Roberta Cowell

Roberta Cowell

Picture of a woman standing in a crowded street, looking away from the camera

Roberta Cowell in Paris, early 1950s
Born Robert Marshall Cowell
(1918-04-08)8 April 1918
Croydon, London[1]
Died 11 October 2011(2011-10-11) (aged 93)[2]
Hampton, London[2]
Nationality British
Alma mater University College London
Occupation Racing driver, aviator, businessperson
Spouse(s) Diana Margaret Zelma Carpenter (1941–1952; divorced)[3]
Children 2
Parent(s)
  • Sir Ernest Marshall Cowell
  • Dorothy Elizabeth Miller

[1]

Military career

Allegiance  United Kingdom
Service/branch  Royal Air Force
Years of service 1942–1945
Rank Pilot officer
Battles/wars World War II

Roberta Elizabeth Marshall Cowell (8 April 1918[1] – 11 October 2011) was a racing driver and World War II fighter pilot. She was the first known British transsexual woman to undergo sex reassignment surgery.[2]

Early life

Roberta Cowell was born Robert Marshall Cowell, one of three children of Major-General Sir Ernest Marshall Cowell KBE CB (1886-1971) and Dorothy Elizabeth Miller (1886–1962).[1]

Sir Ernest was a prominent surgeon who served in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I and became a surgeon at Croydon General Infirmary between the wars. During World War II, he again served in the army and was the Director of Medical Services for Allied forces in North Africa from 1942 to 1944.[4] In 1944, he was made honorary surgeon to King George VI.[5] Post-war, he was Public Medical Officer for the Allied High Commission (the Allied body that governed occupied Germany after the war).

Roberta Cowell attended Whitgift School, a Public School in Croydon and was an enthusiastic member of the school's Motor Club, along with John Cunningham, who would later be famous as an RAF Night fighter ace and test pilot.[Note 1] Towards the end of her school days, she visited Belgium, Germany, and Austria with a school friend. At the time, one of her hobbies was photography and film making, and she was briefly arrested in Germany for shooting a Cine film of a group of Nazis drilling. She secured her release by agreeing to destroy the film, but was able to substitute unused film stock, and keep the original footage.[6]

Cowell left school at the age of 16 to join General Aircraft Limited as an apprentice aircraft engineer, but soon left to join the Royal Air Force, becoming an acting pilot officer on probation on 4 August 1936;[7] Cowell began pilot-training, but was discharged because of air-sickness.

In 1936, Cowell began studying engineering at University College London. Also in that year, she began motor-racing, winning her class at the Land's End Speed Trial in a Riley.[8] She gained initial experience of the sport by sneaking into the area where cars were serviced at the Brooklands racing circuit, wearing mechanic's overalls, and offering help to any driver or mechanic who wanted it.[6] By 1939, she owned three cars and had competed in the 1939 Antwerp Grand Prix.[6]

World War II

A preserved, photo-reconnaissance Spitfire PR. XI (2008)
Hawker Typhoon FR IB, number EK427; this aircraft was flown by 4 Squadron (March 1945)

On 28 December 1940, Cowell was commissioned into the Royal Army Service Corps as second lieutenant,[9] and in June 1941, married Diana Margaret Zelma Carpenter[10] (1917–2006),[11] who also had been an engineering student at UCL with an interest in motor racing.[Note 2] Cowell served in Iceland[Note 3] before transferring from the Army to the RAF on 24 January 1942 with the rank of pilot officer (temporary).[12] She had obtained a private pilot's licence before the war[6] and completed RAF flying training at RAF Ansty.[10]

Cowell served a tour with a front–line Spitfire squadron[Note 4] and then briefly as an instructor. By June 1944, she was flying with No. 4 Squadron RAF, a squadron assigned to the task of Aerial reconnaissance. During the course of the war the squadron had flown a variety of aircraft types but by mid–1944 it was flying the Spitfire PR. XI,[13] an unarmed, camera-equipped version of the Supermarine Spitfire. Shortly before the D-Day landings, on 4 June 1944, she had a lucky escape when the oxygen system of her Spitfire malfunctioned at 31,000 feet (9,400 m) over Fruges, France. She passed out but the aircraft continued flying on its own for around an hour over German–occupied France while being subjected to German anti-aircraft fire, she regained semi-consciousness at low altitude and was able to fly back to the squadron's base at RAF Gatwick.[13][14]

By October 1944, 4 Squadron was based at Deurne, Belgium, on the outskirts of Antwerp.[15] and its Spitfires were supplemented by an allocation of Hawker Typhoon FR IBs, a photo-reconnaissance version of the Hawker Typhoon fighter-bomber.[Note 5] On 18 November 1944, Cowell was piloting one of a pair of Typhoons[Note 6] on a low-level sortie near Bocholt, Germany.[16] South east of Kessel, Cowell attacked targets on the ground, but her aircraft's engine was knocked out and its wing holed by German anti-aircraft fire. Cowell was flying too low to bail-out and instead jettisoned the cockpit canopy and glided her Typhoon to a successful deadstick crash-landing. She was able to contact her companion by radio and confirm she was unhurt before being captured by German troops.[15] Cowell made two escape attempts, reasoning that the chances of success were greatest if the attempt was made quickly, while still close to the front–line.[17] However, the attempts failed and she was taken further into Germany, spending several weeks in solitary confinement at an interrogation centre for captured Allied aircrew,[17] before being moved to the prisoner–of–war camp Stalag Luft I.[17][18]

Cowell remained a prisoner for around five months, occupying the time by teaching classes in automotive-engineering to fellow inmates.[17] In her biography, she describes the situational sexual behaviour shown by some of the camp's Allied prisoners, and her discomfort at being propositioned by prisoners who assumed she also wanted to take part in this. She was offered the part of a woman in a camp theatrical production but turned it down, as she thought this would make her appear homosexual in the eyes of other prisoners.[17] Towards the end of the war, food became short at the camp; Cowell lost 50 pounds (23 kg) in weight, and later described killing the camp's cats and eating them raw because of hunger.[19]

By April 1945, the advancing Red Army was approaching. The initial German intention was to evacuate the camp, but the prisoners refused to leave. After negotiations between the Senior American Officer and the Kommandant, the Germans guarding Stalag Luft I abandoned it and evacuated towards the west, leaving the prisoners behind. The unguarded and undefended camp was reached by the Red Army on the night of 30 April 1945. Commonwealth personnel were flown back to the United Kingdom some two weeks later, between 12 and 14 May, by aircraft of the United States Army Air Forces.[20][21][Note 7]

Postwar life

After demobilization, Cowell was engaged in a number of business ventures until, in 1946, she founded a motor-racing team and competed in events across Europe, including the Brighton Speed Trials and the Grand Prix at Rouen-Les-Essarts.[8]

However her autobiography frankly describes this as a time of great distress. She also experienced traumatic flashback when watching the film Mine Own Executioner, in which the hero is shot-down by anti-aircraft fire while flying a Spitfire.[22]

In 1948, Cowell separated from her wife and, suffering from depression, she sought out a leading Freudian psychiatrist of the time, but was unsatisfied by the help he offered.[22] Sessions with a second Freudian psychiatrist, described in her biography only as a Scottish man with a less orthodox approach to his profession, gradually revealed, in her own words, that her "unconscious mind was predominantly female" and "feminine side of my nature, which all my life I had known of and severely repressed, was very much more fundamental and deep-rooted than I had supposed."[22]

Gender reassignment

By 1950, Cowell was taking large doses of oestrogen, but was still living as a man.[23] She had become acquainted with Michael Dillon, a physician who was the first British female-to-male transsexual, after reading his 1946 volume Self: A Study in Endocrinology and Ethics. This work proposed that individuals should have the right to change gender, to have the kind of body they desired.[23] The two developed a close friendship. Dillon subsequently carried out an inguinal orchiectomy on Cowell. Secrecy was necessary for this as the procedure was then illegal in the United Kingdom and no surgeon would agree to perform it openly.

Cowell then presented herself to a private Harley Street gynaecologist and was able to obtain from him a document stating she was intersex. This allowed her to have a new birth certificate issued, with her recorded sex changed to female.[24] She had a vaginoplasty on 15 May 1951. The operation was carried out by Sir Harold Gillies, widely considered the father of plastic surgery,[25] with the assistance of American surgeon Ralph Millard. Gillies had operated on Michael Dillon, but vaginoplasty was then an entirely novel procedure, which Gillies had only performed experimentally on a cadaver.

Later life

By 1954, her two business ventures, a racing car engineering company (Leacroft of Egham) and a clothing company had both ceased trading and her change of legal gender had made it impossible for her to continue Grand Prix motor racing.[26] However, in March 1954, news of her gender reassignment broke, gaining public interest around the world. In the United Kingdom, her story was published in the magazine Picture Post, and Cowell received a fee of around £8000 from the magazine (equivalent to £200,000 in 2015, when adjusted for inflation).[27] Cowell's biography was published soon after this, earning a further £1500 (£37 thousand)

In the United States, the widespread sensation caused by the news stories about Christine Jorgensen in 1952 had introduced the American public to the concept of changing sex, and the press had continued to print a steady stream of stories about others who had done so, mostly male to female trans women.[28] Such reports tended to conflate the unrelated concepts of sexual orientation and gender identity, so transsexuality had become closely associated in the public mind with male homosexuality (during this period, highly taboo) and effeminacy amongst men. Cowell's story consequently appeared confusing as it disrupted this narrative. Her marriage, her parenting of children, her wartime combat service and her association with motor racing were, during this period, perceived as strong markers of heterosexual masculinity; these aspects of her life were described repeatedly in press reports.[29]

She continued to be active in motor racing and attracted some publicity for winning the 1957 Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb. In November 1958, she acquired an ex-RAF de Havilland Mosquito (number TK-655, civil registration G-AOSS).[30] Her intention was to use the aircraft for a record-breaking flight over the South Atlantic.[31] However, the project fell through due to a lack of suitable engines[31] and in 1958 she became bankrupt[32] with debts totaling £12,580 (£265 thousand).[26] By 1959, G-AOSS was a derelict hulk[33] and its remains were scrapped in 1960.[31]

Her financial difficulties continued, as she found it difficult to get employment.[34] In later years, she largely dropped out of the public eye. However she was still an active figure in British motor racing in the 1970s.[8] She also continued flying and by this time had logged over 1600 hours as a pilot.[35]

A brief interview with Sunday Times journalist Michael Bateman appeared in March 1972, when she was working on an (unpublished) second biography.[35] In the interview, she stated she was an intersex individual with the chromosomal abnormality XX male syndrome, and that the condition justified her transition.[Note 8] She also spoke in derogatory terms of those individuals with XY chromosomes who also underwent male to female gender reassignment, saying "The people who have followed me have often been those with male chromosomes, XY. So they’ve been normal people who’ve turned themselves into freaks by means of the operation."[35]

In the 1990s, Cowell moved into sheltered accommodation in Hampton, London although she continued to own and drive large, powerful cars. She died on 11 October 2011. Her funeral was attended by only six people and (on her instructions) was unpublicised - her death was not publicly reported until two years later, when a profile of her was printed in The Independent newspaper in October 2013.[2]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Her autobiography does not name her school, but states Cunningham was a fellow pupil. Whitgift was the school he attended.
  2. ↑ Diana Carpenter was the first woman to graduate from UCL with an engineering degree.
  3. ↑ Iceland was occupied by 25,000 British troops between May 1940 and May 1941, see Iceland during World War II
  4. ↑ Unnamed in her autobiography.
  5. ↑ Built in small numbers, the FR IB was intended for photo-reconnaissance at very low level and was intended to complement the Spitfire reconnaissance aircraft, which were operated at high altitude. Unlike the Spitfire, it was armed – one of the Typhoon's four cannon was removed and three F24 cameras were fitted in its place, one pointing forwards and two down. However, although the Typhoon was well regarded as a combat aircraft, the reconnaissance version was unpopular with pilots and unsatisfactory in this role – inherent engine and airframe vibrations invariably blurred the photographs.
  6. ↑ She was flying Typhoon number EK429,see: Franks (2000). The other aircraft was flown by Flt. Lt. Draper.
  7. ↑ Known as Operation Revival, the repatriation of prisoners used American transport aircraft for the sick and wounded, and Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers for the healthy. Wooden floor–boards were installed in the B–17s' bomb-bays, to make an extemporized passenger compartment and as many as 30 men were crammed into each bomber. Commonwealth ex-prisoners were flown to the United Kingdom, American ex-prisoners were flown to Camp Lucky Strike near Le Havre, France, for return to the United States by sea. The Western Allies were anxious to quickly remove their personnel from areas under Soviet control, for fear they might be used as hostages. See: Howland (2004)
  8. ↑ XX-male syndrome is sometimes known as de la Chapelle syndrome, for the Finnish researcher who characterized it in, 1972; see de la Chapelle (1972). Those with this condition have a female genotype, but are usually typical boys or men. However, it must be noted that Roberta Cowell stated in her biography she had two children, in July 1942 and August 1944 (see Cowell (1952), chapter 4), and individuals with XX-male syndrome are sterile, due to Azoospermia. Often, they only become aware of their condition when being evaluated for infertility.

References

Citations
  1. 1 2 3 4 "Roberta Cowell's Birth Certificate". Changeling Aspects website. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Bell, Matthew (27 October 2013). "'It's easier to change a body than to change a mind': The extraordinary life and lonely death of Roberta Cowell". The Independent. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  3. ↑ "Roberta Cowell's Divorce Certificate". Changeling Aspects website. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  4. ↑ "Cowell, Major-General Sir Ernest Marshall (1886-1971)". Welcome Collection. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
  5. ↑ "Maj-Gen Sir Ernest Cowell Wartime medical services in the Mediterranean". The Times (58110). 27 February 1971. p. 14.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Cowell (1952) Chapter 1
  7. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 34321. p. 5793. 8 September 1936.
  8. 1 2 3 Bouzanquet, p.99
  9. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35056. p. 550. 24 January 1941. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  10. 1 2 Cowell (1952) Chapter 2
  11. ↑ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  12. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 35467. p. 908. 24 February 1942.
  13. 1 2 Yoxoll, p.262
  14. ↑ Hawkins, Harry. "Gatwick Wartime History". Hawkeye. Gatwick Aviation Society. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  15. 1 2 "History of No 4 Squadron Part 3 - World War II". http://www.rafjever.org/. Retrieved 9 September 2011. External link in |publisher= (help)
  16. ↑ Franks, p.116
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Cowell (1952) Chapter 4
  18. ↑ "Air Force PoWs, Caban, E G, to Czuvenichowicz, C". http://www.rafcommands.com. Retrieved 12 August 2012. External link in |publisher= (help)
  19. ↑ Kennedy p.58
  20. ↑ Charles Reed Holden. "Operation Revival". Stalag Luft I Online. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  21. ↑ Howland, John (21 March 2004). "Operation Revival: Rescuing the POWs from Stalag Luft 1" (PDF). 91st Bomb Group Memorial Association. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  22. 1 2 3 Cowell (1952) Chapter 5
  23. 1 2 Kennedy p.3
  24. ↑ Kennedy (2008) p.94
  25. ↑ "Walter Ernest O'Neil Yeo - One of the first people to undergo Plastic Surgery". The Yeo Society. 28 August 2008.
  26. 1 2 "Got £8,000 For Life Story" Miss Roberta Cowell's Debts". The Times (54182) (London). 20 June 1958. p. 6.
  27. ↑ UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Gregory Clark (2016), "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" MeasuringWorth.
  28. ↑ Meyerowitz p.81
  29. ↑ Meyerowitz p.83
  30. ↑ "G-AOSS" (PDF). UK Register of Civil Aircraft. Civil Aviation Authority. Retrieved 2013-06-03.
  31. 1 2 3 Thirsk, p.381
  32. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 41372. p. 2636. 25 April 1958.
  33. ↑ "De Havilland DH.98 Mosquito B35, G-AOSS, Derby Aviation". Air Britain Photographic Images Collection. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  34. ↑ "No Jobs For Miss Roberta Cowell". The Times (55305) (London). 2 February 1962. p. 5.
  35. 1 2 3 Michael Bateman (12 March 1972). "Atticus". Sunday Times. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
Bibliography
  • Cowell, Roberta Elizabeth (1954). Roberta Cowell's Story (PDF). Heinemann. 
  • Bouzanquet, Jean Francois (2009). Fast Ladies: Female Racing Drivers 1888 to 1970. Veloce Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1845842251. 
  • Kennedy, Pagan (2008). The First Man–Made Man. Bloomsbury. ISBN 159691016X. 
  • Franks, Norman (2000). Royal Air Force Fighter Command Losses of the Second World War. 3 Operational Losses: Aircraft and Crews 1944-1945. Midland Publishing. ISBN 1857800931. 
  • de la Chapelle A (1972). "Analytic review: nature and origin of males with XX sex chromosomes". Am J Hum Genet 24 (1): 71–105. PMC 1762158. PMID 4622299. 
  • Meyerowitz, Joanne (2002). How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States. Cambridge,. Harvard Universoty Press. ISBN 0674013794. 
  • Thirsk, Ian (2006). De Havilland Mosquito:An Illustrated History. MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0859791157. 
  • Yoxall, John (30 May 1946). "No. 4 Squadron RAF". Flight LVII (2148). ISSN 0015-3710. Retrieved 6 August 2011. 

External links

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