Rhizomucor pusillus
| Rhizomucor pusillus | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Order: | Mucorales |
| Family: | Mucoraceae |
| Genus: | Rhizomucor |
| Species: | R. pusillus |
Rhizomucor pusillus is a species of Rhizomucor. It can cause human disease.[1][2] Rhizomucor pusillus is a grey mycelium fungi most commonly found in compost piles. Yellow-brown spores grow on a stalk to reproduce more fungal cells.
Biology
Rhizomucor pusillus is a thermophilic fungus that lives in hot environments. Its growth optimum is between 50 and 70 degrees Celsius. It is a good producer of amylase. It is homothallic and can cause infections in humans and animals. Rhizomucor pusillus cells have stolons, rhizoids, and branched sporangiophores. Because of the high temperatures required for this microorganism, it is difficult to study in laboratory environments. The ability to utilize different carbon sources can be used differentiate this fungus from other species: it is unable to assimilate sucrose, glycine, phenylalanine, and B-alanine.
Diversity
There are three different species of the Rhizomucor genus. Rhizomucor pusillus, Rhizomucor miehei, and Rhizomucor variabilis. R. pusillus is the only species of genus that is thermophilic. R. variabilis and R. miehei are homogenous and homothallic. Colors of the sporangia and size and shape of diameter vary between the three species. The degree of intraspecies variability is high. Rhizomucor pusillus lives in geothermal places that create and produce their own heat, such as piles of compost and garbage or landfills. Thermophiles reproduce both sexually and asexually. Most common reproduction is asexually, through mitosis. Thermophiles reproduce asexually, when a male spore and a female spore come in contact with each other. Different strains of R. pusillus segregate into two subclusters at very high levels causing different EST and G6D patterns.
Roles in Disease
Rhizomucor pusillis can lead to Zygomycosis in humans. It causes necrosis of infected tissues and pen neural invasion. It is an incredibly rare disease often found in the lungs of patients with a weakened immune system and can often lead to a fatal outcome. It occurs in patients with hematological malignancies and diabetes mellitus as well as leukemia. Rhizomucor pusillis can cause infections in non-human animals as well. In animals the fungus is found in the kidneys and can lead to mucormyotic abortion.
References
- ↑ Iwen PC, Freifeld AG, Sigler L, Tarantolo SR (November 2005). "Molecular identification of Rhizomucor pusillus as a cause of sinus-orbital zygomycosis in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia". J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (11): 5819–21. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.11.5819-5821.2005. PMC 1287840. PMID 16272531.
- ↑ Ma B, Seymour JF, Januszewicz H, Slavin MA (2001). "Cure of pulmonary Rhizomucor pusillus infection in a patient with hairy-cell leukemia: role of liposomal amphotericin B and GM-CSF". Leuk. Lymphoma 42 (6): 1393–9. doi:10.3109/10428190109097768. PMID 11911424.
http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Zygomycetes/Rhizomucor/ Eucker, J., O. Sezer, B. Graf, and K. Possinger. 2001. Mucormycoses. Mycoses. 44:253-260. Ribes, J. A., C. L. Vanover-Sams, and D. J. Baker. 2000. Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 13:236-301. Bjorkholm, M., G. Runarsson, F. Celsing, M. Kalin, B. Petrini, and P. Engervall. 2001. Liposomal amphotericin B and surgery in the successful treatment of invasive pulmonary mucormycosis in a patient with acute T- lymphoblastic leukemia. Scand J Infec Dis. 33:316-319. J. Clin. Microbiol. November 2004 vol. 42 no. 11 5400-5402; Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals; edited by D.H. Howard