Royal Radar Establishment

The name Royal Radar Establishment was given to the existing Radar Research Establishment following a visit by Queen Elizabeth II in 1957. Both names were abbreviated to RRE. The establishment had been formed, under its first name, in 1953 by merging the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) and the Radar Research and Development Establishment (RRDE). These had worked on airborne and ground based radar, respectively.^[1][2] RRE was located in Malvern, Worcestershire, where both TRE and RRDE had been housed at different sites. The earlier research and development work of TRE and RRDE on radar, solid state physics, electronics, and computer hardware and software was continued in the merged establishment, and the overall scope was extended to include cryogenics and other topics. Infrared detection for guided missiles and heat sensing devices was a major defence application.

Administrative history

The earlier radar research organization B.R.S. (Bawdsey Research Station) was on the east coast of England, about 10 miles north east of Felixstowe. It moved to Dundee in Scotland, at the outbreak of World War II, and changed its name to Air Ministry Research Establishment (A.M.R.E.). In May 1940, the organization moved to Worth Matravers, near Swanage in Dorset, on the south coast of England. The organization was renamed again, as Air Ministry Telecommunications Research Establishment. In May 1942, TRE moved to Malvern. The Radar Research and Development Establishment (RRDE) had split off earlier, and was moved to Malvern at about the same time. TRE and the history of radar are discussed in separate articles.

TRE was part of the Ministry of Supply and, when it was formed, so was RRE. In 1959, control passed to the Ministry of Aviation. When this was abolished in 1967, control passed to the Ministry of Technology, then to the Ministry of Aviation Supply, in 1970, and to the Ministry of Defence in 1971. In 1976 RRE merged with the Signals Research and Development Establishment to form the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE), which became part of the Defence Research Agency (DRA) in 1991. Later (1995), DRA was absorbed into DERA, the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency. DERA split on 2 June 2001 into two parts, a government body called Dstl (Defence Science and Technology Laboratory) and a company destined for privatisation, which became QinetiQ.

The technical departments of RRE were grouped, initially, into six Divisions: airborne radar, ground radar, guided weapons, basic techniques, physics, and engineering. The organization and personnel are described further, in a collection of linked web sites.^[3]

W. J. Richards, CBE, was Director of TRE at the time of the merger and continued as Director of RRE. W.H. Penley, Head of Guided Missiles, took over for a year in 1961. Then George Macfarlane (after postings outside RRE) became Director in 1962.^[1]

The Physics Division – some of the staff and their work

At the time of the name change to Radar Research Establishment in 1953, the senior staff included:

• Robert Allen Smith (known as R.A. and as Robin).^[4] He was Head of the Physics Division, with a staff of about 150. Having worked previously on aspects of radio and radar, his attention had become focused on solid state physics, because of the importance of semiconductors in the development of electronics and infra-red detectors.^[2] His early books had dealt with radionavigation,^[5] aerials for short wave radio,^[6] and thermodynamics.^[7] After the name change to RRE, his "most significant book, in historical terms",^[4] on the detection of infra-red radiation, was coauthored with F.E. Jones and R.P. Chasmar and published in 1968.^[8] The book "for which [he] is best known"^[4] is on semiconductors^[9] His other books dealt with wave mechanics of crystalline solids.^[10] and, as editor, very high resolution spectroscopy,^[11] He left RRE to become Professor of Physics at the University of Sheffield in 1961, came to MIT as Director of the Center for Materials Science and Engineering a year later, and became Vice-Chancellor of Heriot-Watt University in 1968, retiring in 1974. He was an FRS, an FRSE, and received an OBE.
• George G. Macfarlane.^[12] He held a special appointment as Superintendent of the Physics Department, having been assigned to direct the work in theoretical physics. He had been trained as an electrical engineer, and had worked on theoretical aspects of radar prior to the name change of the establishment. One of the designers of the Royal Radar Establishment Automatic Computer.^[13] Later, he became Deputy Director of the National Physical Laboratory, then Director of RRE, then Controller of Research at the Ministry of Technology and then Defence. He was knighted for his work.
• R. P. Chasmar, Head of the infra-red group^[4] and co-author of the book mentioned above.^[8]
• Tom Elliott (Charles Thomas Elliott), physicist, at RRE from late 1960s through transition to DERA. He invented the SPRITE detector, and contributed to the development of indium antimonide as an industrial semiconductor. The "Tom Elliott Conference Centre" at the site is named in his honour. He was made an FRS and CBE, received a Rank medal, and joined Heriot-Watt University.
• Alan F. Gibson,^[14] Head of Transistor Group at RRE, then the first Professor of Physics at the University of Essex in 1963, and later Head of Laser Division of Rutherford Laboratory (1975–1983).^[15] He was named Fellow of the Royal Society in 1978.
• Cyril Hilsum, physicist. Work in industrial and government laboratories and in academe includes theoretical solid state physics and development of liquid crystals. Elected Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and Fellow of the Royal Society, recipient of Max Born Prize and Faraday medal.
• Edward G. S. Paige,^[16] Worked on semiconductors, with Denis Maines turned to Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, led team that received Wolfe Medal of MOD and earned RRE a Queen's Award, later Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Oxford, awarded Rayleigh Medal and Duddell Medal,
• Leo Pincherle^[17] Head of the theoretical solid state physics group, and authority on band structure theory.^[18] His monograph on this topic^[19] was published in 1971. He also published a standard text on heat and thermodynamics,^[20] during his later appointment as Professor of Physics at Bedford College, London.
• Albert M. Uttley, mathematician, computer scientist and experimental psychologist.^[21] Designed AI trainer,^[22][23] the TREAC digital computer, and contributed to early discussions of cybernetics.^[24] Continued human factors work at National Physical Laboratory and then as Research Professor in the Experimental Psychology Laboratory of the University of Sussex.^[24][25]
• Philip Woodward had pioneered the application of probability theory to the filtering of radar signals, and wrote a monograph on the topic.^[26] His results included the Woodward Ambiguity Function, "the standard tool for waveform and matched filter analysis".^[27] He continued to direct theoretical work on radar after the establishment changed its name. Later, he led the group that developed the Coral 66 computer programming language.^[28] He was, at different times, Honorary Professor in Electrical Engineering at the University of Birmingham and Visiting Professor in Cybernetics at the University of Reading. In 2000, the Woodward Building named in his honour was opened on the site that had then become DERA by Sir John Chisholm. In 2005, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Royal Academy of Engineering. In 2009, he received the Dennis J. Picard Medal of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), for Radar Technologies and Applications.

Other members of the Physics Division who made significant contributions to several fields of endeavour include:

• William Bardsley, physicist. His work at Malvern on growing crystals was published in a series of papers that have been referenced over 200 times through the time of writing (2010), in work on semiconductor devices and, in one instance, space science.
• Michael P. Barnett, (1929--2012). At Malvern he worked on theory of semiconductors, including organic materials. Later, he taught at MIT, the University of London, Columbia University and City University of New York. His earlier publications on several topics^{[29][30][31][32]} has been followed by more recent work on computational chemistry and symbolic calculation.
• Paul N. Butcher, theoretical solid state physics. After working at Malvern, he was appointed to a chair at the University of Warwick, and has published four books.^{[33][34][35][36]}
• Geoffrey V. Chester, theoretical physicist. At Malvern (1953—54), he worked on mathematical problems of radar. Later, at Cornell University, he was Director of the Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics (1968–74) and Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences (1986–91).^[37]
• J. B. Gunn, solid state physicist. At Malvern he worked on the physics of electronic devices. Later, at the IBM Research Laboratories in the U.S., he discovered the Gunn effect used in the Gunn diode.
• W.D. Lawson, co-recipient of Rank Prize for Optoelectronics in 1976,^[38]
• T. S. Moss, solid state physicist, author of definitive monographs Photoconductivity of the elements and Optical Properties of semiconductors, and series editor of Handbook on Semiconductors of the North-Holland Publishing Company.
• Michael J. Radcliffe, theoretical physicist. Later, he turned to academe in the Carnegie Institute of Technology in the U.S., and he was listed as coauthor in a revised edition of Born's Atomic Physics.
• S. Nielson, co-recipient of Rank Prize for Optoelectronics in 1976,^[38]
• Michael J. Radcliffe, theoretical physicist. Later on the faculty of Carnegie Institute of Technology, editor of revised edition of Born's Atomic Physics^[39]
• Dennis Sciama, later cosmologist^[40][41] and FRS. At RRE he coauthored work on band structure calculations.^[18]
• A.S. Young, co-recipient of Rank Prize for Optoelectronics in 1976.^[38]
• Several staff members under the supervision of Cyril Hilsum, in conjunction with George Gray and Ken Harrison of the University of Hull, developed new, stable liquid crystals in 1972, which were an immediate success as the basis of display devices in the electronics and consumer products industries. This received the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement in 1979.^[42]

In 1956, R.A. Smith presented a comprehensive account of the contributions of RRE to physics to the Royal Society.^[2]

Radar, Guided weapons and Engineering Divisions

Gloster Meteor NF.11 fitted with modified radar nose during trials work when allocated to the RRE during 1976.

Although less conspicuous among academic scientists, these divisions were major players in the defence community, both in policy decision making and as an interface with industry. Development and production contracts brought staff of several companies on site, and extramural contracts strengthened ties with industry still further. "in radar alone: Plessey and Decca for aerials and waveguides, Plessey, Hilger & Watts,^[43] Clarke Chapman and Curran for millimetre-wave radar, and Mullard for precision bombing and radar reconnaissance".^[1] On returning to RRE as Director in 1962, George Macfarlane reorganized the technical departments into: Military and Civil Systems (comprising Ground Radar and Air Traffic Control, Guided Weapons and Airborne Radar groups), Physics and Electronics (comprising Physics and Electronic Groups) and Engineering. "Despite the policy shift away from fighters ... to guided weapons for UK air defence, ... RRE continued to argue for strike aircraft and kept up the necessary radar research programs."^[1]

Senior staff, of the divisions at various times included

• G.W.A (Geoffrey) Dummer, electronics engineer. His early work is described in the TRE article. His oversight of the large contingent of electronics contractors continued, and he was appointed Superintendent of Applied Physics. In 1964 he sponsored a symposium on Electronic Beam Techniques for Microelectronics at R.R.E. He published over 30 books, was responsible for much further publishing on electronics. He was awarded an MBE, the American Medal of Freedom, the Wakefield Gold Medal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, and the Cledo Brunetti Award of the Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers
• W. H. (Bill) Penley, physicist. Head of Guided Weapons at time of name change. Later Director of RRE, then Controller of Establishments and Research - responsible for the whole Defence research programme.^[44]

More than 50 books were written by members of the establishment under its successive names. Details are included in the list of references below, and in the TRE article. Many more were in series that members of the staff edited.

In 1968, the Minister of Supply assured a member of parliament that the results of research at RRE on infra-red detectors would be made available to British industry.^[45]

External links

• "Former DERA North Site, Great Malvern - Cotswold Archaeology". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2009-09-17. Cotswold Archaeology
• Records of the Royal Radar Establishment, The National Archives

References

1. Robert Bud and Philip Gummett, Cold war, hot science: applied research in Britain's defence laboratories, NMSI Trading Ltd. Science Museum, London, 2002.
2. R.A. Smith, Physics at the Radar Research Establishment, Malvern, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences Vol. 235, No. 1200 (Apr. 10, 1956), pp. 1-10.
3. The Penley Archives
4. S.D. Smith, Robert Allan Smith, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, vol.28, 479-504, 1982.
5. R.A. Smith, Radio aids to navigation, Cambridge University Press, 1947.
6. R.A. Smith, Aerials for metre and decimetre wavelengths, Cambridge University Press, 1949.
7. R.A. Smith, The physical principles of thermodynamics; a treatise for students of theoretical and experimental physics, Chapman & Hall, London, 1952.
8. R.A. Smith, F.E. Jones, and R.P. Chasmar, The detection and measurement of infra-red radiation, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1968.
9. R.A. Smith, Semiconductors, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978.
10. R.A. Smith, Wave mechanics of crystalline solids, Chapman and Hall, 1961, 1963 and 1969.
11. R.A. Smith (ed.), Very high resolution spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York, 1976. ISBN 0-12-651650-2.
12. Sir George Macfarlane: Talented technologist who made invaluable contributions in wartime and as a postwar public servant. Times on-line obituaries.
13. W H Penley (30 July 2007). "Obituary: Sir George Macfarlane". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
14. R. Loudon and E. G. S. Paige, Alan Frank Gibson. 30 May 1923-27 March 1988, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 37, (Nov., 1991), pp. 221-244
15. M. Key, Adventures in laser produced plasma research, UCRL-book-218707, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Feb. 7, 2006.
16. E. P. Raynes, Paige, Edward George Sydney (Ted) (1930–2004), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
17. Ernst Sondheimer, Professor Leo Pincherle (obituary), Nature, vol. 266, part 5998, page 202, 1977.
18. D.G. Bell, D.M. Hum, L. Pincherle, D.W. Sciama and P.M. Woodward, The electronic band structure of PbS, Proceedings of the Royal Society, A217, (1128) 71-91, 1953.
19. L. Pincherle, Electronic energy bands in solids, Macdonald, London, 1971.
20. L. Pincherle, Worked problems in heat, thermodynamics, and kinetic theory for physics students, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1966.
21. Derek J. Smith, Short Term Memory Subtypes in Computing and Artificial Intelligence, 2002. pages 79 and 104
22. Kevin Moore, The History of Flight-Sim
23. J. M. Rolfe and K. J. Staples, Flight Simulation, Cambridge University Press, 1986, ISBN 0-521-35751-9.
24. David J. Clark, Enclosing the Field from ‘Mechanisation of Thought Processes’ to ‘Autonomics’, Ph.D. thesis University of Warwick, 2002. pages 103 to 110.
25. A. M. Uttley, Methods of simulating the behaviour of granule cells in hippocampus based on informon theory, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 69 (3) 391-399, 1977.
26. Woodward, Philip (1953) Probability and Information Theory, with Applications to Radar McGraw-Hill, New York; Pergamon Press, London, ISBN 0-89006-103-3, EAN: 9780890061039.
27. Malvern Gazette Retrieved 6 July 2009
28. Woodward, P.M. (1970). Official Definition of CORAL 66. HMSO. pp. vii+58. ISBN 0-11-470221-7..
29. M. P. Barnett, The evaluation of molecular integrals by the zeta--function method, in Methods in computational physics, vol. 2, Quantum Mechanics, ed. B. Alder, S. Fernbach and M. Rotenberg, 95--153, Academic Press, New York, 1963.
30. Michael P. Barnett, Computer typesetting, experiments and prospects, 245p, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1965.
31. D.F. Manzer and M.P. Barnett, Analysis by Simulation: Programming techniques for a High-Speed Digital Computer, in Arthur Maas et al, Design of Water Resource Systems, pp. 324--390, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1962.
32. M. P. Barnett and S. J. Barnett, Animated algorithms --- a self-teaching course in data structures and fundamental algorithms, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1986.
33. P.N. Butcher, N.H. March, and M.P. Tosi (eds.), Crystalline semiconducting materials and devices, Plenum Press, New York, 1986. ISBN 0-306-42154-2
34. P.N. Butcher and D. Cotter, The elements of nonlinear optics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. ISBN 0-521-34183-3
35. P.N. Butcher, N.H. March, and M.P. Tosi (eds.), Physics of low-dimensional semiconductor structures, Plenum Press, New York, 1993. ISBN 0-306-44170-5.
36. P.N. Butcher and Yu Lu (eds.), Superconductivity : from basic physics to the latest developments, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy 1992, World Scientific, Singapore, 1995. ISBN 981-02-2456-7.
38. Rank Prize
39. Max Born, Roger John Blin-Stoyle, J. M. Radcliffe, Atomic physics, 8th ed. Blackie, Glasgow, 1969; reprinted Dover Press, 1989.
40. D.W. Sciama, Modern cosmology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1971.
41. D.W. Sciama, Modern cosmology and the dark matter problem, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993.
42. George W. Gray (January 1998). "Reminiscences from a life with liquid crystals". Liquid Crystals (Taylor & Francis) 24 (1). doi:10.1080/026782998207523. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
43. Amalgamation of Instrument Makers : Hilger and Watts, Ltd, Nature, 161, 345, 1948.
44. Dr. W.H. (Bill) Penley, Penley Radar Archives.
45. Written answer to question concerning research at RRE, .

Coordinates: 52°06′00″N 2°18′58″W / 52.100°N 2.316°W