alley of his passport and remained proud of his ties to important Party leaders. In the 1950s he is reported to have been offered a knighthood but turned the honour down.[8] He supported the Communist North Vietnam during the Vietnam War. He was made a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for community service in the 1985 New Year Honours.[9] At the ceremony, New Zealand's Prime Minister, David Lange, made a moving and dramatic speech, turned to Alley at its conclusion and said with sincerity, “New Zealand has had many great sons, but you, Sir, are our greatest son.” [10]

His house in Beijing is now the offices of the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries.

Memorial at Springfield

An extensive memorial to Rewi Alley has been erected at Springfield, Canterbury, New Zealand. It contains a large stone carving and a number of panels giving details of his life. Some Chinese and Japanese works of art collected by Rewi Alley can be admired at the Christchurch Museum.

Views of China and New Zealand

Some of Alley's private conversations revealed his views on his birth and adopted countries:

“Never mind about whether you are a student of China or not, as long as you are among the ordinary people you will get an understanding, a real understanding of this country. You’re already in amongst it... Some very bad things happened. The price of China breaking free of foreign domination and the bad things of its past was enormous. They reckon that it cost 30 million lives to build new China. The West should have a bit more gratitude for the struggle of the Chinese. If it wasn’t for the resistance in China during the Second World War, the Japanese would have had tens of thousands more men and they may have got as far as Australia and New Zealand. Back then sides were clear-cut. They were clearer even before the war, if you had the wit to see it. I became involved in China’s struggle and I chose my side. After the war and the revolution, I knew I had a choice. I could have joined the critics of China, but China had become like my family and as in all families, even though you might have been arguing with each other, when the guests come you present a loyal unified face to the world. I could have joined the journalists and so-called sinologists in condemning everything about the revolution, but I had already chosen my side.”

“This place (China) is a great case study of humanity; one of the biggest examples of humanity’s struggle. If you can’t feel for these people, you can’t feel anything for the world. Although it was in France, in the First World War, that I first had a taste of China. I can remember when there were a lot of shells falling and we had our rifles and our steel helmets on and there were these coolies. Coolies, that’s a word people don’t use much any more; but that’s what they were, these Chinese labourers. Coolie comes from the word bitterness. These blokes were eating their fair share of bitterness in France. Navvies for the poms, they were. Shells bursting and the ground shaking like there was an earthquake, and they were stripped to their skinny waists and just kept unloading the wagons. I saw endurance and a determination that I had seldom seen before. Then later, back there in the thirties, I was involved in the factories in Shanghai and I can remember seeing sacks in the alleys at the back of the factories. At first I thought they were sacks of rubbish, but they weren’t, they were dead children. Children worked to death in the foreign-owned factories. Little bundles of humanity worked to death for someone’s bloody profit. So I decided that I would work to help China. I suppose then it was like a marriage of sorts and I wrote what I wrote and said what I said out of loyalty to that marriage. I know China’s faults and contradictions; there are plenty of those. But I wanted to work for this place and I still do. I woke up to some important things here and so I felt I owed China something for that.”

“I had human principles and I made choices based on these. I have always been and will always be a New Zealander; although New Zealand has not always seen me as that. But I know my own motives. The buggers even refused to renew my passport at one point and they treated my adopted son very badly. Did you know that when Robert Muldoon visited Mao Zedong in the 1970s he was the last head of state to see him? Well I’m told that when Muldoon asked what he could do for Mao, Mao is supposed to have said ‘Give Alley his passport back.’ "

“I love New Zealand, and sometimes miss it. New Zealand is a good country, populated by basically just and practical people. But there is a fascist streak in New Zealand as well, and we must always be vigilant to prevent it from having too much sway. I remember as a boy, I was walking along the beach near Christchurch and there was a group of men coming back from a strike, or a picket of some kind. Suddenly, out of the dunes came police on horseback and they rode into these unarmed workingmen, swinging their clubs as if they were culling seals. I will stand up against such forces as long as I can stand. Even here, in the Cultural Revolution, when some young blokes came in here and started breaking things I grabbed one of them and put him over my knee and gave him a proper hiding. I got army guards on the gate after that. That was thanks to Zhao Enlai, looking after an old mate from Shanghai; but I stood up to them. I know many in New Zealand see me as a traitor to their culture, but I have never betrayed New Zealand. What I betrayed was the idea many New Zealanders had of what a Kiwi should be and what was right and wrong in the political world. There is a very big difference.”

“Successive New Zealand governments have tried hard to discredit me as if I was some sort of communist threat to them or a traitor. Well I am a communist, but I am not a traitor. I have always loved New Zealand. I just said what I thought was important and true.”[11]

Private life

Anne-Marie Brady in Friend of China claims that Rewi Alley was homosexual.[12] Jack Body (who in 1998, with Geoff Chapple,[13] wrote an opera based on Alley's life) has stated that this assertion was likely to be true and his sexual orientation was important in understanding Alley's personality and the choices he made.[14] It has also been alleged that Alley was a pederast,[15] though this claim has not been proven.

Alley was aware of the allegations, and believed that it was part of a smear campaign. In private conversation, Alley said: “I have always loved children, but not in the way that they said. Can you imagine what a country like this (China) would have done to me if I had been interfering with little kids? It just shows you what a threat the New Zealand government thought I was."[16]

Works

Alley translated numerous Chinese poems and wrote a number of original works. Alley described his writing as follows: “It became my way of contributing. There was so much going on in China. I felt I had to help people understand. I am not a writer. I am certainly not much of a poet. But it was my work. You know, sometimes it would take me hours to get one page finished.”[17]

Poetry

Other works

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ McEldowney, W. J. (2006). Geoffrey Alley, Librarian: His Life & Work. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  2. ↑ McDonald, Geraldine (1 September 2010). "Somerset, Gwendolen Lucy". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  3. ↑ McEldowney, W. J. (2006). Geoffrey Alley, Librarian: His Life & Work. p. 440. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  4. ↑ Brady, Anne-Marie (2003), Making the Foreign Serve China: Managing Foreigners in the People's Republic, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 69, ISBN 978-0-7425-1862-9, retrieved 2016-03-10
  5. ↑ Borth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production, p. 112, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, IN, 1945.
  6. ↑ Brady, Anne-Marie: Friend of China: The Myth of Rewi Alley (London; New York: Routledge Curzon, 2002): 30–33.
  7. ↑ Hensley, Gerald: Final Approaches: A Memoir, page 171 (2006, Auckland University Press) ISBN 1-86940-378-9
  8. ↑ Stockwell, Foster: Westerners in China: A History of Exploration and Trade, Ancient Times Through the Present pg 187. McFarland, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7864-1404-8
  9. ↑ London Gazette (supplement), No. 49970, 28 December 1984. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  10. ↑ Mahon, David R. "Afternoons with Rewi Alley." North & South. October 2013: 50-7, 126-7. Print.
  11. ↑ Mahon, David R. "Afternoons with Rewi Alley." North & South. October 2013: 50-7, 126-7. Print.
  12. ↑ Rewi Alley Postscript
  13. ↑ Chapple, Geoff (1980). Rewi Alley of China, that tells the story of Alley's life-time contribution to humanity in China. Auckland: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 230. ISBN 0 340 25687 7.
  14. ↑ Body, Jack (14 December 2002). "The Gay Red". New Zealand Listener (Auckland). p. 60.
  15. ↑ Winchester, Simon (6 May 2008). The Man Who Loved China. Harper. p. 112.
  16. ↑ Mahon, David R. "Afternoons with Rewi Alley." North & South. October 2013: 50-7, 126-7. Print.
  17. ↑ Mahon, David R. "Afternoons with Rewi Alley." North & South. October 2013: 50-7, 126-7. Print.

References

External links

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