Rhine-Ruhr Stadtbahn

Map of the complete Rhine-Ruhr Stadtbahn systems network.

Rhine-Ruhr Stadtbahn (German: Rhein-Ruhr Stadtbahn) is an umbrella system of all of the Stadtbahn (light rail) lines included in the integrated public transport network of Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (VRR) which covers the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area in western Germany. It does not include the independent Cologne Stadtbahn and Bonn Stadtbahn systems.

History

At the beginning of the 1960s, road traffic in the Rhine-Ruhr area increased like in other German metropolitan areas. Existing trams were regarded as obstacles for car-oriented cities. Therefore, these trams should be relocated to underground sections below city centers (as Stadtbahn lines) if they were not replaced by bus lines.

The cities of Bochum, Castrop-Rauxel, Dortmund, Duisburg, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Herne, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Oberhausen, Recklinghausen and Wattenscheid founded the Stadtbahngesellschaft Ruhr in 1969 for coordinating the plans to transform tram routes into Stadtbahn routes. Düsseldorf and Hattingen joined in 1972; since then, the cooperation has been called Stadtbahngesellschaft Rhein-Ruhr. Witten joined in 1981, Recklinghausen left in 1982.

Original Stadtbahn plans proposed upgrading up to 300 kilometers of tram lines step by step. Most of these proposed lines were planned in north-south direction and would have branched off of a main line that would have run more or less east-west. Due to financial constraints and the downturn of the economy in the region, many sections or the originally planned system have not been built. As a result, there are isolated standard gauge Stadtbahn lines inside of metre gauge tram systems – one example would be the U35 line in Bochum.

Component systems

There are five Stadtbahn systems that make up the Rhine-Ruhr Stadtbahn (their operating companies are shown in parentheses):

Bochum Stadtbahn (BOGESTRA) – 1 line
Dortmund Stadtbahn (Dortmunder Stadtwerke (DSW21)) – 8 lines
Duisburg Stadtbahn (Duisburger Verkehrsgesellschaft (DVG)) – 1 line
Düsseldorf Stadtbahn (Rheinbahn) – 7 lines
Essen Stadtbahn (Essener Verkehrs-AG (EVAG)) – 3 lines

Lines

As of 2016, there are 23 lines altogether in the Rhine-Ruhr Stadtbahn:

Line	System	Cities on Route	Stations (underground)	Date Opened
U11	Essen Stadtbahn	Essen, Gelsenkirchen	23 (14)	1 June 1986
U17	Essen Stadtbahn	Essen	17 (12)	27 November 1981
U18	Essen Stadtbahn	Essen, Mülheim	17 (10)	28 May 1977
U35	Bochum Stadtbahn	Bochum, Herne	21 (15)	2 September 1989
U41	Dortmund Stadtbahn	Dortmund	28 (12)	2 June 1984
U42	Dortmund Stadtbahn	Dortmund	28 (7)	26 September 1992
U43	Dortmund Stadtbahn	Dortmund	34 (5)	27 April 2008
U44	Dortmund Stadtbahn	Dortmund	19 (4)	27 April 2008
U45	Dortmund Stadtbahn	Dortmund	8 (7)	27 May 1983
U46	Dortmund Stadtbahn	Dortmund	7 (7)	2 June 1996
U47	Dortmund Stadtbahn	Dortmund	27 (8)	27 May 1983
U49	Dortmund Stadtbahn	Dortmund	11 (8)	2 June 1984
U70	Düsseldorf Stadtbahn	Düsseldorf, Krefeld, Meerbusch	17 (5)	6 August 1988
U71	Düsseldorf Stadtbahn	Düsseldorf	42 (6)	21 February 2016
U72	Düsseldorf Stadtbahn	Düsseldorf, Ratingen	31 (6)	21 February 2016
U73	Düsseldorf Stadtbahn	Düsseldorf	23 (6)	21 February 2016
U74	Düsseldorf Stadtbahn	Düsseldorf, Meerbusch	31 (8)	May 1994
U75	Düsseldorf Stadtbahn	Düsseldorf, Neuss	28 (7)	May 1994
U76	Düsseldorf Stadtbahn	Düsseldorf, Krefeld, Meerbusch	28 (6)	6 August 1988
U77	Düsseldorf Stadtbahn	Düsseldorf	22 (8)	May 1994
U78	Düsseldorf Stadtbahn	Düsseldorf	15 (8)	6 August 1988
U79	Duisburg Stadtbahn Düsseldorf Stadtbahn	Duisburg, Düsseldorf	45 (21)	6 August 1988
U83	Düsseldorf Stadtbahn	Düsseldorf	35 (6)	21 February 2016

Infrastructure

All plans included the following standards:

intersection-free alignment, in city centres preferred to be underground, in the outskirts also above surface
high-level platforms for easy access (in contrast to former low-floor platforms or even access from street level)
European standard gauge (1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in))

Cross-platform interchanges were planned wherever useful and possible. All Stadtbahn lines have been electrified with overhead catenary and are powered with direct current like former trams.

However, most of Rhine-Ruhr tram lines still use metre gauge (1,000 mm (3 ft 3 ³⁄₈ in)). Combined Stadtbahn and tram tracks use three-rail tracks (Essen) or even four-rail tracks (Krefeld). Some sections in Mülheim an der Ruhr, Bochum und Essen were constructed with metre gauge and temporary integrated into the network, being able to be converted easily to standard gauge at a later point of time.

Since the start of Rhine-Ruhr Stadtbahn, existing tram routes were integrated and partly developed as pilot routes. Among others, the former tram lines 8/18 Essen–Mülheim were chosen to become the most important pilot route with tracks in between the Ruhrschnellweg express highway lanes; the new pilot Stadtbahn line U18 was opened in 1977.

Most of today's Stadtbahn lines were developed out of former tram lines. Their line numbers were simply converted into two-digit numbers prepended by U for distinguishing between both standards; the U refers to both unabhängig (engl.: independent) and U-Bahn (metro) standards being the later target, although complete U-Bahn (metro) lines have in fact never existed in the Rhine-Ruhr area. By 2011, the only full independent lines in the Rhine-Ruhr area are the Dortmund H-Bahn, Düsseldorf SkyTrain and Wuppertal Schwebebahn (also referred as line 60 in the Stadtbahn numbering scheme) hanging and suspended monorails.

Developments

The very ambitious original plans have not paid enough attention to financial restrictions and increased tunneling costs in the mining areas. So, the schedule for opening the planned sections has been severely delayed with some routes even cancelled. The next step to transform Stadtbahn routes to metro standards is not anymore foreseen.

To use of constructed sections, existing tram lines have been operated further on the new alignments including temporary use of tram gauges and low-floor platforms. Some stations even contain both low-floor and high-floor platforms in case of mixed tram and Stadtbahn operation.

Rolling stock

For the Rhine-Ruhr Stadtbahn, new standardised Stadtbahn trains named Stadtbahnwagen B were developed. However, Stadtbahn companies ordered them with different lengths, layout of doors etc..

Tram lines still use former rolling stock and new low-floor trams where Stadtbahn projects were stopped or severely delayed.

The B-Wagen are undergoing retirement. In Bochum the B80D-wagen are currently being replaced by the new high-floor Variotram on the U35.

Routes of Rhine-Ruhr Stadtbahn

Opening date	Stadtbahn section	Notes
05 Oct 1967	Essen Saalbau	sub-surface tram station, changed in 1984 (metre gauge)
03 Nov 1972	Bochum Klinikum – Hustadt	as tram until 1994, not in tunnel (metre gauge)
1974	Duisburg Neuer Friedhof – Düsseldorf Wittlaer	pilot route, includes elevated and underground sections, as tram until 1981
1976	Dortmund Kirchderne – Grevel	elevated, as tram lines 402/406 until 1992, today called U42
28 May 1977	Mülheim Heißen Kirche – Essen Wiener Platz	pilot route, first line with full Stadtbahn standards in the Rhine-Ruhr area
28 May 1977	Essen Saalbau – Porscheplatz	sub-surface tram operation (metre gauge)
25 May 1979	Bochum Schauspielhaus – Hauptbahnhof	sub-surface tram operation (metre gauge)
03 Nov 1979	Mülheim Heißen Kirche – Mülheim Hauptbahnhof	partly not in tunnel
03 Oct 1981	Düsseldorf Rampe Kennedydamm – Rampe Opernhaus (Heinr.-Heine-Allee)	sub-surface tram operation until 1988, two stops
27 Nov 1981	Essen Bismarckstraße – Rampe Planckstraße	further to Margarethenhöhe
27 Nov 1981	Essen Wiener Platz – Universität/Gesamthochschule
28 Nov 1981	Bochum Rampe Ruhrstadion – Bochum Hauptbahnhof	sub-surface tram operation (metre gauge)
27 May 1983	Dortmund Clarenberg – Hörde Bf	as sub-surface tram lines 401/406 until 1984
02 Jun 1984	Dortmund Westfalenpark bzw. Rampe Märkische Str. – Lortzing- bzw. Schützenstraße
01 Sep 1984	Gelsenkirchen Hauptbahnhof – Musiktheater	sub-surface tram operation (metre gauge)
27 May 1985	Mülheim Hauptbahnhof – Aktienstraße	sub-surface tram operation (metre gauge)
27 Sep 1985	Essen Porscheplatz – Viehofer Platz	sub-surface tram operation (metre gauge)
31 May 1986	Essen Saalbau – Messe/Gruga bzw. Rampe Florastraße	further to Bredeney, mixed operation metre gauge tram / standard gauge Stadtbahn
24 Aug 1986	Dortmund Märkische Straße – Willem-van-Vloten-Straße	including Kohlgartenstraße ramp
7 May 1988	Düsseldorf Heinrich-Heine-Allee – Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof	four-track tunnel, four stops, demolition of Opernhaus ramp
06 Aug 1988	Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof – Rampe Stahlwerkstraße	further to Oberbilk/Philipshalle (S) and Holthausen
06 Aug 1988	Düsseldorf Heinrich-Heine-Allee – Rampe Tonhalle	further to Oberkassel, Krefeld and Neuss
02 Sep 1989	Herne Schloss Strünkede – Bochum Hauptbahnhof
27 May 1990	Dortmund Westfalenstadion
09 Nov 1991	Essen Porscheplatz – Berliner Platz	mixed sub-surface tram operation (metre gauge) and guided bus operation
11 Jul 1992	Duisburg Rampe Platanenhof bzw. Rathaus – Duissern (Rampe Rübenstraße)	four-track tunnel, partly sub-surface tram operation (metre gauge)
26 Sep 1992	Dortmund Stadtgarten – Brunnenstraße
26 Sep 1993	Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof – Ronsdorfer Straße	further to Eller/Vennhauser Allee, two stops
27 Nov 1993	Bochum Hauptbahnhof – Waldring	further to Hustadt on gauge-converted tram route
28 May 1994	Gelsenkirchen Musiktheater – Ruhrzoo	sub-surface tram operation (metre gauge)
1 May 1995	Dortmund Stadtgarten – Städtische Kliniken
02 Jun 1996	Dortmund Stadtgarten – Polizeipräsidium
24 May 1998	Dortmund Polizeipräsidium – Westfalenhallen
24 May 1998	Essen Universität/Gesamthochschule – Altenessen Bf
19 Sep 1998	Mülheim Schloss Broich – Hauptbahnhof	sub-surface tram operation (metre and standard gauge)
23 Sep 2000	Duisburg Duissern – Meiderich Bf	partly sub-surface tram operation (standard gauge), demolition of Rübenstraße ramp
30 Sep 2001	Essen Altenessen Bf – Rampe II. Schichtstraße	further to Gelsenkirchen-Horst
15 Jun 2002	Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof – Oberbilk/Philipshalle (S)	further to Holthausen, three stops, demolition of Stahlwerkstraße ramp
16 Jun 2002	Dortmund Städtische Kliniken – Kreuzstraße
20 Mar 2005	Dortmund Barop Parkhaus	road underpass and relocation of station
27 Jan 2006	Bochum Bochumer Verein – Lohring, Rathaus – Hauptbahnhof	sub-surface tram operation (metre gauge)
27 Apr 2008	Dortmund Unionstraße – Ostentor bzw. Rampe Weißenburger Straße	low-floor Stadtbahn
24 Sep 2009	Düsseldorf Holthausen – Benrath, Betriebshof	high-floor Stadtbahn
30 Aug 2010	Düsseldorf Werstener Dortstraße – Werstener Dorfstraße – Südpark – Universität Ost/Botanischer Garten	high-floor Stadtbahn

External links

Stadtbahn and town tramway systems in Germany by Land and city

Baden-Württemberg	Freiburg im Breisgau Heilbronn Karlsruhe Stadtbahn Trams Heidelberg Mannheim Stuttgart Ulm

Bavaria	Augsburg Munich Nuremberg Würzburg

Berlin	Berlin

Brandenburg	Brandenburg an der Havel Cottbus Frankfurt (Oder) Potsdam Schöneiche and Rüdersdorf¹ Strausberg Woltersdorf¹

Bremen	Bremen

Hesse	Darmstadt Frankfurt am Main Stadtbahn Trams Kassel Stadtbahn Trams

Lower Saxony	Braunschweig Hanover

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	Rostock Schwerin

North Rhine-Westphalia	Bielefeld Bochum Stadtbahn Trams Bonn Cologne Dortmund Duisburg Stadtbahn Trams Düsseldorf Stadtbahn Trams Essen Stadtbahn Trams Gelsenkirchen Krefeld Mülheim/Oberhausen Rhine-Ruhr

Rhineland-Palatinate	Ludwigshafen am Rhein Mainz

Saarland	Saarbrücken

Saxony	Bad Schandau-Kirnitzschtal Chemnitz Dresden Görlitz Leipzig Plauen Zwickau

Saxony-Anhalt	Dessau Halberstadt Halle (Saale) Magdeburg Naumburg (Saale)

Thuringia	Erfurt Gera Gotha Jena Nordhausen

¹ Tramway lines departing from Berlin

Urban public transport networks and systems in Germany

S-Bahn	Berlin Bremen Cologne Dresden Erfurt¹ Freiburg Hamburg Hanover Karlsruhe Magdeburg Mitteldeutschland Munich Nuremberg Offenburg Rhine-Main Rhine-Neckar Rhine-Ruhr Rostock Stuttgart

U-Bahn	Berlin Frankfurt Hamburg Munich Nuremberg

Stadtbahn	Bielefeld Bochum Bonn Chemnitz Cologne Dortmund Duisburg Düsseldorf Erfurt Essen Gelsenkirchen Hanover Karlsruhe Kassel Saarbrücken Mülheim Stuttgart

Trams	Aachen² Augsburg Bad Schandau-Kirnitzschtal Berlin (Suburban: Schöneiche-Rüdersdorf · Woltersdorf) Bochum Bonn Brandenburg an der Havel Braunschweig Bremen Chemnitz Cologne Cottbus Darmstadt Dessau Döbeln Dresden Duisburg Düsseldorf Erfurt Essen Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt (Oder) Freiburg Gelsenkirchen Gera Görlitz Gotha Halberstadt Halle Hamburg² Hanover Heidelberg Heilbronn Jena Karlsruhe Kassel Kiel² Krefeld Leipzig (History) Lößnitz Ludwigshafen Magdeburg Mannheim Merseburg Mülheim Munich Mainz Münster² Naumburg Nuremberg Nordhausen Oberhausen Plauen Potsdam Regensburg² Rostock Saarbrücken Schwerin Strausberg Stuttgart Ulm Weil am Rhein Wuppertal² Würzburg Zwickau

Trolleybuses	Eberswalde Esslingen am Neckar Solingen

Suspension monorails	Dortmund H-Bahn Schwebebahn Dresden Düsseldorf SkyTrain Wuppertal Schwebebahn

Other	Bad Schandau Elevator

¹ Former S-Bahn network ² Former tramway network

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