Robert Dziekański Taser incident

Robert Dziekański Taser incident

RCMP officers taser a handcuffed and pinned Dziekański minutes before his death at YVR
Time 1:28 AM PDT[1]
Date October 14, 2007
Location Vancouver International Airport,
Richmond, British Columbia, Canada.
Deaths 1
Wikinews has related news: Video of man tasered at Vancouver airport released

Robert Dziekański, Polish pronunciation: [ˈrɔbɛrt dʑeˈkaɲski] (April 15, 1967 – October 14, 2007) was a Polish immigrant to Canada[2] who was killed on October 14, 2007 during an arrest at the Vancouver Airport. He was tasered five times[3] by members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), who encountered Dziekański while he was unarmed and detained alone in a secured room at the Vancouver International Airport in Richmond, British Columbia.

Full details of the incident became public because Paul Pritchard, an eyewitness, filmed a video of it. The police initially took possession of the video, refusing to return it to Pritchard. Pritchard went to court to obtain it, then released it to the press.

The final inquiry report released Friday June 18, 2010 concluded the RCMP were not justified in using a Taser against Mr. Dziekański and that the officers later deliberately misrepresented their actions to investigators.

Incident

Robert Dziekański was a construction worker by trade, but had also worked as a miner.[4] He was in the process of emigrating from Gliwice, Poland, to live with his mother, Zofia Cisowski, in Kamloops, British Columbia.[5]

Dziekański's flight was two hours late, and arrived at about 3:15 pm on October 13, 2007.[6][7][8] According to official sources, Dziekański required language support to complete initial customs formalities. After he completed initial immigration processing, his whereabouts between 4:00 p.m. and about 10:45 p.m. remain unclear, though at various points he was seen around the baggage carousels.[9] Dziekański's mother, Zofia Cisowski, had told him to wait for her at the baggage claim area but it was a secured area where she was not allowed to enter.[10] At 10:45 p.m., when he attempted to leave the Customs hall, he was directed again to secondary immigration as his visa had not yet been processed.[6][9] Dziekański's immigration procedures were completed at about 12:15 a.m. on October 14.[6][9] After 30 minutes in an immigration waiting area, he was taken to the international arrivals reception area.[9] Cisowski had been making enquiries of airport staff since the early afternoon.[11] Airport staff told her Dziekański was not at the airport and she had returned to Kamloops at about 10 p.m., believing her son had missed his flight.[8][10]

When Dziekański left the Customs hall, he became visibly agitated. Bystanders and airport security guards were unable to communicate with him because he did not speak English.[10] He used chairs to prop open the one-way doors between a Customs clearing area and a public lounge and at one point threw a computer and a small table to the floor before the police arrived.[12]

Four RCMP officers, Constables Gerry Rundel, Bill Bently, Kwesi Millington, and supervisor Corporal Benjamin Robinson, arrived and entered the Customs room where Dziekański was pacing about. They apparently directed him to stand near a counter, to which Dziekański complied but picked up a stapler sometime after being told to place his hands on a counter.[13][14][15] Shortly thereafter, about 25 seconds after arriving at the scene, Corporal Robinson ordered the Taser to be used. Constable Millington tasered Dziekański. He began to convulse and was tasered several more times after falling to the ground, where the four officers pinned, handcuffed, and continued to taser him. One eyewitness, who recorded the incident on her cellphone, told CBC News that Dziekański had been tasered four times. "The third and fourth ones were at the same time" delivered by the officers at Dziekański's right and left, just before Dziekański fell.[12][16] According to B.C. Crown counsel spokesman Stan Lowe, Dziekański was tasered a total of five times.[3] Constable Millington testified that he deployed the Taser four times, but he believed that in some of those instances the probes may not have contacted Dziekański's body.[17] Dziekański writhed and screamed before he stopped moving. Cpl. Benjamin Monty Robinson stated he then checked for a pulse, but his heart had stopped. Testimony from the other RCMP officers state they never saw anyone including Robinson check for a pulse.[18] Dziekański did not receive CPR until paramedics arrived on the scene approximately 15 minutes later. They were unable to revive him and pronounced him dead at the scene.[12]

Controversy

Video

October 14, 2007: Screenshot from video taken by Paul Pritchard showing Robert Dziekański shortly after being tasered by RCMP officers at Vancouver airport.

The entire event was recorded by Paul Pritchard, another traveler who was at the airport. Pritchard handed his camera and the video to police who told him that they would return the video within 48 hours. Instead, they returned the camera with a new memory card and kept the original with the video, saying they needed it to preserve the integrity of the investigation. They claimed witness statements would be tainted if they viewed the video before being interviewed by police.[19] Pritchard went to court to obtain the video, which he then released to the media on November 14, 2007; three television outlets paid fees to Pritchard for the right to broadcast the video.[20][21][22] After the video was made available, an RCMP spokesperson cautioned the public to reserve judgment against the police because the video represents "just one small piece of evidence, one person's view."[12]

Before the video was released to the public, the RCMP repeatedly claimed that only three officers were at the scene. There were actually four officers at the scene.[12] The RCMP also said that they did not use pepper spray because of the risk it would have posed to bystanders. The video, however, suggests the incident occurred in an area separated from bystanders by a glass wall. The actual location of the incident was inside the international arrivals area, which is separated by glass. Those waiting to greet arriving international passengers can view the area from the waiting lounge on the other side of the glass.[12] An RCMP spokesperson also stated that batons were not used,[16] which was also contradicted by the video.[23]

Criticism of the RCMP

The RCMP officers involved in the Dziekański death, Constables Gerry Rundel, Bill Bentley, Kwesi Millington, and supervisor Corporal Benjamin Robinson, have been widely criticized for their handling of the incident. A retired Vancouver Police superintendent commented after viewing the video that Dziekański did not appear to be making "any threatening gestures" towards the police and he did not see why it became a police incident.[12] Particularly contentious is that the RCMP officers made no attempt to defuse or gain control of the situation before resorting to the Taser.[24]

In August 2007, before Dziekański's death, RCMP changed its protocol on Taser use, suggesting that multiple Taser shocks may be appropriate under certain circumstances.[25]

The RCMP's handling of the incident led to charges that they misrepresented the facts. The BC Civil Liberties Association filed a complaint in 2007 arguing that the evidence shows that the Taser was not used as a last resort and condemning the RCMP for its attempt to suppress the video and for casting aspersions on the character of Dziekański.[26][27] An RCMP spokesman, Sgt. Pierre Lemaitre, was heavily criticized for providing a false version of events prior to the public release of the video. He stated that Dziekański "continued to throw things around and yell and scream", after the arrival of the police officers, which was later revealed by the video to be false.[28]

On December 12, 2008, the Criminal Justice Branch of British Columbia issued a statement, finding that although the RCMP officers' efforts to restrain Dziekański were a contributing cause of his death, the force they used to subdue and restrain him was reasonable and necessary in all the circumstances; thus there would not be a substantial likelihood of conviction of the officers in connection with the incident and accordingly criminal charges were not approved.[29] Three of the officers remain on duty elsewhere in Canada, while the supervisor, Corporal Benjamin "Monty" Robinson, resigned from the force on July 20, 2012 prior to a sentencing hearing after being found guilty of obstruction of justice[30] stemming from a vehicle collision that resulted in the death of a 21-year-old Vancouver man.[31][32][33]

The officers have been subject to criticism, both in the media and in formal proceedings before the Braidwood Commission of Inquiry. The officers were served notices of misconduct by the commission forewarning them the commissioner may include a finding of misconduct in its final report.[34] The warnings allege specific but overlapping grounds for each of the four. The collective allegations are that they failed to properly assess and respond to the circumstances in which they found Mr. Dziekański. They repeatedly deployed the taser without justification and separately failed to adequately reassess the situation before further deploying it. The notices allege that afterwards they misrepresented facts in notes and statements, furthered the misrepresenting before the commission and provided further misleading information about other evidence before the commission. The four officers each sought judicial review to prevent the commission from making findings based on the notices.[35] The petitions were dismissed. Three of the officers appealed and lost.[36] In July 2013 one of the three officers was cleared of perjury. The remaining two officers stood trial in 2014.[37]

On February 20, 2015, Constable Kwesi Millington, the RCMP officer who fired the Taser on the night Robert Dziekański died eight years previously, was found guilty of perjury and colluding with his fellow officers before testifying at the inquiry into Dziekański's death, and on June 22, 2015, was sentenced to 30 months in prison. [38] [39]

Taser debate

The incident has revived debate concerning police use of Tasers. This was the 16th death following the police use of Tasers in Canada since 2003 and civil liberties groups have called for a moratorium on Tasers until training and procedures can be developed and implemented to minimize the risks.[40] The human rights group Amnesty International repeated its call for Taser use to be suspended until an independent investigation into the medical and other effects has taken place.[41] Meanwhile, Canada's seventeenth Taser-related death occurred less than a week later when Quilem Registre died after being tasered by police in Montreal.[42]

The police and the manufacturer have claimed that such deaths are the result of pre-existing medical conditions, not the electrical shock of the Taser. In the Vancouver case, police have suggested that Dziekański died from a condition described as “excited delirium.”[16] A statement from TASER International, the company that makes the weapon, asserts that Dziekański's death "appears to follow the pattern of many in-custody deaths following a confrontation with the police. Historically, medical science and forensic analysis has shown that these deaths are attributable to other factors and not the low-energy electrical discharge of the Taser."[43]

Critics, however, point out that "excited delirium" is not recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and claim that police overuse such so-called conditions as a matter of convenience.[44][45] While many psychologists argue that excited delirium is indeed a bona fide but rare condition that can cause sudden death,[45] experts say that delirium (without the "excited" modifier) is a well-known condition, but that it is usually triggered by factors such as drugs or a pronounced mental or physical illness and that it is extremely rare for those afflicted to suddenly die.[45] Toxicology tests found no drugs or alcohol in Dziekański's system.[46] An autopsy for the British Columbia Coroner’s Service did not determine the cause of death, citing no trauma or disease, but noted that Dziekański had signs of chronic alcohol abuse such as atrophy of a portion of the brain, cardiomyopathy and fatty liver.[47][48]

The report by forensic pathologist Charles Lee, of Vancouver General Hospital, listed the principal cause of death as "sudden death during restraint", with a contributory factor of "chronic alcoholism".[49]

Criticism of airport

The airport has also been criticized over the incident, particularly regarding security cameras that were not functioning, no translation services available for communicating with non-English speakers, the airport supervisor's failure to call the airport's own paramedics resulting in a twelve-minute wait for city paramedics to arrive, and for staff not helping Dziekański's mother find her son.[3][50]

Airport security has been roundly criticized for not assisting Dziekański during his many hours in the airport. Once he became agitated, security guards made little attempt to communicate with him or defuse the situation.[51]

The Canada Border Services Agency reported it is reviewing its procedures at airports.[52]

Political reaction

The incident has had significant coverage in Poland. The Polish consul general demanded answers about Dziekański’s death.[47] Canada's ambassador in Poland was invited to discuss the incident with officials in Warsaw, and one Polish official stated in the weeks after the incident that "we want the matter clarified and we want those guilty named and punished."[10]

On December 12, 2008, the Polish embassy in Ottawa issued a statement stating that the Crown's decision not to charge the RCMP officers was "most disappointing".[53]

In February 2009, it was reported that Canada had unilaterally suspended its mutual legal assistance treaty with Poland,[54] thus blocking Poland's own investigation of the Dziekański Taser incident.[55][56]

Canada's Public Safety Minister, Stockwell Day, said that he has asked the RCMP for a review on Taser use and that a report is being prepared, and pointed out that several investigations of the incident are already underway. Liberal Public Safety Critic Ujjal Dosanjh said that what was needed was an independent body to conduct a national and public review of the issue, which would lead to national guidelines for Taser use by law enforcement officers.[57] BC NDP Public Safety Critic and Port Coquitlam MLA Mike Farnworth called for a special prosecutor to be appointed to investigate the incident, citing concerns of police investigating themselves.[58]

Law enforcement response

The response from law enforcement has been mixed. Law enforcement professionals have featured prominently in the media criticizing the RCMP’s handling of the situation and the aftermath.[10] The Ottawa Police, the first Ontario police force to adopt the Taser, held a Taser demonstration for reporters to illustrate their safety.[59] Both the Toronto Police and the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, meanwhile, have put large orders of Tasers for their front-line officers on hold.[60]

Investigation

Braidwood Inquiry

The Braidwood Inquiry was established by the Provincial Government of British Columbia and headed by retired Court of Appeal of British Columbia and Court of Appeal of the Yukon Territory Justice The Honourable Thomas R. Braidwood, Q.C. to "inquire into and report on the use of conducted energy weapons" and to "inquire into and report on the death of Mr. Dziekanski." [61] After two delays, the Braidwood Commission began proceedings on January 19, 2009, investigating the circumstances surrounding Dziekański's death. Commission counsel Art Vertlieb said that the involved RCMP officers, Constable Millington, Constable Bentley, Constable Rundel, and Corporal Robinson, will be summoned to appear before the inquiry and could face findings of misconduct.[62] Constable Gerry Rundel and Constable Bill Bentley testified at the Inquiry the week of February 23, 2009, and Constable Kwesi Millington testified there the following week. The fourth and commanding RCMP officer, Corporal Benjamin Robinson, testified beginning March 23, 2009.[63][64]

The final inquiry report on the death of Robert Dziekański has concluded the RCMP were not justified in using the Taser, and that the officers later deliberately misrepresented their actions to investigators. The long-awaited report, by retired B.C. Court of Appeal justice Thomas Braidwood, was released Friday June 18, 2010 in Vancouver. Braidwood stated "This tragic case is at its heart a story of shameful conduct by a few officers. It ought not to reflect unfairly on the many thousands of RCMP and other police officers who have, through years of public service, protected our communities and earned a well-deserved reputation for doing so." Braidwood said he would leave any further questions about possible charges against the officers for the Crown to decide.[65] As there had now been a public inquiry, the Chief Coroner for British Columbia decided against holding an inquest into Dziekański's death.[66]

On June 29, 2010, Special Prosecutor Richard Peck released an opinion there was sufficient new evidence to reopen the investigation into conduct of the four RCMP officers. The province's Criminal Justice Branch decided in December 2008 not to charge the officers, saying their use of force was reasonable in the circumstances, but Peck said the inquiry unearthed new evidence and he recommended that the decision not to lay charges should be revisited.[67]

Other Investigations

Investigation completed:

Status unknown:

Apology

Almost two and a half years after the incident, the RCMP issued an apology to Dziekański's mother, Zofia Cisowski. Gary Bass, the RCMP deputy commissioner of the Pacific region formally apologized during a news conference at the Vancouver International Airport on April 1, 2010. Cisowski accepted the apology, confirmed she had accepted a financial settlement as compensation for her son's death and that she would drop the lawsuit she filed in 2009 against the federal and provincial governments, the airport and the four RCMP officers who fired the stun gun at her son.[85] Prior to this apology, Sgt. Tim Shields (now Inspector Tim Shields) who was at that time the head of the Communications Section for the BC RCMP, issued the RCMP's first apology on the case on April 21, 2009 for inaccuracies in the RCMP's public statements and communications and admitted that errors had been made.[86] This was the first apology given by the RCMP.[87][88]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "He spent 10 hours frustrated by airport bureaucracy. Just 24 seconds later, police shot him with tasers". Toronto: The Globe and Mail. 26 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2009-03-29. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  2. ↑ Rolfsen, Catherine (18 November 2007). "Hundreds mourn Robert Dziekanski". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
  3. 1 2 3 Fong, Petti (12 December 2008). "No charges in Taser death, B.C. Crown says". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
  4. ↑ http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20071121_170056_9496
  5. ↑ "Dziekanski sought new life". Vancouver Sun. 17 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
  6. 1 2 3 "Preliminary Report on the Circumstances of the Death of Robert Dziekanski" (pdf). Vancouver Airport Authority. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
  7. ↑ "Grieving mother recalls plans for new life with son". CBC News. 15 November 2007. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
  8. 1 2 "Robert Dziekanski timeline: His tragic, final hours". National Post. 8 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "# Report Pertaining to the Interaction of the CBSA With Robert Dziekanski on October 13–14, 2007 Appendix A: Chronology of Events" (pdf). Canada Border Services Agency. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Taser officers should be prosecuted: Polish official". CBC News. 16 November 2007. Archived from the original on November 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  11. ↑ http://www.gazetagazeta.com/artman/publish/article_22736.shtml
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Taser video shows RCMP shocked immigrant within 25 seconds of their arrival". CBC News. 14 November 2007. Archived from the original on December 19, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  13. ↑ "Witness blames RCMP, Vancouver airport for death of Tasered man". CBC News. 19 October 2007. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  14. ↑ "Supervising officer ordered Taser use on Dziekanski". CBC News. 23 March 2009. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
  15. ↑ CBC News (2009-04-02). "Dziekanski's mother has 'lost faith' in justice system, wants new probe". CBC News. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
  16. 1 2 3 "Man died after 4 Taser jolts, witness alleges". CBC News. 16 October 2007. Archived from the original on November 3, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  17. ↑ CBC News (2009-03-02). "Dziekanski jolted again after falling to floor, Mountie testifies". Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  18. ↑ "Officer monitoring Dziekanski wasn't up to date in first aid". CBC News. 2009-03-24. Archived from the original on April 6, 2010.
  19. ↑ "Police say they won't return witness's video of airport Taser incident". CBC News. 30 October 2007. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  20. ↑ "Cash for Taser video will pay for father's medical treatment: Pritchard". CBC News. 15 November 2007. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
  21. ↑ "Airport death video shows man's final moments". CTV.ca. 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2009-03-18. Pritchard told The Verdict that media outlets in B.C. paid him for access to the video, but he did not sell it to the highest bidder. He said he did not ask for money, but reporters offered him a fee for the video.
  22. ↑ "Video released of police using Taser on man". CanWest News Service. 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
  23. ↑ Camille Bains, "RCMP monitored Dziekanski's breathing and pulse till help arrived". The Canadian Press, 2007. CBC News. Retrieved 2007-12-07. Lawyer, Walter Kosteckyj, a former RCMP officer said he also doesn't understand "why one of the officers, seen in the video recording, collapsed his expandable baton beside Dziekanski's head" when he was on the ground. "That may have frightened him even more," he said.
  24. ↑ "Video of tasered man's death raises questions about RCMP tactics". CanWest News Service. 14 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
  25. ↑ "RCMP revised taser policy to allow multiple jolts". Toronto: The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  26. ↑ "Letter re: Complaint against the RCMP over public statements and actions in the investigation of the in-custody death of Robert Dziekanski" (PDF). BC Civil Liberties Association. 13 November 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2012.
  27. ↑ "Appendix C – BCCLA Complaint re Media Issues". Report Following a Public Interest Investigation into a Chair-Initiated Complaint Respecting the Death in RCMP Custody of Mr. Robert Dziekanski. Commission for Public Complaints Against the RCMP. 8 December 2009.
  28. ↑ "RCMP falsehoods on Dziekanski's death". Toronto: The Globe and Mail. 16 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  29. ↑ |Criminal Justice Branch statement
  30. ↑ Disgraced B.C. Mountie resigns before sentencing
  31. ↑ No charges for Mounties in Dziekanski Taser death
  32. ↑ No charges in Taser death, BC Crown Says
  33. ↑ "Court denies RCMP officer's claim he drank after fatal crash". CBC News. 4 March 2009. Archived from the original on March 10, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
  34. ↑ Rundel v. British Columbia – Braidwood Commission, 2009 BCSC 814, at para. 11, edited transcript of the oral reasons for judgment of Silverman J., June 15, 2009.
  35. ↑ Rundel v. British Columbia – Braidwood Commission, 2009 BCSC 814, at para. 17, edited transcript of the oral reasons for judgment of Silverman J., June 15, 2009.
  36. ↑ Bentley v. Braidwood, 2009 BCCA 604, Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Madam Justice Saunders, December 29, 2009.
  37. ↑ "Mountie cleared of perjury charge related to inquiry into Dziekanski taser death". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). 2013-07-29.
  38. ↑ http://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/canada/judge-rules-mountie-lied-at-inquiry-into-robert-dziekanskis-death/ar-BBhO7gF?ocid=mailsignoutmd
  39. ↑ http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/b-c-mountie-gets-2-5-years-in-prison-for-lying-at-public-inquiry-into-dziekanski-death-1.2434753
  40. ↑ "Ban Tasers, says civil liberties group". Ottawa Citizen. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  41. ↑ "Amnesty International calls for moratorium on Taser use". The Province. 19 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
  42. ↑ "Critics demand police shelve Tasers after Montreal man dies". CBC News. 19 October 2007. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  43. ↑ "Man dies after police jolt him with stun gun". CNN. 18 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-18.
  44. ↑ "Suspects' deaths blamed on ‘excited delirium’". Associated Press. 25 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  45. 1 2 3 "In Depth: Is 'excited delirium' at the root of many Taser deaths?". CBC News. 15 November 2007. Archived from the original on November 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-18.
  46. ↑ "No drugs, alcohol in man who died at airport". CTV. 26 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-18.
  47. 1 2 "Polish consul general in Vancouver demands answers for death". CBC News. 26 October 2007. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  48. ↑ CBC News http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2009/04/29/bc-taser-inquiry-butt.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  49. ↑ Charles Lee, MD, FRCPC. "Final Report - Report of Postmortem Examination" (PDF). CBC News. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  50. ↑ "Airport death video shows man's final moments". CTV.ca. 14 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  51. ↑ "More people to blame than just the Mounties". Vancouver Province. 16 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  52. ↑ "Taser report spurs reforms". Vancouver Sun. 26 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  53. ↑ "A statement of the Embassy of Poland on the decision of the B.C. Ministry of Attorney General's Criminal Justice Branch in Robert Dziekański's case". 2008-12-12. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  54. ↑ "TREATY BETWEEN CANADA AND THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND ON MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS". Canada Treaty Information. 1994-09-12. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
  55. ↑ Peter O'Neil (2009-02-27). "Canada blocking Taser investigation: Poland". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  56. ↑ Tonda MacCharles (2007-11-29). "Polish prosecutor probes Taser incident". TheStar.com (Toronto). Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  57. ↑ "Day rebuffs call for full national review of Taser use". CBC News. 15 November 2007. Archived from the original on November 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  58. ↑ "Opposition calls for special prosecutor to look into airport death". CBC News. 15 November 2007. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  59. ↑ "Ottawa police zap officer with Taser to show device's safety". CBC News. 16 November 2007. Archived from the original on November 18, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  60. ↑ "We can learn from Taser video, B.C. premier says". CBC News. 15 November 2007. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
  61. ↑ Purpose and Terms of Reference
  62. ↑ http://www.straight.com/article-194092/dziekanski-inquiry-could-find-misconduct Braidwood Inquiry to investigate RCMP officers
  63. ↑ "Braidwood Inquiry Hearing Transcripts". Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  64. ↑ "Braidwood Inquiry Hearings Schedule". Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  65. ↑ Petrovic, Curt (Jun 18, 2010). "RCMP wrong to use Taser on Dziekanski: report". CBC News. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  66. ↑ Coroners Service will not hold inquest into Dziekanski death
  67. ↑ New evidence enough to reopen Dziekanski death investigation: prosecutor
  68. ↑ Taser use to continue in Manitoba
  69. ↑ "CBSA releases internal report and recommendations following the events at Vancouver International Airport". Canada Border Services Agency. 26 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
  70. ↑ "YVR Implements Immediate Changes to Improve Service". Vancouver Airport Authority. 7 December 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
  71. ↑ "CPC Chair Submits Interim Taser Report to Public Safety Minister Day". Commission for Public Complaints Against the RCMP. 12 December 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-12-15. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  72. ↑ Nova Scotia: Conducted Energy Device (CED) Review
  73. ↑ Clearer taser standards needed, Nova Scotia report says
  74. ↑ No charges urged in Dziekanski report
  75. ↑ RCMP Use of the Conducted Energy Weapon (CEW)
  76. ↑ "News Release: CPC Chair submits final Conducted Energy Weapon Report to Public Safety Minister". 2008-06-18. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  77. ↑ "RCMP Use of the Conducted Energy Weapon (CEW) Final Report". 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  78. ↑ Ban Tasers if RCMP doesn't curb use by year's end: Commons committee
  79. ↑ An Independent Review of the Adoption and Use of Conducted Energy Weapons by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
  80. ↑ "Media Advisory: Chair-Initiated Complaint — In-custody death of Robert DZIEKANSKI — Vancouver, British Columbia". 2007-11-08. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  81. ↑ "Chair-Initiated Public Complaint: In-custody death of Mr. Robert DZIEKANSKI, October 14, 2007". 2007-11-08. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  82. ↑ "Final Status Report: CPC/RCMP Independent Observer Pilot Project: Vancouver International Airport In-Custody Death, Conducted Energy Weapon Deployed". 2008-11-30. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  83. ↑ "Report Following a Public Interest Investigation into a Chair Initiated Complaint Respecting the Death in RCMP Custody of Mr. Robert Dziekanski". 2009-12-08.
  84. ↑ http://home.mytelus.com/telusen/portal/NewsChannel.aspx?CatID=National&ArticleID=news/capfeed/national/n120873A.xml
  85. ↑ "RCMP apologizes to Dziekanski's mother". CBC News. 2010-04-01. Archived from the original on April 4, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
  86. ↑ "RCMP apologizes for inaccuracies in statements on Dziekanski's death". CBC News. April 21, 2009. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
  87. ↑ CBC video of apology
  88. ↑ "RCMP's apology". CBC News. April 21, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2012.

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