Rim (wheel)

Cross section of a bicycle rim

The rim is the "outer edge of a wheel, holding the tire".^[1] It makes up the outer circular design of the wheel on which the inside edge of the tire is mounted on vehicles such as automobiles. For example, on a bicycle wheel the rim is a large hoop attached to the outer ends of the spokes of the wheel that holds the tire and tube. The term "rim" is often incorrectly used instead of wheel.

In the 1st millennium BC an iron rim was introduced around the wooden wheels of chariots.

Characteristics

Scratched rim on one-piece wheel. Black residue remaining from where the tire was seated on the "safety profile" rim.

• Diameter (effective): distance between the bead seats (for the tire), as measured in the plane of the rim and through the axis of the hub which is or will be attached, or which is integral with the rim.
• Width (effective): separation distance between opposed rim flanges. The flange-to-flange width of a rim should be a minimum of three-quarters of the tire section width. And the maximum rim width should be equal to the width of the tire tread.
• Type: Depends on the type of vehicle and tire. There are various rim profiles, as well as the number of rim components.

Modern passenger vehicles and tubeless tires typically use one-piece rims with a "safety" rim profile. The safety feature helps keep the tire bead held to the rim under adverse conditions by having a pair of safety humps extending inwardly of the rim toward the other tire bead seat from an outer contoured surface of the rim.^[2]

Heavy vehicles and some trucks may have a removable multi-piece rim assembly consisting of a base that mounts to the wheel and axle. They then have either a side ring or a side and lock ring combination. These parts are removable from one side for tire mounting, while the opposite side attached to the base has a fixed flange.

• Vehicle performance: Because the rim is where the tire resides on the wheel and the rim supports the tire shape, the dimensions of the rims are a factor in the handling characteristics of an automobile. For example:

Overly wide rims in relation to the tire width for a particular car may result in more vibration and less comfortable ride because the sidewalls of the tire have insufficient curvature to flex properly over rough driving surfaces. Oversized rims may cause the tire to rub on the body or suspension components while turning.

Overly narrow rims in relation to the tire width may cause poor handling as the tire may distort sideways under fast cornering. On motorcycles, a narrow rim will alter the tire profile, concentrating tire wear in a very small area during cornering, with a smaller contact patch during braking.^[3]

On bicycles, the optimum tire width is approximately twice the rim's internal width (e.g., a 35 mm tire on a rim with an ETRTO 17mm internal width) or one-and-a-half times the rim's external width. Considerable variation outside this range is safe, but very wide tires on a narrow rim can overstress the rim and damage the tire sidewalls, whereas very narrow tires on a wide rim give a hard ride and can result in a high-pressure tire blowing off.

Production

Damage to the rim can cause vibration and cause a tubeless tire to fail to hold pressure

A standard automotive steel wheel rim is made from a rectangular sheet metal. The metal plate is bent to produce a cylindrical sleeve with the two free edges of the sleeve welded together. At least one cylindrical flow spinning operation is carried out to obtain a given thickness profile of the sleeve—in particular comprising in the zone intended to constitute the outer seat an angle of inclination relative to the axial direction. The sleeve is then shaped to obtain the rims on each side with a radially inner cylindrical wall in the zone of the outer seat and with a radially outer frustoconical wall inclined at an angle corresponding to the standard inclination of the rim seats. The rim is then calibrated.^[4]

To support the cylindrical rim structure, a disc is made by stamping a metal plate. It has to have appropriate holes for the center hub and lug nuts. The radial outer surface of the wheel disk has a cylindrical geometry to fit inside the rim. The rim and wheel disk are assembled by fitting together under the outer seat of the rim and the assembly welded together.^[4] The disk is welded in place such that the center of the wheel is equal to the center of the hub. The distance of the disc to the back edge of the rim is called 'offset',^[5] or ET, from German Einpresstiefe.

One-piece rim and wheel assemblies (see image) may be obtained by casting or forging.

Meaning

The terms "wheel" and "rim" are often used synonymously, as in decorative wheels being called rims. Some authors are careful to use "rim" for only the outer portion of a wheel, where the tire mounts,^[6] just as the rim of a coffee cup or a meteor crater does not refer to the entire object. An example is the "incorrectly called aluminum rims" to describe "alloy wheels".^[7] Others use "rim" to mean the entire metal part to which the tire mounts,^[8] because the rim and the wheel are often cast or stamped from a single piece of metal instead of being distinct as with wire wheels. At the same time, "wheel" may refer to the entire rotating assembly, including the tire.^[9]

Railroad usage

In railroad usage the conical running surface of the wheels may be called a rim, a wheel tread or a tyre.

See also

• Hubcap

References

1. Jewel, Elizabeth (2006). The Pocket Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus. Oxford University Press. p. 722. ISBN 978-0-19-530715-3. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
2. Wheel Rim European Patent 6 June 2007, retrieved on 2008-06-13.
3. "Motorcycle Technical and Safety Information" (PDF). Dunlop. p. 73. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
4. Vehicle wheel with assembly under the rim seat, US Patent 6935704, Issued on August 30, 2005, retrieved on 2008-06-13.
5. fastcar.co.uk
6. Walker, Rob (2007-06-17). "Donk my ride". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-01-04. The second trend is rim inflation, the ... popularity of increasingly large wheels ...
7. Reimpell, Jörnsen; Stoll, Helmut; Betzler, Jürgen W. (2001). The automotive chassis: engineering principles. Butterworth Heinemann. p. 115. ISBN 9780750650540. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
8. "rim, a. The peripheral portion or outer ring of a wheel". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2011-03-27. 2009 Miami Herald (Nexis) 19 Feb. 8 The rims and tires were taken off a 2006 Ford...and the car was left mounted on bricks.
9. Bennett, Sean (2010). Heavy Duty Truck Systems. Cengage Learning. pp. 855–856. ISBN 978-1-4354-8382-8. Retrieved 2012-01-04. The term wheel may be used in several ways...