Roman Crimea

Anonymous city-ruler in the Bosporan Kingdom, c. 180 CE.

The Crimean Peninsula (at the time known as Taurica) was under partial control of the Roman Empire during the period of 47 BCE to c. 340 CE. The territory under Roman control mostly coincided with the Bosporan Kingdom (although under Nero, from 62 to 68 CE; it was briefly attached to the Roman Province of Moesia Inferior).^[1] Rome lost its influence in Taurica in the mid third century, when substantial parts of the peninsula fell to the Goths, but at least nominally the kingdom survived until the 340s. Byzantium, the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire, later regained the Crimea under Justinian I. The Byzantine Greeks controlled portions of the peninsula well into the Late Middle Ages.

Roman Empire

Rome started to dominate the Crimea peninsula (then called Taurica) in the 1st century BCE. The initial area of their penetration was mainly in eastern Crimea (Bosporus kingdom) and in the western Greek city of Chersonesos.^[2] The interior was only nominally under Roman rule.^[3]

In ancient times Crimea was known as "Chersonesus Taurica", from the name of the Tauri, who were descendants of the Cimmerians. Many Greek colonists settled in Taurica: their most renowned colony was Chersonesos. In 114 BCE the Bosporus kingdom accepted the overlordship of Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus, as a protection from tribes of Scythians. For nearly five centuries after the defeat of Mithridates by the Roman Pompey, Crimea was under the suzerainty of Rome.

The main Roman settlement was Charax, a castrum probably built around 60–65, and the main naval Roman base was in Chersonesos.^[4]

When the Romans arrived at Taurica, they set up their camp and built a fortress and a temple of Jupiter Dolichenus on the coast of the harbor of Balaklava, then called Symbolon Limen.^[5]

Tiberius Julius Aspurgus (8 BCE – 38) founded a line of Bosporan Kings which endured with some interruptions until 341. Originally called Aspurgus, he adopted the Roman names "Tiberius Julius" because he received Roman citizenship and enjoyed the patronage of the first two Roman Emperors, Augustus and Tiberius. All of the following kings adopted these two Roman names followed by a third name, mostly of Pontic, Thracian or Sarmatian origin. Bosporan kings struck coinage throughout the kingdom period, which included gold staters bearing portraits of the respective Roman Emperors.

In 67, Emperor Nero prepared a military expedition to conquer for Rome all the northern shores of the Black sea from Georgia-Azerbaijan to what is now Romania-Moldavia, but his death stopped the project. For this reason he probably put Taurica under direct Roman rule and created the Charax castrum.^[6] He extended the Roman province of Lower Moesia to Tyras, Olbia and Taurica (the peninsula of Crimea).

Taurica enjoyed a relative golden period under Roman leadership during the 2nd century CE, with huge commerce of wheat, clothing, wine and slaves.

The prosperous merchant-towns (of Taurica), permanently in need of military protection amidst a flux of barbaric peoples, held to Rome as the advanced posts to the main army....(during that century) Roman troops were stationed in the peninsula, perhaps a division of the Pontic fleet, certainly a detachment of the Moesian army, (other garrisons in Panticapaeum and Chersonesos); their presence even in small numbers showed to the barbarians that the dreaded legionary stood behind (the Bosporanum Regnum).^[7]

The region was temporarily conquered by the Goths in 250. The last client king of the Roman Empire in Taurica was Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis VI, who died in 342. Rhescuporis seems to have minted coins as late as 341, indicating that there was some extent of political control over the remnants of the kingdom at this point. The remnants of the Bosporan kingdom were finally swept away with the invasion of the Huns in 375/6.

Charax

The largest Roman military settlement in Crimea was Charax ^[8] It was sited on a four-hectare area at the western ridge of "Ai Todor", close to the modern Yalta castle of Swallow's Nest.

When in 62–66 CE the Roman garrisons were installed in Taurica, Charax became one of their strongholds. The Romans built a fortress and stationed a sub-unit (vexillatio) of the "Ravenna squadron". Charax was a very important strategic point, because it allowed the Romans to establish control over the navigation along the Crimean coast.

The military camp was fully developed under Vespasian with the intention of protecting Chersonesos and other Bosporean trade emporiums from the Scythians.^[9] By the end of the 1st century, the Roman forces were evacuated from the Crimea peninsula.

Several decades later the camp was restored by a vexillatio of the Legio I Italica: it hosted a detachment of the Legio XI Claudia at the end of the 2nd century. In this century, new stone walls were added to the fortress and a new Roman road was built, connecting Charax to Chersonesos.^[10]

The camp was abandoned by the Romans at the end of the 3rd century.

Roman client kings

Ruins of Panticapaeum, main city of the Bosporan kingdom during Roman times

These are the Roman client kings of the Bosporan Kingdom:

• Pharnaces 64 BCE – 47 BCE
• Mithridates I 47 BCE – 44 BCE
• Asander 47 BCE, then 44 BCE – 17 BCE
• Scribonius 17 BCE – 16 BCE
• Dynamis with Asander 47 BCE, then 44 BCE – 17 BCE, then with Polemon from 16 BCE until her death in 14 BCE
• Polemon 16 BCE – 8 BCE
• Aspurgus 8 BCE – 38 CE
• Mithridates II 38 – 46 CE
• Cotys I 46 – 63
• Roman Province 63 – 68
• Rhescuporis I 68 – 90
• Sauromates I 90 – 123
• Cotys II 123 – 132
• Rhoemetalces 132 – 153
• Eupator 153 – 174
• Sauromates II 174 – 210/1
• Rhescuporis II 210/1 – 227
• Rhescuporis III 210/1 – 227
• Cotys III 227 – 235
• Sauromates III 229 – 232
• Rhescuporis IV 233 – 235
• Ininthimeus 235 – 240
• Rhescuporis V 240 – 276
• Pharsanzes 253 – 254
• Synges 258 – 276
• Teiranes 275 – 279
• Sauromates IV 276
• Theothorses 278 – 309
• Rhescuporis VI 303 – 342
• Rhadamsades 308 – 323

Episcopal sees

Ancient episcopal sees of Roman Crimea (Zechia) that are listed in the Annuario Pontificio as titular sees include:^[11]

• Bosporus (City) (Kerch), Byzantine? Archbishopric
• Chersonesus in Zechia
• Matrega
• Nicopsis (Tuapse)
• Phulli (Stary Krym), ?Archbishopric
• Soldaia
• Sugdaea
• Tanais

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire again took control of the region under Justinian I.

The "Regnum Bosporanum" during Roman emperor Trajan conquests

In the 6th century, probably at the end of the reign of Justinian I, the status of Roman Crimea changed. Taurica became the Province of Chersonesos, which also included Bosporos and the southern coast of Crimea.

This enlargement of Byzantine Taurica resulted in the elevation of the ranks of its governors. In the second half of the 6th century, the military and civil authorities in the region were entrusted to the military deputy, "doux Chersonos".

Furthermore, the city of Chersonnesos was used by the Romans as a place of banishment: St. Clement of Rome was exiled there and first preached to Gospel. Another exile was Justinian II, who is said to have destroyed the city in revenge.

Most of Roman Crimea fell under Khazar overlordship in the late 7th century.

In the mid-8th century the rebellious Crimean Goths were put down by the Khazars and their city, Doros (modern Mangup) occupied. A Khazar "tudun" (ruler) was resident at Chersonesos already in 690, despite the fact that this town was nominally subject to the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine emperors controlled the southern shores of the Crimea peninsula until the 13th century. Control then passed to the Empire of Trebizond, one of the successor states to the Byzantine Empire after the sack of Constantinople in 1204. Another offshoot, the Principality of Theodoro, endured until 1475, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.^[12]

There are many series of Roman coins from the 1st century BCE to about 300, and also some from the Byzantine period.^[13]

See also

• Bosporan Kingdom
• Strait of Kerch
• History of Crimea
• Roman Empire
• Charax
• Taurica
• List of Kings of Cimmerian Bosporus

Notes

1. Bosporus: Roman control of ancient Crimea
2. Romans in Chersonesos
3. Romans in Taurus mountains
4. Migliorati, Guido (2003). Cassio Dione e l'impero romano da Nerva ad Anotonino Pio: alla luce dei nuovi documenti. Vita e Pensiero. p. 6. ISBN 88-343-1065-9.
5. Symbolon Limen
6. Marco Bais. Albania caucasica: ethnos, storia, territorio attraverso le fonti greche, latine e armene p. 86
7. Mommsen. The Provinces of the Roman Empire, p. 317
8. For other Roman settlements in the Crimea, see В.М. Зубарь "Таврика и Римская империя: Римские войска и укрепления в Таврике". Kiev, 2004.
9. Article on "Харакс" in the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, 3rd edition, 1969–78.
10. Charax castrum
11. Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), "Sedi titolari", pp. 819–1013
12. Vasiliev, A.A. (1936). The Goths in the Crimea.
13. Coinage and information about the Bosporan Kings

Bibliography

• University of Texas at Austin. Institute of Classical Archaeology; Nat͡s͡ionalʹnyĭ zapovidnyk "Khersones Tavriĭsʹkyĭ." (2003). Crimean Chersonesos: city, chora, museum, and environs. University of Texas at Austin Institute of. ISBN 978-0-9708879-2-4. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
• Fornasier, Jochen; Böttger, Burkhard (2002). Das Bosporanische Reich: der Nordosten des Schwarzen Meeres in der Antike. ISBN 978-3-8053-2895-1.
• Theodor Mommsen; William Purdie Dickson (1996). The provinces of the Roman Empire, from Caesar to Diocletian. ISBN 978-0-7607-0145-4.