Romano-Celtic temple

Romano-Celtic temple at Maiden Castle

Jordan Hill Romano-Celtic Temple

Romano-Celtic temple revealed during excavation at 56 Gresham Street, London

A Romano-Celtic temple (more specifically a Romano-British temple in Great Britain, or Gallo-Roman temple in the Continental region formerly comprising Gaul) is a sub-class of Roman temple found in the north-western provinces of the Roman Empire. Many may have had roots in the later Iron Age^[1] either in direct relation to pre-Roman structures or on sites with pre-Roman activity.^[1]

Layout

Each temple normally consisted of a box-like cella, of variable height, surrounded by an ambulatory or veranda^[2] built from stone, wood or both.^[1] This floor-plan is typically square or rectangular, but triangular, circular and polygonal layouts are also known.^[3] In size they vary considerably with the outer ambulatory ranging from 8.5m to 22m in length^[4] and the cella from 5.1m to 16m^[4] A central tower building, accessible from a door on one side, was usually roofed, as was the ambulatory, though the tower may rise above the height of the surrounding ambulatory or be pitched so that the two features join together.^[3] Some features of the Classical Roman temples are included in the architectural tradition of these temples,^[5] such as the addition of columns as part of the exterior wall; ambulatories may remain open or be delineated by a short wall or wall-and-colonnade.^[3] The internal features included mosaic floors^[6] and decorative wall paintings.^[2] Structures often, but not without exception, stand within a temenos or sacred enclosure.^[4]

Religious function

Temples, as centres of religious ceremonies and festivals, may have attracted people from surrounding areas.^[7] Each temple would be dedicated to one or more gods, with a statue in the cella. Votive offerings such as coins, pottery,^[8] statues, miniature votive figurines^[9] can be found both within the building and in the surrounding ambulatory^[10] and temenos, suggesting that access may be available throughout the structure and that the external architectural components also serve a purpose within the ritual environment of the temple. The temple at Woodeaton produced evidence for multiple hearths within the temple superstructure,^[11] suggesting the use of fire within the religious worship at that site.

A priest would perform religious ceremonies within the temple or outside in the enclosure, although the exact daily role they played in Romano-Celtic temples is not well understood. Performing sacrifice, prayers, and overseeing festivals are key features of priesthoods in the Roman Empire. In Aquae Sulis (modern Bath, England), an altar was dedicated by a haruspex;^[12] this religious position may have been utilised elsewhere in Britannia. Fragments of priestly regalia have been found in British excavations: a copper alloy sceptre-cap from the temple at Farley,^[13] a chained headpiece or "crown" at Wanborough^[12] and a bronze crown with an adjustable band at Hockwold cum Wilton.^[12]

Distribution

They are, by far, the most frequently occurring type of temple in Roman Britain^[4] in place of the Classical Temple which are few in number: the Temple of Claudius^[14] in Colchester, the temple of Sulis-Minerva in Bath and the examples at Maryport, Lincoln, Gloucester, and St.Albans are the only known examples.^[5]

Romano-Celtic temples occur across Britannia and are frequently associated with sites with recorded pre-Roman activity, such as at Jordan Hill. Temples may be associated with an extra-mural settlement near a fort, as at Vindolanda, or along a roadside. Prominent places within a landscape may also be chosen as sites for Romano-Celtic temples, for example the temple on top of the huge Iron Age Hillfort at Maiden Castle, Dorset or the temple on the coastal promontory at Brean Down, Somerset. The distribution of these temples covers both major and minor towns and includes rural sanctuaries.^[5] In towns they can occur as individual temples or in groups of two or more within an enclosure.^[5] At least seven have been identified at Camulodunum (Roman Colchester), several of which can be linked to certain deities by the statues and inscriptions found at the sites.^[15]

List of Romano-Celtic Temples in Britain

Site name Alternative name(s)	Date	Plan or photo	Location	Dimensions	Dedication	Notes	Reference
Bourton Grounds	2nd - 4th Century AD			Cella: 7.6m^2	Isis	Excavated in the 1960s. A Figurine of Isis found by metal detector at a later date.	[16]
Brean Down	4th Century AD					Excavated in 1957-8, the temple was constructed c.AD340 and demolished c.AD390. It lies on a promontory off the Somerset coast.	[17][18]
Caerwent	4th Century AD			Cella: 7.5m x 7m		Built in c.AD330, it stood next to the forum and basilica.	[19]
Chanctonbury	3rd-4th Century AD		50°53′47″N 0°22′54″W / 50.896258°N 0.38177312°W	Cella: 9m x 7m		Built on an Iron Age hillfort.	[20]
Farley	1st-4th Century AD		51°11′37″N 0°29′47″W / 51.193708°N 0.49627427°W	Cella: 7.3m x 7.3m Ambulatory: 14m x 14m Temenos: Diameter - c. 73m		Excavated in 1848 by Martin Tupper, and later in 1926 and definitively in 1939. Pre-Roman coinage of Verica, Epaticcus and Tincommius has been found on the site during early excavations. The temple is associated with two pottery kilns. Finds include a possible Priest's sceptre, two Roman coin hoards, a swan-head handle and pottery.	[13][21]
Gosbecks Farm	mid 2nd-4th Century AD		51°51′34″N 1°02′37″W / 51.859450°N 1.0435977°W	Cella: 7m x 7m	Camulos	Excavated in 1842. The temple temenos stands at the west and of a much larger walled enclosure stretching 340 metres to the east. The off-central location of the temple has been held to imply that a sacred grove or tree occupied the most important position within the temenos One of at least seven found at Roman Colchester.[15]	[22]
Great Chesterford	2nd? - 4th Century AD			Cella: 6.7m x 6.7m		Discovered in 1847 and excavated under the direction of the Hon RC Neville. Two mosaic floors were located in the cella. The temple was re-excavated in 1978.	[23]
Jordan Hill	1st - 4th Century AD		50°38′15″N 2°25′38″W / 50.637547°N 2.4271160°W	Cella: 6.8m^2 Temenos: 84m^2		First Excavated by J. Medhurst in 1843. The structure is in stone, with minimal evidence of an ambulatory. An early 1st century pit or shaft was associated beneath the temples structure.	[24]
Lancing	Late 1st - Mid 3rd Century AD			Cella: 6.7m x 6.7m
Lullingstone	3rd Century AD		51°21′50″N 0°11′47″W / 51.3640°N 0.1964°W	Cella: 6.4m x 5.1m	Water Deities
Lydney Park	4th Century AD		51°43′15″N 2°33′12″W / 51.7207°N 2.5532°W		Nodons	Excavated in the 1920s by Sir Mortimer Wheeler. The site also have evidence for iron ore extraction.
Maiden Castle	4th Century AD		50°41′42″N 2°28′01″W / 50.694871°N 2.4669376°W	Cella: 6m x 6m	Minerva?	Built on top of an Iron Age hillfort	[25]
Nettleton	3rd-4th Century AD		51°29′27″N 2°15′28″W / 51.490763°N 2.2577696°W		Apollo Cunomaglus?		[26]
Pagans Hill	3rd-4th Century AD		51°21′39″N 2°38′14″W / 51.360732°N 2.6373580°W		Mercury?	Excavated by Philip Rahtz in 1949-53. The temple was built in c.AD258 with an octagonal cella, but soon fell into decay. A well is associated with the temple, into which objects were deposited. It was the site of domestic occupation by the 5th Century.	[27][28]
Ratham Mill	1st-2nd Century AD		50°51′07″N 0°51′08″W / 50.851830°N 0.85212269°W	Cella: 4m x 4m Ambulatory: 8.5m x 8.5m Temenos: 15.5m x 15.5m		No excavation; site seen as cropmarks. Roman pottery associated in surrounding area. Outer two walls may not have southern sides. The inner square (here identified as the cella) may, in fact, be an altar or plinth within a larger structure.	[29][30]
Vindolanda	3rd-4th Century AD		54°59′29″N 2°21′47″W / 54.991481°N 2.3630965°W	Cella: 5.1m x 5.1m Ambulatory:10.8m x 10.8m			[31]
Wimblington	2nd-3rd Century AD		52°31′26″N 0°08′13″E / 52.523846°N 0.13699638°E	Cella: 5.6m x 5m Ambulatory: 11m x 11m	Epona?	Excavated in 1980s, Wimblington temple comprised a stone and timber cella surrounded by a timber enclosure. Cropmarks hint at a larger earthwork surrounding the temple c50m in diameter. Finds associated with the temple site included a clay figurine of a horse (Epona?), while surface finds included various coper alloy items possibly linked to Mercury, Minerva and others.	[32]
Woodeaton	1st-4th Century AD		51°48′32″N 1°13′25″W / 51.808933°N 1.2236703°W	Cella: 5.8m x 5m Temenos: 45m^2.		Excavated in 1952, the temple was found to have to main phases of use. In the first a clay floor and three internal hearths noted. The later phase is marked by the widening of the walls and the addition of an ambulatory. The site is associated with Iron Age activity.	[8][33]

See also

• Roman Religion
• Roman Britain
• Syncretism
• Roman Temple

References

1. Lewis, M.J.T. 1966. Temples in Roman Britain (Cambridge Classical Studies). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp49-50
2. Liversidge, J. 1973. Britain in the Roman Empire. New York: F.A. Praeger pp439
3. Lewis, M.J.T. 1966. Temples in Roman Britain (Cambridge Classical Studies). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp174
4. English Heritage (May 2011). "Shrines (Roman and Post-Roman): Introduction to heritage assets" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-11-05.
5. Mattingly, D. 2006. An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire. London: Penguin. pp281-281
6. Lewis, M.J.T. 1966. Temples in Roman Britain (Cambridge Classical Studies). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press pp89
7. Rodgers, A. 2011. Late Roman Towns in Britain Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp 96-97
8. Goodchild. R. and Kirk, J. 1954. "The Romano-Celtic Temple at Woodeaton". Oxonesia Vol.19 pp15-37
9. Portable Antiquities Scheme (2013). "PAS Record:GLO-F3F9B0, Votive Model". Retrieved 2013-11-05.
10. Woodward, A. and Leach, P. 1993. "The Uley Shrines: Excavation of a Ritual Complex on West Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire: 1977-9" (English Heritage Archaeological Report No. 17). London: English Heritage
11. English Heritage (2007). "PastScape Entry for Woodeaton Temple". Retrieved 2013-11-20.
12. De la Bedoyere, G. 2002. Gods with Thunderbolts: Religion in Roman Britain. Tempus: Stroud. pp 122-125
13. Goodchild, R. 1947. "The Farley Heath Sceptre", Antiquaries Journal Vol 27. pp83-85
14. Rodwell, W. (1980). "Temples, Churches and Religion: Recent Research in Roman Britain with a Gazetteer of Romano-Celtic Temples in Continental Europe" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-11-05.
15. Crummy, Philip (1997) City of Victory; the story of Colchester - Britain's first Roman town. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust (ISBN 1 897719 04 3)
16. Green,W. 1965. "A Romano-Celtic Temple at Bourton Grounds, Buckinghamshire", Records of Buckinghamshire Vol 17. pp356-366
17. English Heritage (2007). "PastScape Entry for Brean Down". Retrieved 2013-11-20.
18. Apsimon, A.M. "The Roman Temple on Bream Down Somerset" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-11-20.
19. Knight, K. (2011). "Caerwent and Caerleon: What the Romans did for south east Wales" (PDF). Bath and Camerton Archaeological Society. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
20. "Romano-Celtic Temple Chanctonbury Ring, West Sussex". Roman-Britain.org. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
21. "PastScape Entry for Farley Roman Temple". English Heritage. 2007. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
22. English Heritage (2007). "PastScape Entry for Gosbecks Farm Roman Temple". Retrieved 2013-11-09.
23. English Heritage (2007). "PastScape Entry for Monument no.374280". Retrieved 2013-11-05.
24. English Heritage (2007). "PastScape Entry for Jordan Hill Roman Temple". Retrieved 2013-11-05.
25. English Heritage (2004). "Maiden Castle Temple". Retrieved 2013-11-04.
26. Wedlake, W.J. (1982). The Excavation of the Shrine of Apollo at Nettleton, Wiltshire, 1956-71. Society of Antiquaries of London. ISBN 0-85431-233-1.
27. P. Rahtz, P. and Harris, L.G. 1958. "The temple well and other buildings at Pagans Hill, Chew Stoke, North Somersetshire", Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Societypp: 25-51
28. English Heritage (2007). "PastScape Entry for Pagans Hill". Retrieved 2013-11-21.
29. English Heritage (2007). "PastScape Entry for Monument no.245746". Retrieved 2013-11-24.
30. King, A. and Soffe, G. 1983. "A Romano-Celtic Temple at Ratham Mill, Funtington, West Sussex", Britannia Vol.14. pp264-266
31. Vindolanda Tablets Online (2011). "Romano-Celtic temple and mausoleum". Retrieved 2013-11-24.
32. English Heritage (2007). "PastScape Entry for Monument no. 1331890". Retrieved 2013-11-09.
33. English Heritage (2007). "PastScape Entry for Woodeaton Temple". Retrieved 2013-11-20.

Bibliography

• Lewis, M.J.T. 1966. Temples in Roman Britain (Cambridge Classical Studies). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
• Mukelroy, K. 1976. "Enclosed Ambulatories in Romano-Celtic Temples in Britain". Britannia Vol.7 pp173–191

External links

• Romano-Celtic Temple Typology