Rome (TV series)

Rome
Genre Historical drama
Created by John Milius
William J. MacDonald
Bruno Heller
Starring Kevin McKidd
Ray Stevenson
Polly Walker
Kenneth Cranham
Lindsay Duncan
Tobias Menzies
Kerry Condon
Karl Johnson
Indira Varma
David Bamber
Max Pirkis
Lee Boardman
Nicholas Woodeson
Suzanne Bertish
Paul Jesson
James Purefoy
Ciarán Hinds
Simon Woods
Lyndsey Marshal
Composer(s) Jeff Beal
Country of origin Italy
United Kingdom
United States
Original language(s) English
No. of seasons 2
No. of episodes 22 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s) Bruno Heller
John Melfi
Anne Thomopoulos
William J. MacDonald
John Milius
Location(s) Lazio, Italy
Sofia, Bulgaria
Cinematography Alik Sakharov, ASC
Martin Kenzie
Marco Pontecorvo
Running time 44–65 minutes
Release
Original network BBC / HBO / Rai Fiction
Picture format 1080i (HDTV)
Original release 28 August 2005 (2005-08-28) – 25 March 2007 (2007-03-25)
Website

Rome is a British-American-Italian historical drama television series created by John Milius, William J. MacDonald, and Bruno Heller. The show's two seasons were broadcast on HBO, BBC Two, and RaiDue between 2005 and 2007. They were later released on DVD and Blu-ray. Rome is set in the 1st century BC, during Ancient Rome's transition from Republic to Empire.

The series features a sprawling cast of characters, many of whom are based on real figures from historical records, but the lead protagonists are ultimately two soldiers named Lucius Vorenus and Titus Pullo, who find their lives intertwined with key historical events. Rome was a ratings success for HBO and the BBC. The series received much media attention from the start, and was honored with numerous awards and nominations in its two-series run. Co-creator Heller stated in December 2008 that a Rome movie was in development, but as of early 2015 no further production had been initiated. The series was filmed in various locations, but most notably in the Cinecittà studios in Italy.

Plot overview

Ray Stevenson as Titus Pullo (left) and Kevin McKidd as Lucius Vorenus (right), seen in the episode "Pharsalus"

The series primarily chronicles the lives and deeds of the rich, powerful, and historically significant, but also focuses on the lives, fortunes, families, and acquaintances of two common men: Lucius Vorenus and Titus Pullo, two fictionalized versions of a pair of Roman soldiers mentioned in Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico.[1] The fictional Vorenus and Pullo manage to witness and often influence many of the historical events presented in the series, although some license is taken.

The first season depicts Julius Caesar's civil war of 49 BC against the traditionalist conservative faction in the Roman Senate (the Optimates), his rise to dictatorship over Rome, and his fall, spanning the time from the end of his Gallic Wars (52 BC or 701 ab urbe condita) until his assassination on 15 March 44 BC (the infamous Ides of March). Against the backdrop of these cataclysmic events, we also see the early years of the young Octavian, who is destined to become Augustus, the first Emperor of Rome. The second season chronicles the power struggle between Octavian and Mark Antony following Caesar's assassination, spanning the period from Caesar's death in 44 BC to Octavian's victory over Antony at Actium in 31 BC.

Cast

Production

Development

William J. MacDonald and John Milius pitched the idea to HBO as a mini series, but the network made it a full-fledged series.[2] In 2002, HBO and the BBC agreed to co-produce the series, committing a US$100–110 million (£62.7 million) budget to the production of twelve 1-hour episodes, with HBO contributing $85 million, and the BBC contributing $15 million.[3] The BBC contributed £800,000 to every episode of Rome in its first season.[4] Rome is the largest co-produced series with the American film market in the BBC's history. The series also marked the first series on which HBO and the BBC worked together as co-producers, although the two companies had worked together in other roles in earlier series, including Band of Brothers and The Gathering Storm.[5]

Tranter from the BBC has said this about the development of Rome: "It felt like something that could have been developed by us, and HBO felt like natural partners for the BBC".[5][6] On 20 April 2006, Carolyn Strauss, president of HBO announced the development of a second season for Rome.[7]

Filming

Set of Rome in Cinecittà studios, Rome

Between March 2004 and May 2005 Rome was filmed in co-production with Rai Fiction in the Italian countryside on Cinecittà studios' six sound stages in Rome. A collection of massive sets in Cinecittà studios' back lots comprised an elaborate "period reconstruction" of sections of ancient Rome.[8] It was a huge undertaking, with an international crew of 350, and more than 50 local Italian interns.

The production is regarded as one of the most expensive in the history of television. Funding was generously employed to recreate an impressively detailed set featuring a number of Roman Villas, the Forum, and a vast slum area of the ancient city of Rome. A significant part of this set was later destroyed by a fire that burned down a portion of the Cinecittà Studios in 2007.[9] According to HBO, the fire started after they had finished filming the second season.[10] A portion of the set was also used in late 2007 by the crew of the long-running BBC sci-fi drama series Doctor Who, for the fourth season episode "The Fires of Pompeii".

Audio commentary on the Season 1 DVD indicates that many of the background performers used in the series were also their true professional counterparts. One example is that the actor shown in the series working as a butcher on the streets of Rome was in fact a real-life butcher.[11]

Editing

In a separate move, the BBC also decided to re-edit the first three episodes (all directed by Michael Apted) into two episodes. The BBC claimed that this was because the British audience were more familiar with the history of Rome than their American counterparts and so much of the history was unnecessary; however, Apted claims that the purpose was to boost the ratings by increasing the prominence of the scenes of sex and violence. In an interview with The Times, Apted said:

I'm really pissed off with the BBC for bringing down my first three episodes to two and, in doing so, taking out much of the vital politics. What also makes me very grumpy is that I was told that the cuts had been introduced by the BBC because they thought British viewers already knew the historical background. But all that's happened as far as the viewer is concerned is that it has made Rome hard to follow.[12]

Apted also said that he only learned of the edits by accident, "...a couple of weeks ago when one of the actors told me". Since then, the original uncut Season 1 episodes aired on UKTV Drama, coincident with the UK broadcast of Season 2 on BBC Two.

The Italian broadcast of the series was also marred by controversy. Strong language was removed in the Italian dubbing process; as for the more explicit sex scenes and disturbing violence, they were replaced by "safe" alternative versions shot during production especially for the Italian market.[13] Rai 4 began showing the "complete version" of the series on Italian TV in September 2009.[14]

Music

Composer Jeff Beal was invited to audition for Rome after he completed work on HBO's Carnivàle. The producers sent him a short edit of episode seven. From that, Beal began writing a demo score. Based on head writer Bruno Heller's desired gritty pre-Christian feel for the series, and HBO's interest in a non-modern sound, Beal chose to compose and record with live instruments from across the ancient Roman world. For each episode, Beal had about two weeks to work: in the first, he composed for – and recorded – the instruments he performed on the soundtrack. In the second week, he incorporated producer's notes, orchestrated and recorded the other live instrumental sections.[15]

Broadcast and DVD releases

Rome's first season originally aired on HBO in the United States between 28 August and 20 November 2005, subsequently being broadcast on the United Kingdom's BBC Two between 2 November 2005 and 4 January 2006, and on Rai Due in Italy between 17 March 2006 and 28 April 2006. The second season aired on HBO in the US from 14 January 2007 to 25 March 2007.

International syndication

The series was launched in the United States on 25 August 2005, at Wadsworth Theatre in Los Angeles. HBO broadcast the series pilot "The Stolen Eagle" four days later. According to the Nielsen ratings system, the pilot broadcast was seen by 3.8 million viewers and achieved a 9.1 household rating for Sunday primetime.[16][17] HBO re-aired the pilot 11 times in the week following the 28 August 2005 premiere, garnering a total viewership of 8.9 million for all 11 airings.[17] After the broadcast of only three first season episodes, HBO announced plans to produce a second season of Rome in 2006, for release in March 2007.[18] HBO aired each episode multiple times a week, and by the end of the first season, the total weekly audience for all airings exceeded seven million viewers.[19] The second season premiered in January 2007, with the first episode attracting 1.5 million viewers.[20] The final episode aired 25 March 2007 in the U.S.

In total, HBO spent about $10 million US$ to promote Rome. HBO enlisted the Mozilla Firefox web browser in its marketing campaign for the series by designing a downloadable custom Rome Firefox theme.[21] BBC Two premiered Rome in the United Kingdom on 2 November 2005, attracting 6.6 million viewers (27%); viewing figures declined in future episodes, with the season finale only attracting 3 million viewers (13%).[22] The first episode of the second season aired on BBC Two on 20 June 2007.

A "sanitized" version of the first series of Rome – with toned-down nudity and violence – aired on Rai Due in Italy, garnering only a meager 10% audience share. RAI also stated to have co-produced the show, whereas HBO listed only itself and BBC as co-producers.[23] The Italian newspaper, Corriere della Sera called it a "prime example of historical misinformation", and called actor Ciarán Hinds (Julius Caesar) a "parody". The paper also called the relationship between Atia of the Julii (Polly Walker) and Mark Antony (James Purefoy) "ridiculous".[24] The second series was never broadcast at all on analog TV; however, starting from October 2009, digital-only channel Rai 4 broadcast the original uncut version of the first series and went on to broadcast the second series unaltered as well.

Cancellation and future

HBO Chairman Chris Albrecht announced in a July 2006 news conference that season two of Rome would be its last, citing the fact that the series (called "notoriously expensive" by Broadcasting & Cable) had been developed under a two-year contract with the BBC that would have been difficult for the BBC to extend due to the series' cost.[25][26] Of the storyline, co-creator Heller said:

“ I discovered halfway through writing the second season the show was going to end. The second was going to end with the death of Brutus. Third and fourth season would be set in Egypt. Fifth was going to be the rise of the Messiah in Israel. But because we got the heads-up that the second season would be it, I telescoped the third and fourth season into the second one, which accounts for the blazing speed we go through history near the end. There's certainly more than enough history to go around.[27] ”

Film

In a February 2008 interview with Movieweb.com, actor Ray Stevenson stated that a Rome film was in development, with Heller working on a script.[28] Heller confirmed in December that there was "talk of doing a movie version", adding that "It's moving along. It's not there until it is there. I would love to round that show off".[27] In an April 2009 interview with the Associated Press, Actor Kevin McKidd stated the "Rome" film was "in development", and Lucius Vorenus will likely be a part of it.[29] In March 2010, Entertainment Weekly stated that Heller had completed the script for Morning Light Productions, the film's financiers, and was now awaiting a director and a studio, since HBO Films "won't be involved".[30] However, in a more recent interview with Entertainment Weekly, Heller indicated the project had stalled – "I'm not holding my breath".[31] On April 15, 2014 ScreenRant received reports from Entertainment Weekly in which it was confirmed that a movie based on HBO Rome is indeed on the way. Quote "As reported in 2009 Bruno Heller, who wrote and executive produced the series, is writing the movie script as well; the film will be produced by Morning Light Productions. The only question that remains is which epoch of Rome will the movie focus on and which cast members will be featured on the big screen?" Kevin McKidd (Lucius Vorenus) himself spoke in September 2013 about it. "There is a script that is being shopped and it's supposedly very good, I haven't seen it, but I am definitely going to be a part of the movie... He is very much alive, so that should be a fun story to tell."

Home release

Rome: The Complete First Season was released as a six-disc Region 1 DVD box set in the United States in 2006, distributed by HBO Home Video. Featuring all 12 episodes, it included features such as episode commentaries, behind-the-scenes footage and making-of features. The set (without the episodic previews and recaps) was also released in Region 2, with the same title.

Season 2 was released in North America in 2007[32] and soon after in Region 2. Rome: The Complete Series was released in November 2009 on Blu-ray in North America.

Episodes

Main article: List of Rome episodes
Season Episodes Originally aired
Season premiere Season finale
1 12 August 28, 2005 November 20, 2005
2 10 January 14, 2007 March 25, 2007

Impact

Reception

Rome has garnered mostly positive reviews. Sean Woods from Rolling Stone called the series "masterful" and "epic" and gave the series 3.5 out of 4.[33][34] Alessandra Stanley from The New York Times said: "But behind all that gritty squalor the glory that was Rome gets lost", while reviewing season 2.[35] Lisa Schwarzbaum from Entertainment Weekly gave season 2 a B and commented on the "spectacular" clothing design.[36] Michael Ventre from Variety magazine was positive towards the series and was intrigued by the "complex" character of Atia of the Julii.[37] James Poniewozik from TIME magazine commented on the "slow start", but further stated that the series "draws you" to the ancient city of Rome.[38]

Empire magazine reviewer Helen O'Hara said: "Not as good-looking as Gladiator, perhaps, but richer in (reasonably accurate) history and texture", and gave season 1 of Rome four out of five stars.[39] Robert Bianco from USA Today called season 2 "the fall of Rome", commenting that season 2 was not as good as season 1 citing "off-key characterizations and plot absurdities".[40] Linda Stasi from The New York Post called herself a "slave" to the show.[41] Melanie McFarland from Seattle Post-Intelligencer called season 2 "at top of its form" and said it was as good as the former season.[42] Historian Robin Lane Fox, writing in The Guardian called the series "splendidly ambitious".[43] Eric Neigher from Slant Magazine called season 1 of Rome "good art".[44] Robert Abele from LA Weekly called it the "most lavish dramatic series yet" released by HBO.[45]

Awards and nominations

Capping its successful first season, Rome won four Emmy Awards out of eight nominations in 2006, for the episodes "Caesarion", "Triumph", "Kalends of February" and "Stealing from Saturn".[46] The series also won an Art Directors Guild (ADG) in the category "Excellence in Production Design – Single-Camera Television Series" for the pilot episode "The Stolen Eagle". Michael Apted won the Directors Guild of America (DGA) in the category "Outstanding Directing – Drama Series, Night" for "The Stolen Eagle". The series itself was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in the category "Best Television Series - Drama", and Polly Walker who portrayed Atia of the Julii was nominated in the category "Best Performance by an Actress In A Television Series – Drama".[47][48] The series was also nominated for three Satellite Awards, two for season 1 and the last for season 2.[49] The pilot episode "The Stolen Eagle" won a Visual Effects Society (VES) award in the category "Outstanding Visual Effects – Broadcast Series". Writers Guild of America (WGA) nominated the series for the category "Best Writing – New Television Series" in 2005. The series was also nominated for four British Academy Television Awards (BAFTA), three in season 1 (2006) and one in season 2 (2008).[47] In 2005, the series was nominated for a Cinema Audio Society Award (CAS) in the category "Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series" for the episode "The Spoils".[50] The British award ceremony nominated the series for the Royal Television Society (RTS) award in the category "Best Visual Effects – Digital Effects".[51] For Season 2 (2007) Alik Sakharov, A.S.C. won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series, for the episode "Passover".

Historical deviations

Gorgoneion from credits, depicting its use in the ancient world as a protective apotropaic symbol.[52]

There are numerous inaccuracies in the series' representation of various historical events and personages. Co-creator Bruno Heller has said: "We try to balance between what people expect from previous portrayals and a naturalistic approach ... This series is much more about how the psychology of the characters affects history than simply following the history as we know it".[53] Series Historical Consultant Jonathan Stamp also notes that the show aims for "authenticity" rather than "accuracy".[5][54][55] The filmmakers stressed that they wanted to portray a more accurate picture of Rome, a gritty and realistic city as opposed to what they call the "Hollyrome" presentation that audiences are used to from other films, with "cleanliness and marble and togas that looked pressed."[56]

We did everything we could to make these episodes historically authentic, which meant researching and incorporating every kind of detail we could about the way our characters behaved, the way they interacted, how they dressed and gestured, the kind of streets they walked down, the way they conducted their private and public lives. We were not, however, making a documentary. We were striving for authenticity because it enriches the experience of the drama for the viewer. — Jonathan Stamp[5]

Lucius Vorenus and Titus Pullo are historical figures mentioned briefly in Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico, but their adventures and involvement in key events in the series are fictional.[5][54] Some important events are not mentioned in Rome, including the whole year spent before the Battle of Dyrrhachium which, although indecisive, was considered a victory for Pompeius. Many significant members of the Optimates, the traditionalist faction of Brutus and Cato, are also missing from the series. They include Titus Labienus, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, and Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, who failed to empty Rome's treasury before the Optimates' departure, resulting in a severe lack of funds to support their war effort.[57]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Gaius Julius Caesar, Commentarii De Bello Gallico, liber V, §44.
  2. ↑ "Epic Roman drama unveiled". BBC. 27 October 2003. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  3. ↑ Rosie Boycott (14 December 2005). "Small screen hits and misses". BBC. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  4. ↑ "BBC backs its explicit Rome epic". BBC. 17 October 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ciaran Hinds, Kevin McKidd and Lindsay Duncan head the cast of HBO/BBC epic series Rome – this autumn on BBC TWO". BBC. 8 August 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  6. ↑ Frank Bruni (5 April 2004). "Rendering Unto Caesar's Subjects; For a New HBO Series, a Colorful Ancient City Springs to Life in Rome". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  7. ↑ Garth Franklin (20 April 2006). "Rome Second Season Underway". Dark Zone. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  8. ↑ John Walsh (25 July 2005). "New $100m TV epic set to rewrite history". The Independent (London). Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  9. ↑ "Fire torches film sets at Rome's historic Cinecitta". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 August 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  10. ↑ Eric J. Lyman (11 August 2007). "Fire hits Rome studios". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  11. ↑ (2005) DVD: Rome: The Complete First Season (Released 2006).
  12. ↑ Richard Brooks (6 November 2005). "They sexed up my Roman orgy, says glum director". The Times (UK). Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  13. ↑ Alessandra Vitali (15 March 2006). "Sesso, violenza e istinti animali così l'Impero si racconta in tv". Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  14. ↑ RAI 4 (4 September 2009). "Monday September 7, Evening.". RAI 4 Blog. RAI.it. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  15. ↑ Dan Goldwasser; Tom Kidd (22 July 2006). "Beal's Musical Nightmares: Interview – Jeff Beal". Soundtrack.net. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  16. ↑ Denise Martin (9 September 2008). "HBO's True Blood: Audiences don't bite.". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  17. 1 2 Ryan Parsons (13 September 2005). "HBO Wants More ROME". Canmag.com'. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  18. ↑ "HBO renews the epic drama series Rome". HBO. 12 October 2005. Archived from the original on 13 October 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  19. ↑ Bill Carter (17 November 2005). "HBO Takes the ABC Sunday Challenge". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  20. ↑ Gary Levin (17 January 2007). "'24' blows up in the ratings". USA Today. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  21. ↑ Stefanie Olsen (15 August 2005). "HBO enlists Firefox for series promotion". CNET News. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  22. ↑ Jason Deans (5 January 2006). "Rome's bloody climax wins 3m". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  23. ↑ "HBO: Rome: About the Show". HBO.com. 2006. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  24. ↑ Nick Vivarelli (16 March 2006). "Irritated Italos give HBO's Rome the thumbs down". Variety. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  25. ↑ "Two and Out for Rome". Zap2it.com. 12 July 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  26. ↑ Anne Becker (12 July 2006). "HBO To Sack Rome After Season 2'". Broadcasting Cable.com. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  27. 1 2 James Hibbard (1 December 2008). "Rome might not be history, series creator says". Reuters. Retrieved 9 May 2009.
  28. ↑ Brian Gallagher (29 February 2008). "Ray Stevenson Confirms a Rome Movie Is in the Works". MovieWeb. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  29. ↑ Associated Press (13 April 2009). Does the Road for Rome Lead to Film? (Flash Video). YouTube. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  30. ↑ Lynette Rice (4 March 2010). "Exclusive: HBO series 'Rome' may finally be headed to the big screen". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  31. ↑ James Hibberd (26 May 2011). "The Mentalist creator breaks his silence on last week's Red John finale shocker". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  32. ↑ Rome: Second Season DVD – MovieWeb.com
  33. ↑ Sean Woods (9 August 2006). "Rome". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 17 October 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  34. ↑ Dominic Timms (14 September 2005). "BBC holds fire on Rome 2". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  35. ↑ Alessandra Stanley (12 January 2007). "Friends, Romans, Countrymen, Lovers, Haters, Murderers, Barbarians ...". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  36. ↑ Lisa Schwarzbaum (18 January 2007). "Rome". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  37. ↑ Michael Ventre (14 June 2006). "Drama Series: The new breed". Variety. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  38. ↑ James Poniewozik (14 August 2005). "Tearing Off the Togas". Time. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  39. ↑ Helen O'Hara (2006). "Reviews: Rome: Season 1". Empire. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  40. ↑ Robert Bianco (11 January 2007). "'Rome' goes into decline". USA Today'. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  41. ↑ Linda Stasi (12 January 2007). "Rome Sweet Rome". The New York Post. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  42. ↑ Melanie McFarland (11 January 2007). "On TV: Hail to the return of HBO's 'Rome'". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  43. ↑ "Hail Caesar". The Guardian (London). 2 November 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  44. ↑ Eric Neigher (21 September 2005). "Rome: Season One". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on 12 November 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  45. ↑ Robert Abele (25 August 2005). "Cutthroat TV". LA Weekly. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  46. ↑ Mark Wilson (2007). "2007 Emmy Awards Nominations". About.com. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  47. 1 2 "Rome News: Rome receives Golden Globe® Nominations". HBO.com. 13 December 2005. Archived from the original on 17 December 2005. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  48. ↑ "Brokeback Mountain leads Golden Globe nominations". CNN.com. 15 December 2005. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  49. ↑ Jason Hughes (1 December 2007). "2007 Satellite Award nominees announced". TV Squad. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  50. ↑ "The Cinema Audio Society – Nominees for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing, 2005". Cinema Audio Society. 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  51. ↑ "Educational Television Awards 2003". Royal Television Society. 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  52. ↑ Marjorie Garber (24 February 2003). The Medusa Reader. pp. Introduction, pg. 2. ISBN 0-415-90099-9.
  53. ↑ "Rome News". HBO. 8 January 2007. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008.
  54. 1 2 Sally Kinnes (28 August 2005). "There’s no place like ancient Rome". The Times (UK) (London). Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  55. ↑ DVD: Rome: The Complete First Season, When In Rome featurette.
  56. ↑ Gold, Matea (24 August 2005). "HBO's Rome wasn't built in a day". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  57. ↑ Caes. De Bel. Civ. 1.14.

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