River Tamar

This article is about the river in England. For the river in Tasmania, see Tamar River.
River Tamar (Dowr Tamar )
The Tamar near Bohetherick
Country England
Regions Cornwall, Devon
Source Woolley Moor, Morwenstow parish
 - location 50°55′25″N 4°27′44″W / 50.9235°N 4.4622°W / 50.9235; -4.4622, Cornwall[1][2]
 - elevation 206 m (676 ft)
Mouth Hamoaze
 - location Plymouth Sound, English Channel
 - coordinates 50°21′30″N 4°10′0″W / 50.35833°N 4.16667°W / 50.35833; -4.16667Coordinates: 50°21′30″N 4°10′0″W / 50.35833°N 4.16667°W / 50.35833; -4.16667
Length 98 km (61 mi)
Discharge for Gunnislake
 - average 22.55 m3/s (796 cu ft/s)
 - max 714.6 m3/s (25,236 cu ft/s) 28 December 1979
 - min 0.58 m3/s (20 cu ft/s) 23 August 1976
Discharge elsewhere (average)
 - Crowford Bridge 2.34 m3/s (83 cu ft/s)
Map of the Tamar catchment

The Tamar (/ˈteɪmɑːr/; Cornish: Dowr Tamar)[3] is a river in south west England, that forms most of the border between Devon (to the east) and Cornwall (to the west). The area is a World Heritage Site due to its historic mining activities.

The Tamar's source is less than 6 km (3.7 mi) from the north Cornish coast, but it flows southward and its course runs across the peninsula to the south coast. The total length of the river is 61 miles (98 km).[4] At its mouth, the Tamar flows into the Hamoaze before entering Plymouth Sound, a bay of the English Channel. Tributaries of the river include the rivers Inny, Ottery, Kensey and Lynher (or St Germans River) on the Cornish side, and the Deer and Tavy on the Devon side.

The name Tamar (or Tamare) was mentioned by Ptolemy in the second century in his Geography. The name is said to mean "Great Water."[5][6][7] The Tamar is one of several British rivers whose ancient name is assumed by some to be derived from a prehistoric river word apparently meaning "dark flowing" and which it shares with the River Thames.

The seventh century Ravenna Cosmography mentions a Roman settlement named Tamaris, but it is unclear which of the towns along the Tamar this refers to. Plymouth, Launceston and the Roman fort at Calstock have been variously suggested.

Environment

The river (and/or land on its banks) is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), a European Special Area of Conservation, and an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.[8][9] It is also designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape.[10][11]

In November 2013, South West Water was fined £50,000 after it admitted permitting the discharge of sewage from its Camels Head treatment plant into a tributary of the River Tamar for eight years.[12]

Tamar Valley AONB

Together, the Tamar, Tavy and Lynher form the Tamar Valley, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The Tamar Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty covers around 195 km2 (75 sq mi) around the lower Tamar (below Launceston) and its tributaries the Tavy and the Lynher. It was first proposed in 1963, but was not designated until 1995.[13] The highest point in the AONB is Kit Hill, 334 metres above sea level.

European Special Area of Conservation

The tidal river, between Cotehele Quay and Weir Quay, with its mudbanks and reed beds.

The Plymouth Sound and Estuaries are a European Special Area of Conservation. Rocky reefs in low salinity estuarine conditions far inland on the Tamar are very unusual and support species such as the hydroid Cordylophora caspia. The Tamar is one of few estuaries where zonation of rocky habitats (intertidal and subtidal) can be observed along an estuarine gradient.[14]

Site of Special Scientific Interest

The Tamar–Tavy Estuary is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) covering the tidal estuaries of the River Tamar and the River Tavy. Part of the Tamar estuary also forms the Tamar Estuary Nature Reserve, owned by the Cornwall Wildlife Trust. The site was designated in 1991 for its biodiversity and varying habitats that support a large number of wader and wildfowl species, as well as the special interest of its marine biology. The site supports a nationally important wintering population of avocet and supports species such as black-tailed godwit, whimbrel, greenshank, spotted redshank, green sandpiper and golden plover.[15]

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Throughout human history the valley has been almost continuously exploited for its rich mineral and metal deposits including silver, tin, lead and arsenic leaving a unique archaeological landscape which forms a significant part of the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape. Remains include wheal or engine houses, deep and open cast mines dating from the Bronze Age through to the medieval and modern era, the export docks at Morwellham Quay were once an international centre of trade in copper, lead and arsenic. The valley, with the stannary town of Tavistock was added to the World Heritage List during the 30th Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in Vilnius, July 2006.[16]

Geography

The dam of the Upper Tamar Lake.

Source

According to Ordnance Survey mapping, the source of the Tamar is at Woolley Moor, approximately 3.5 miles from the north Cornish coast, at 50°55′25″N 4°27′44″W / 50.9235°N 4.4622°W / 50.9235; -4.4622. The location of the spring is a "high windswept plateau largely devoid of farmland, and inhabited by stunted trees and wiry undergrowth."[5] The exact source of the river is difficult to pinpoint, because it arises "from a boggy morass . . . behind a hedge near some willow trees at Woolley Barrows . . . A small square stone culvert drains the first tentative trickle of water away from the bog, through a hedge and into a ditch. From here a pipe carries the water under the highway and the infant river Tamar is on its way to the sea at Plymouth."[7]

Reservoirs

The Upper Tamar Lake and Lower Tamar Lake are two small reservoirs on the Tamar's upper course. The Lower Lake was constructed in the 1820s to feed the Bude Canal; it is now a nature reserve. The Upper Lake was constructed in the 1970s and supplies fresh water to the Bude area, as well as having some recreational use.

Border

The east bank of the Tamar was fixed as the border of Cornwall by King Athelstan in the year 936.[17] Several villages north of Launceston, to the west of the Tamar, were transferred to Devon somewhen in the eleventh century; the border was changed to follow the River Ottery westward, rather than the Tamar. The county boundary was restored to the Tamar in 1966, when the civil parishes of North Petherwin and Werrington were transferred from Devon to Cornwall.[18][19] The Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844 ensured parishes were entirely within one county. It transferred a part of the Rame Peninsula (on the west side of the Hamoaze) from Devon to Cornwall (namely, parts of the parishes of Maker[20] and St John). The Act also transferred part of the parish of Bridgerule to Devon and part of the parish of North Tamerton to Cornwall — these latter transfers created two of the present-day 'exceptions' to the river boundary.

There was the speedy Tamar, which divides
The Cornish and the Devonish confines;
Through both whose borders swiftly downe it glides.
And, meeting Plim, to Plimmouth thence declines:
And Dart, nigh chockt with sands of tinny mines;

“
”

From "Rivers of England" by Edmund Spenser

The modern administrative border between Devon and Cornwall more closely follows the Tamar and Hamoaze than the 'historic' county border (of the 11th to 19th centuries). Only three 'exceptions' to the rule that the border follows the river (from source to sea) currently exist, all of which are upstream of the confluence of the River Deer, in the upper course of the Tamar.[21] Part of the Cornish civil parish of North Tamerton extends east across the river, whilst parts of the Devon civil parishes of Bridgerule and Pancrasweek extend west across the Tamar. Where the border does follow the Tamar, it is defined as being along a line running at the centre of the river (rather than along one of its banks) — where the river is tidal, it is the centre of the low water channel. This "centre of river" arrangement ends just upstream of the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, downstream of which the counties officially extend only to their respective (tidal) bank's low water mark. The river is dammed at two points of its upper course, forming two reservoirs in place of the natural river: at Upper Tamar Lake the border follows the line of the river as it was prior to the construction of the reservoir (therefore now within the lake), whilst at the older Lower Tamar Lake the border was re-aligned along a (now disused) re-routing of the river to the reservoir's west side, placing the lake in Devon.[22]

Crossings

Higher New Bridge, near St Stephen by Launceston

The river has 22 road crossings, including some medieval stone bridges. The oldest bridge still extant is at Horsebridge (1437), and the next oldest is Greystone Bridge near Lawhitton — this arched stone bridge was built in 1439. Gunnislake New Bridge was built in 1520 by Sir Piers Edgcumbe, the owner of Cotehele and Mount Edgcumbe. The Gunnislake bridge was a main route into south east Cornwall and the lowest bridge over the Tamar until the Tamar Bridge at Saltash was opened in 1962.

The lower Tamar is spanned also by the Royal Albert Bridge (built 1859), a rail bridge now adjacent to the newer Tamar Bridge. Both of these bridges are between Saltash (known as the 'Gateway to Cornwall') and Plymouth. Further downstream, crossing the Hamoaze, is the Torpoint Ferry — a chain ferry connecting Torpoint to Devonport — and at the most downstream part of the Hamoaze there is also the Cremyll Ferry.

The Calstock Viaduct is another notable structure on the Tamar, being 120 feet (37 m) high with twelve 60-foot (18 m) wide arches, of which three of the piers stand in the river, and was built between 1904 and 1907.

Table of crossings

Listed below are all crossings of the River Tamar, in order heading downstream. All cross the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall, except for four that are noted.

Crossing Type Carries Created Notes
(between East and West Youlstone) Road bridge Country lane The highest bridge on the Tamar, excepting culverts and other very minor crossings nearer the source; 186 metres (610 ft) above sea level.[22]
Youlstone Ham Bridge Road bridge Country lane
Buse's Mill Road bridge Country lane
Upper Tamar Lake Dam Dam walkway Public footpath Passes atop of the reservoir dam.
Alfardisworthy New Bridge Road bridge Country lane Immediately to the east is the historic boundary stone at the site of the old bridge, which crossed the original route of the Tamar, now just within Devon.
Lower Tamar Lake Spillway Footbridge Public footpath Crosses the discharge of the reservoir – however not the county boundary, which follows a previous routing of the river. (Entirely in Devon.)
(near Virworthy) Road bridge Country lane
(near Dexbeer) Road bridge Country lane The bridge does not cross the county boundary – it connects a part of Devon that is west of the Tamar. (Entirely in Devon.)
Moretonmill Bridge Road bridge Country lane 113 metres (371 ft) above sea level[22]
Burmsdon Aqueduct Canal aqueduct Bude Canal (Holsworthy Branch) 1821 Canal derelict since 1891; the towpath however remains open as a public footpath. Grade II listed.
Kingford Mill Road bridge Driveway Private
Blackpool Bridge Road bridge Country lane
Tamarstone Bridge Road bridge A3072 road (Holsworthy – Bude)
Bridgerule Bridge Road bridge Village road 1923[23] The bridge no longer crosses the county boundary – since 1844 the bridge connects a part of Devon that is west of the Tamar. (Entirely in Devon.)
Bridgerule Railway Bridge Railway bridge Okehampton to Bude Line (in use from 1898) Dismantled (line closed in 1966)
Crowford Bridge Road bridge Country lane
(North) Tamerton Bridge Road bridge Local road 1851[23] The bridge no longer crosses the county boundary – since 1844 the bridge connects a part of Cornwall that is east of the Tamar. (Entirely in Cornwall.)[23]
Boyton Bridge Road bridge Country lane c. 1614 / 2005[23] Main span replaced in 2005.[23]
Druxton Bridge Road bridge Country lane c. 16th century[23] The bridge connected a part of Devon that was west of the Tamar, until boundary changes in 1966.[23]
Nether Bridge Road bridge A388 road (Holsworthy – Launceston) 1986[23] Replacement for the older, narrower Higher New Bridge
Higher New Bridge Road bridge Country lane c. early 16th century[23] Remains open
St Leonards Railway Bridge Railway bridge North Cornwall Railway (in use from 1886) Dismantled (line closed in 1966)
Polson Bridge Road bridge A388 road 1833 / 1934 The former A30 route into Launceston (a by-pass was built in 1975); the main span was replaced in 1934.[23]
Lower Barnham Railway Bridge Railway bridge South Devon and Tavistock Railway (in use from 1865) Dismantled (line closed in 1966)
Dunheved Bridge[23] Road bridge (dual carriageway) A30 trunk road 1975 / 2006 Part of the Launceston by-pass; the road deck was replaced in 2006/7.[23]
Greystone Bridge Road bridge B3362 road 1439 44 metres (144 ft) above sea level[22] Grade I listed.
Horsebridge Road bridge Country lane 1437 Oldest extant bridge on the Tamar. Grade I listed.
(Lamerhooe) Ford Unpaved public road Not maintained and deep – not suitable for most motor vehicles.[24]
Gunnislake New Bridge Road bridge A390 road 1520 Lowest bridge on the non-tidal river; until 1962 the lowest road bridge on the Tamar. Grade I listed.
Calstock Ferry Passenger ferry Calstock to Ferry Farm and Cotehele April-October only
Calstock Viaduct Railway viaduct Tamar Valley Line 1907
(in use from 1908)
Tamar Bridge Road bridge A38 trunk road 1961 Toll (eastbound only); opened in 1962.
Royal Albert Bridge Railway bridge Cornish Main Line 1859 The lowest bridge on the Tamar
Torpoint Ferry Vehicle ferry A347 road (Torpoint to Devonport) 1791 Chain ferry; carries vehicles, (motor)cyclists and pedestrians.
Cremyll Ferry Passenger ferry Cremyll to Stonehouse, Plymouth Ancient Carries passengers and cyclists (only)

Navigation

Loading dock at Morwellham; once an important industrial port, it featured an inclined plane which led up to the Tavistock Canal.

The total length of the tidal river (which, like other tidal waters in England, has public right of navigation) is 19.2 miles (30.9 km).[25] The normal tidal limit (noted on Ordnance Survey maps as 'NTL') is a weir just downstream of the village of Gunnislake. Waterborne traffic through the Hamoaze is controlled by the Queen's Harbour Master for Plymouth,[26] who is responsible for managing navigation along the entire tidal Tamar.[27] The Royal Navy has one of its three main naval bases at Devonport, situated on the Hamoaze, upstream of which the river is now used largely by recreational craft. Excursions operate (April to October only) on the river between Plymouth and Calstock and Morwellham Quay,[28] and a passenger ferry also operates April to October between Cotehele Quay and Calstock.[29]

A typical Tamar vessel was a sailing barge, built on the open river bank, of up to 60 tons, with a peaked, gaff-rigged mainsail and a fore staysail.[30] The Tamar was navigable by seagoing ships of up to 400 register tons as far inland as Weir Quay,[31][32] near Bere Alston, where the estuary narrows into the tidal river, some 8.4 miles (13.5 km) upstream from Plymouth Sound. Vessels of 300 tons sailed as far inland as Morwellham,[33][34] 17.2 miles (27.7 km) along the river from the sea. A further stretch of 1.8 miles (2.9 km) upstream to Weir Head, near Gunnislake, was accessible to smaller boats. Weir Head is just downstream of the weir at Gunnislake (the tidal limit) and is the final place to turn boats;[25] it was from here that smaller craft could begin their journey on the Tamar Manure Canal.

Tamar Manure Navigation

High tide at Weir Head — excursion steamer Alexandra, 127 gross tons, 126 feet in length, reversing at the entrance to the Tamar Manure Canal, in 1906.[35]

In 1794 the Tamar Manure Navigation Company was formed to extend navigation inland for a further 30 miles, to Tamerton Bridge in North Tamerton. An Act of Parliament of 1796 authorised the works, with the company empowered to improve and manage navigation on the Tamar from Morwellham Quay upstream to Boat Pool, at Blanchdown (just upstream of Gunnislake), and to construct a canal from there.[36] The project however advanced no further than Gunnislake, with work ceasing in 1808. Barges of up to 30 tons could then proceed as far as Gunnislake New Bridge,[37] bypassing the weir (above Weir Head) via a 500-yard canal to the west of the river. As the only completed work of the original project, this short canal became known as the Tamar Manure (Navigation) Canal. It had one lock located at the Weir Head end of the canal, allowing vessels to rise from the tidal Tamar to the water level above the weir.[38]

The navigable route along the Tamar and the Manure Canal that was managed by the company (from Morwellham Quay upstream to Blanchdown) was known as the Tamar Manure Navigation and was 3.0 miles (4.8 km) in length.[25] The import of fertilizer (at the time of the construction of the canal all types of which were typically referred to as "manure") and coal and the export of bricks and granite along this short navigation proved profitable for many years.[37] The navigation from Launceston to Tamerton was completed in 1826 as part of a separate project, the Bude Canal.[39] The Tamar Manure Navigation ceased functioning in 1929 and the company was wound up in 1942.[38]

History

In 997 according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, raiding Vikings travelled up the Tamar and then the Tavy river as far as Lydford, and burned Ordwulf's monastery at Tavistock.

The old ferry crossings were later to develop into the busy river quays of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In mediaeval times the transport of goods to supply the Benedictine abbey at Tavistock, four miles by track from the river port of Morwellham, was significant.[40] Sea sand from the coast was imported to spread on farmland, until in the eighteenth century a dressing of lime was found to be more beneficial. Large quantities of limestone and coal were then imported to burn in the numerous limekilns on the river quays; the lime had to be made locally as it was not slaked before application and was too reactive for transport by water after burning. Later, street sweepings and other refuse from Plymouth and Devonport, together with bones for the newly discovered bone fertiliser, were carried inland to manure the fields. Other regular imports were timber from British Columbia and the Baltic, in large baulks for use as supports in the mines, and coal from Wales to supply the mine pumping engines.[41]

The Horsebridge, built in 1437, is still used by motor traffic.

Tavistock was one of the three stannary towns of Devon and large quantities of refined tin ore were exported through Morwellham from twelfth century until 1838, when the requirement to pay duty on the metal at one of the specified towns was relaxed.[40] The opening of the Tavistock Canal, between Tavistock and Morwellham, in 1817 facilitated traffic. Later, the East Cornwall Mineral Railway provided an outlet through the quays of Calstock from the Cornish side of the valley.[42] Other significant cargoes exported were quarried granite and, later, copper, lead and manganese ores, with their important by-product of arsenic. Arsenic was extracted from mispickel, once regarded as a waste product but later offering an important source of revenue as copper and tin extraction declined in profitability.[43][44] The refined product was exported worldwide, in particular to the southern United States, where it was used as an insecticide in the cotton fields.

In the thirteenth century lead and silver output from the royal mines on the Bere peninsula (between the Tamar and the Tavy) was significant, and production continued intermittently until the nineteenth century. The Johnson Matthey smelting works at Weir Quay extracted silver and lead not only from local ore, but from ore imported by sea from Europe and as far away as Newfoundland.[31] Fluorspar from the lead mine tailings was exported to France for use in the manufacture of glassware.[45]

The Tamar Valley Line railway crosses the Tamar on a viaduct, built in 1907, at Calstock.

The development of the "Three Towns" (Plymouth, Devonport and Stonehouse) at the mouth of the river offered an important market for the valley's agricultural produce, needed in particular to serve the victualling requirements of the royal dockyard, and this was always carried by boat. In 1820 or 1821 the first paddle steamer on the Tamar inaugurated a service between Calstock and Devonport to deliver foodstuffs.[46] In 1859 a rail connection from Plymouth to London was opened, and fresh produce could be landed at the Devonport steamer quays in the evening and be on sale in London by the next morning.[47] The growing city population created a large demand for sightseeing cruises on the river and this was a significant source of traffic from 1823, with the launch of the Cornish steam packet Sir Francis Drake, until the outbreak of the second world war.[46][48]

Mineral traffic on the river diminished towards the latter end of the nineteenth century, after the Plymouth, Devonport and South Western Junction Railway reached Tavistock in 1859 (so making the Tavistock Canal to Morwellham redundant for transport, although it remains in use as a source of hydropower) and as the copper and tin mines became exhausted.[49] The decline accelerated from 1894 when the East Cornwall Mineral Railway, until then linked to the outside world only through the port of Calstock, was extended to the Plymouth, Devonport and South Western Junction Railway at Bere Alston. Tourist and market traffic on the river, using purpose-built or converted steamers, remained substantial until the Devonport piers were closed and the ships requisitioned on the outbreak of war in 1939.[48]

Economy

The Royal Albert Bridge and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash.

Rocks around the edge of Dartmoor were mineralised by fluids driven by the heat of the earth's core, which gave rise to ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals in the Valley.[50] The medieval estate of Cotehele, owned by the Edgcumbe family, was a significant producer of silver for the Royal Mint.[51] During the industrial revolution, there was significant mining activity near the river, between Gunnislake and Weir Quay. During this period, the Tamar was an important river for shipping copper from ports such as Morwellham Quay, Calstock and New Quay (Devon) to south Wales where it would be smelted. The valley forms district A10i of the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape. The river has long been famous for the quality of its salmon[52] whilst the valley was known nationally for the high quality, and early, soft fruit and market gardens sheltered by its steeply winding slopes.

Folklore

The Alliterative Morte Arthure states that the mortal combat of King Arthur and Mordred took place close to the banks of the river.[53]

A traditional Cornish tale claims that the devil would never dare to cross the River Tamar into Cornwall for fear of ending up as a pasty filling.[54] Though unusual landscape features are often named after the devil (e.g. devil's frying pan) it used to be said that the devil never came to Cornwall: he once reached Torpoint and immediately noticed that various kinds of pie were customary; he feared that devilly pie might be the next kind so returned to Devon.[55] This legend is set to music in the traditional Cornish folk song Fish and Tin and Copper.

Legend of Tamara

The legend behind the name involves a nymph by the name of Tamara, who lived in the underworld. Tamara wanted to wander freely in the mortal world, against the advice of her parents. One day, wandering in Dartmoor, she happened to meet two giants called Tavy and Torridge (or Tawradge). Both giants became smitten with Tamara and vied for her affections. Tamara led the giants on a dance, but never let them touch her, instead darting out of reach whenever they came too close. Tamara's father, who had been out looking for her, located her just as the giants finally caught up with her near Morwenstow. He flew into a rage and used a spell to put Tavy and Tawradge into a deep sleep. This infuriated Tamara, who subsequently refused to return to the underworld with her father. He became even more enraged and cast a spell on Tamara, turning her into a bubbling spring, which produced the Tamar river and flowed all the way to the sea. Tawradge awoke to find his beloved had become a river; in despair, he sought the advice of a magician, who turned him into a river (the River Torridge and the River Taw) so that he could hope to reunite with Tamara. Tawradge was never able to find and merge with his beloved Tamara, instead turning north toward Bideford and the Bristol Channel and is still said to mourn his love, the Tamar. This legend explains why the River Torridge, which rises only 500 meters from the Tamar, veers away from the Tamar and forms a huge arc, eventually flowing to the North Devon coast. The other giant, Tavy, also awoke in despair and sought the aid of his own father, also a powerful magician. His father turned Tavy into a river as well, and the Tavy set off in search of the Tamar, eventually finding her and merging with her into a wide and beautiful estuary.[5][6][7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 126 Clovelly and Hartland (Map). 1:25,000. Explorer. Ordnance Survey. § SS 260 157.
  2. ↑ Harding, William (16 December 1863). "Morwenstow Church". Transactions (Exeter, England: Exeter Diocesan Architectural and Archaeological Society): 218.
  3. ↑ Place-names in the Standard Written Form (SWF) : List of place-names agreed by the MAGA Signage Panel. Cornish Language Partnership.
  4. ↑ Britannica River Tamar, United Kingdom
  5. 1 2 3 Furneaux, Robert. The Tamar: A Great Little River. Ex Libris Press. 1992.
  6. 1 2 Foot, Sarah. The River Tamar. Bossiney Books. 1989.
  7. 1 2 3 Neale, John. Discovering the River Tamar. Amberley. 2010.
  8. ↑ http://www.tamarproject.org.uk/about-the-river-tamar-project/
  9. ↑ "BBC – Devon – Discover Devon – Devon's rivers: The Tamar". bbc.co.uk.
  10. ↑ "Tamar Valley & Tavistock". cornish-mining.org.uk.
  11. ↑ "Tamar Valley – Mining Heritage Project". tamarvalley.org.uk.
  12. ↑ "Water firm fined £50,000 after admitting sewage was discharged into Plymouth's River Tamar for eight years – Plymouth Herald". Plymouth Herald.
  13. ↑ "Tamar Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty".
  14. ↑ "Plymouth Sound and Estuaries". defra.gov.uk.
  15. ↑ http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/leisureandtourism/parksnatureandgreenspaces/greenspacesssi/tamartavyestuarysssi.htm
  16. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Document – Tamar Valley Mining District (A10i) with Tavistock (A10ii)". unesco.org.
  17. ↑ Stenton, F. M. (1947) Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Clarendon Press; p. 337
  18. ↑ 174 Bude (Map). 1:63,360. Seventh. Ordnance Survey. 1961.
  19. ↑ Thorn, Caroline; Thorn, Frank (May 2007). "Devon introduction". Kingston-upon-Hull: University of Hull. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  20. ↑ Davidson, Robin (1978). Cornwall. London: Batsford. p. 31. ISBN 0-7134-0588-0.
  21. ↑ The three present-day 'exceptions' can be clearly seen on the Tamar catchment map (on WikiCommons).
  22. 1 2 3 4 Ordnance Survey mapping
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ICE Bridges over the Tamar
  24. ↑ Wet Roads Devon
  25. 1 2 3 Inland Waterways Association Waterways: T (note: the tidal river is generally regarded as navigable from Plymouth Sound to Weir Head, a length of 19.0 miles.)
  26. ↑ "QHM Plymouth". www.gov.uk.
  27. ↑ "The Dockyard Port of Plymouth Order 1999". legislation.gov.uk.
  28. ↑ "Sound and Tamar Cruising – Day Cruising". tamarcruising.com.
  29. ↑ "Calstock Ferry Timetable". Calstock Ferry Timetable.
  30. ↑ Booker (1971: 259)
  31. 1 2 Booker (1971: 62)
  32. ↑ Barton, Denys (1964). A Historical Survey of Mines and Mineral Railways of East Cornwall and West Devon. Truro: Bradford Barton. pp. 99; 101. OCLC 12216380.
  33. ↑ Otter, R. A. (1994). Civil engineering heritage: Southern England. London: Institution of Civil Engineers. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0-7277-1971-8.
  34. ↑ Barton (1964: 75–6)
  35. ↑ Kittridge, Alan (1984). Passenger Steamers of the River Tamar. Truro, Cornwall: Twelveheads. pp. 68; 88. ISBN 0-906294-10-X.
  36. ↑ Tamar Valley Industrial Archaeology Tamar Manure Canal
  37. 1 2 Booker (1971: 126–128)
  38. 1 2 Canal Routes – Tamar Manure Navigation
  39. ↑ Otter (1994: 29)
  40. 1 2 Booker (1971: 28–29)
  41. ↑ Barton (1964: 65; 76)
  42. ↑ Booker (1971: 178)
  43. ↑ Booker (1971: 162)
  44. ↑ Coyle, Geoff. Riches beneath our Feet. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-19-955129-3.
  45. ↑ Barton (1964: 100)
  46. 1 2 Booker (1971: 83–84)
  47. ↑ Booker (1971: 233)
  48. 1 2 Kitteridge (1984: 13; 75)
  49. ↑ Booker (1971: 30–31)
  50. ↑ "Characteristics of the City of Plymouth (The geology)". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 2008-06-09. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  51. ↑ Peter Claughton: The medieval silver mines at Bere Ferrers, Devon, Dept. of History, Exeter University
  52. ↑ Noted by Daniel Defoe and Sir Richard Carew
  53. ↑ The Death of King Arthur translated by Simon Armitage
  54. ↑ Martin, Edith. Cornish Recipes: Ancient and Modern. A. W. Jordan.
  55. ↑ Croxford, Bob (1993) From Cornwall with Love. Mullion: Atmosphere; p. 8 (text quoted from Robert Hunt's Popular Romances of the West of England, 1865)

Further reading

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