Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria

Rudolf IV
Rudolf IV of Austria. This portrait is the first half frontal portrait of the Occident. It had been on display above his grave in the Stephansdom of Vienna for several decades after his death, but can now be seen in the Museum of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna. Apart from the (invented) archdukal crown, the foreshortening of which the artist did not completely master, the portrait is completely realistic. Even the duke's incipient facioplegia is shown
Duke of Austria
Reign	1358–1365
Predecessor	Albert II, Duke of Austria
Successor	Albert III & Leopold III
Born	1 November 1339 Vienna
Died	27 July 1365 (aged 25) Milan
Burial	Ducal Crypt, Vienna
Spouse	Catherine of Luxembourg
House	House of Habsburg
Father	Albert II, Duke of Austria
Mother	Joanna of Pfirt
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Rudolf IV der Stifter ("the Founder") (November 1, 1339 – July 27, 1365) was a scion of the House of Habsburg and Duke (self-proclaimed Archduke) of Austria and Duke of Styria and Carinthia from 1358, as well as Count of Tyrol from 1363 and first Duke of Carniola from 1364 until his death. After the Habsburgs got nothing from the decree of the Golden Bull in 1356, he gave order to draw up the "Privilegium Maius", a fake document to empower the Austrian rulers.

Biography

The crowned portrait of Rudolf IV von Habsburg on the reverse of a 50 Schilling Silver coin. It was issued 1965 by the Republic of Austria, commemorating the 600th Anniversary of the Vienna University

Born in Vienna, Rudolf was the eldest son of Duke Albert II of Austria and his wife Joanna of Pfirt. One of the third generation of Habsburg dukes in Austria, he was the first to be born within the duchy. Therefore, he considered Austria his home, a sentiment that no doubt communicated itself to his subjects and contributed to his popularity. Faced with the Habsburgs' loss of the Imperial crown upon the assassination of his grandfather King Albert I of Germany in 1308, Rudolf was one of the most energetic and active rulers of Austria in the late Middle Ages, and it was said of him that as a young man he already had the air of a king.

In 1357 he was married to Catherine of Luxembourg, a daughter of Emperor Charles IV .^[1] Eager to compete with his mighty father-in-law, who had made the Kingdom of Bohemia and its capital Prague a radiant center of Imperial culture, Rudolf desired to raise the importance of his residence Vienna to a comparable or greater height.

The decipherment of the epitaph accompanying the cenotaph, or symbolic tomb, of Duke Rudolph IV in the Stephansdom in Vienna. The translation of the secret writing into English is "This is the sepulchre of Rudolph, by the Grace of God, Duke and Founder" and "Almighty God and great lord Jesus Christ, a shepherd." Rudolf was, in fact, never buried within the almost-solid stone structure, but in the Ducal Crypt of the Stephansdom in Vienna. The text is written using the Alphabetum Kaldeorum, a code he probably invented.

For more than a century, the Habsburg dukes had chafed at the Popes' failure to make Vienna the seat of its own diocese, a status that they considered appropriate for the capital of a duchy. Instead the city parish was subordinate to the Bishops of Passau, who had excellent connections to the Pope, apparently dooming Vienna's prospects in this regard. Rudolf, however, resorted to something which could be considered imposture: He initiated the creation of a "metropolitan cathedral chapter" at the church of St. Stephen (which, according to the name, should be assigned to a bishop), whose members wore red garments as cardinals do. The provost of the chapter received the title of an "Archchancellor of Austria".

Rudolf extended St. Stephen's Cathedral, with the construction of its gothic nave being started under Rudolf's rule. The construction efforts can be seen as an attempt to compete with St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague. Rudolf had himself and his wife depicted on a cenotaph at the cathedral's entrance.

Similarly, by founding the University of Vienna in 1365,^[2] Rudolf sought to match Charles IV's founding of the Charles University of Prague in 1348. Still known as Alma Mater Rudolphina today, the University of Vienna is the oldest continuously operating university in the German-speaking world. However, a faculty of theology, which was considered crucial for a university at that time, was not established until 1385, twenty years after Rudolf's death.

To improve the economy of Vienna Rudolf introduced many other measures, including the supervision by the mayor of sales of real property, instituted to prevent sales to the dead hand, i.e., to prevent economically unproductive ownership by the Church. Rudolf also managed to establish a relatively stable currency, the so-called Wiener Pfennig (Vienna Penny).

Rudolf is best known for another bluff, the forgery of the Privilegium Maius, which de facto put him on par with the seven Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire, compensating for Austria's failure to receive an electoral vote in the Golden Bull of 1356 issued by Emperor Charles IV. The title of Archduke (Erzherzog), invented by Rudolf, became an honorific title of all males of the House of Habsburg from the 16th century.

In 1363, Rudolf entered into a contract of inheritance with widowed Countess Margaret of Gorizia-Tyrol upon the death of her only son Meinhard III, which actually brought the County of Tyrol under Austrian rule only after her death in 1369 since Margraret's brother-in-law Duke Stephen II of Bavaria had invaded the country. In 1364 Rudolf declared the Carinthian March of Carniola a duchy and the next year established the Lower Carniolan town of Novo Mesto (in present-day Slovenia), whose German name Rudolfswert was given in his honor. In the same time, he concluded another contract of inheritance with his father-in-law Emperor Charles IV, providing for mutual inheritance between the Habsburg and Luxembourg dynasties.

In spite of the high-flying (and maybe sometimes megalomaniac) character of his plans, he managed to modernize his territories and his city, the prominence of which considerably increased. His untimely death without issue halted further progress, however. His younger brothers Albert III and Leopold III, who were to rule jointly under the Rudolfinische Hausordnung (Rudolfinian House Rules), began to quarrel ceaselessly and ultimately agreed to divide the Habsburg territories between them according to the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg. It was Leopold's descendant Frederick V of Austria, elected King of the Romans in 1440 and sole ruler over all Austrian lands from 1457, who reaped the fruit of Rudolf's efforts and laid the foundations of the Habsburg Monarchy.

Rudolf died suddenly at Milan in 1365 aged 25.^[1] His and his wife's mortal remains are buried at the Ducal Crypt underneath the Stephansdom in Vienna.^[1]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria

16. Albert IV, Count of Habsburg               8. Rudolph I of Germany                       17. Hedwig of Kyburg               4. Albert I, Duke of Austria                             18. Burkhard V, Count of Hohenburg               9. Gertrude of Hohenburg                       19. Mechtild of Tübingen               2. Albert II, Duke of Austria                                   20. Meinhard I of Gorizia-Tyrol               10. Meinhard, Duke of Carinthia                       21. Adelheid of Tyrol               5. Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol                             22. Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria               11. Elisabeth of Bavaria                       23. Agnes of the Palatinate               1. Rudolph IV, Duke of Austria                                         24. Ulrich II of Pfirt               12. Theobald of Pfirt                       25. Agnes of Vergy               6. Ulrich III of Pfirt                             13. Catherine of Klingen                       3. Johanna of Pfirt                                   28. Hugh III, Count of Burgundy               14. Reginald of Burgundy                       29. Adelaide, Countess Palatine of Burgundy               7. Joanna of Burgundy                             30. Amadeus, Count of Neufchâtel               15. Guillemette of Neufchâtel                       31. Jordanna of Arberg

References

1. Jaschke, Karl-Ulrich (1997). "From Famous Empresses to Unspectacular Queens". In Duggan, Anne J. Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe. The Boydell Press. p. 102.
2. Kann, Robert A. (1977). A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918. University of California Press. p. 15.

Further reading

• Baum, Wilhelm (1996). Rudolf IV. der Stifter. Seine Welt und seine Zeit. Graz-Wien-Köln.

External links

• Website of the Museum of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna