Roman mosaic

Mosaic with Xenia

A Roman Mosaic is a mosaic made during the Roman period, throughout the Roman Empire. Mosaics were used in a variety of private and public buildings.[1]

Development

The earliest examples of Roman mosaic flooring date to the late Republican period (2nd century BC) and are housed in Delos, though tessellated pavements were used in Europe from the late fifth to early fourth centuries BC.[2]

The outstanding examples of Late Imperial period are the mosaics in the villa of Casale (c. 300 AD) in Sicily. The mosaic decoration of local palace complex culminates in the gallery, which contains a scene of animal hunting and fighting covering an area of 3,200 square feet (300 square metres).[3]

The Alexander Mosaic, ca. 100 BC

Technology

Roman mosaics are constructed from geometrical blocks called tesserae,[4] placed together to create the shapes of figures, motifs and patterns.[5] Materials for tesserae were obtained from local sources of natural stone, with the additions of cut brick, tile and pottery creating coloured shades of, predominantly, blue, black, red, white and yellow.[5] Polychrome patterns were most common, but monochrome examples are known.[6] Marble and glass were occasionally used as tesserae,[7] as were small pebbles[8] and precious metals like gold.[9] Mosaic decoration was not just confined to floors but featured on walls and vaults as well. Traces of guidelines have been found beneath some mosaics, either scored into or painted onto the mortar bedding. The design might also be pegged out in string,[5] or mounted in a wooden frame.[10]

The collapse of buildings in antiquity can, paradoxically, both irrevocably destroy mosaics or protect and preserve them.[5]

Development

Mosaic with Xenia Fourth century AD Pius Clementine museum, Vatican Museums

The earliest examples of Roman floor mosaics are dated to the late Republican period (2nd century BC) and are housed in Delos,[11] though tessellated pavements were used in Europe from the late fifth to early fourth centuries BC.[5]

The outstanding examples of Late Imperial period are the mosaics in the villa of Casale (c. 300 AD) in Sicily. The mosaic decoration of local palace complex culminates in the gallery, which contains a scene of animal hunting and fighting covering an area of 3,200 square feet (300 square metres).[11]

Imagery

As well as geometric patterns and designs, Roman mosaics frequently depicted divine characters or mythological scenes.[12][13]

Portraits

Imagery of famous individuals or entertaining scenes are common on Roman mosaics. The Alexander Mosaic from the House of the Faun, Pompeii depicts the Battle of Issus between Alexander the Great and Darius III.[14] In addition to famous people from antiquity, mosaics can depict aspects of daily life. The Gladiator Mosaic from Rome depicts a fighting scene, naming each gladiator involved. A gladiatorial scene is also known from Leptis Magna.[15]

Religion

One of the earliest depictions of Roman Christianity is a mosaic from Hinton St Mary (in Dorset, England) which shows Christ with a Chi-Rho behind his head. The mosaic is now in the British Museum.[16]

Emblems

Progression within the mosaic technique developed the emblem, the "heart" of all mosaics. The word emblem is used to describe a small mosaic featuring a little genre scene or still life, characterised by particularly thin tesserae made separately and mounted in a central or important position in the main panel.

Notable examples

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bertoldi, Susanna (2011). The Vatican Museums: discover the history, the works of art, the collections. Sillabe. ISBN 978-88-8271-210-5.
  2. ↑
  3. ↑
  4. ↑ Dunbabin, Katherine M. D. (2006). Mosaics of the Greek and Roman world. Cambridge University Press. p. 280.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Witts, Patricia (2010). Mosaics in Roman Britain: Stories in Stone. Stroud: History Press.
  6. ↑ Packard, Pamela M. (1980). "A Monochrome Mosaic at Isthmia" (PDF). Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 49 (4): 326–346. JSTOR 147913. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  7. ↑ Ricciardi, Paola; Colomban, Philippe; Tournié, Aurélie; Macchiarola, Michele; Ayed, Naceur (2009). "A non-invasive study of Roman Age mosaic glass tesserae by means of Raman spectroscopy". Journal of Archaeological Science 36 (11): 2551–2559. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.07.008.
  8. ↑ Donaldson, M. Katherine (1965). "A Pebble Mosaic in Peiraeus" (PDF). Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 34 (2): 77–88. JSTOR 147018. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  9. ↑ Neri, Elisabetta; Verità, Marco (2013). "Glass and metal analyses of gold leaf tesserae from 1st to 9th century mosaics. A contribution to technological and chronological knowledge". Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (12): 4596–4606. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.07.017.
  10. ↑ Oliver, Andrew (2001). "A Glass Opus Sectile Panel from Corinth" (PDF). Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 70 (3): 349–363. JSTOR 3182066. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  11. 1 2 "Roman mosaics". Britannica. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  12. ↑ "Physical Aspects of the Polytheistic Roman Style". Tufts University. 2005. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  13. ↑ C., Rawan (11 March 2015). "Roman Mosaic Discoveries Made Through Time". Mozaico. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  14. ↑ Knox, E.L. Skip. "Alexander the Great - The Battle of Issus (334)". History of Western Civilization, Boise State University. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  15. ↑ "Roman mosaic found in Libya". News24. 14 June 2005. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  16. ↑ "The Hinton St Mary Mosaic". British Museum. 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.

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