Rufous hornero

Rufous hornero
Rufous hornero in Pantanal, Brazil.
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Furnariidae
Genus:	Furnarius
Species:	F. rufus
Binomial name
Furnarius rufus (Gmelin, 1788)

The rufous hornero (Furnarius rufus) is a medium-sized ovenbird in the family Furnariidae It occurs in eastern South America, and is the national bird in Argentina. Also known as the red ovenbird, it is common in savannas, second-growth scrub, pastures and agricultural land and is synanthropic. Its range includes southeastern and southern Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern and central Argentina, extending as far south as northern Patagonia. The species is most closely related to the crested hornero of Paraguay and Argentina. There are four accepted subspecies.

The rufous hornero is medium-sized with a square tail and very slightly decurved bill. The plumage is overall reddish brown with a dull brown crown and a whitish throat. Sexes are alike and juvenile birds are slightly paler below (probably because they are cleaner). Rufous horneros feed on insects and other arthropods obtained by foraging on the ground while walking. They sometimes feed on scraps such as bread crumbs.^[2] Songs in the rufous hornero are sexually distinct. The rapid trill that is usually heard as part of the duet is faster in the male, slower in the female, and both beat their wings at their sides while singing and the wings beat at the same rate as their trill. Thus, while watching an observer may identify the sex by how fast their wings beat while singing.

Predators of adult and young rufous horneros include birds of prey such as the black-chested buzzard-eagle Buteo melanoleucus,^[3] small mammals, domestic cats, and a number of species of snakes and possibly lizards.^[4] However, its covered nest probably reduces predation risk.

The rufous hornero breeds in the austral summer, laying eggs between August and December, raising nestlings soon after, and the young may stay in their natal territory until the following breeding season. The species is monogamous and the pair bond is long term, sometimes for life. The nest of the species is typical for the genus, a large thick clay "oven" placed on a tree, or man made structures such as fenceposts, telephone poles or buildings. Pairs remain together throughout the year and will work on the nest during that time; nests can be constructed in as little as 5 days but usually take longer, occasionally months, to complete. A clutch generally contains two to four eggs. The eggs are laid every second day and incubated for 14–18 days. Chicks are fed for 23–26 days before fledging; young birds remain in the parental territory for around 6 months after fledging and sometimes until the following breeding season. Both parents incubate eggs and feed the young. Horneros may or may not reuse nests, therefore it is quite common to see several nests close to each other (or even atop older nests) at the same nesting site. However, a formerly unused nest may be repaired for a new breeding season.

Song of the rufous hornero

The rufous hornero has benefited from human changes to the environment and many live in highly modified habitat, such as city suburbs. In turn abandoned nests may be of benefit to various other species of birds that nest in its unused "ovens". The saffron finch is one species that commonly nests in old ovenbird nests. The rufous hornero is a familiar sight over much of its range and has been adopted as the national bird of Argentina. It is not threatened by human activities and is listed as least concern by the IUCN.^[1]

• 

  building nest
  The Pantanal, Brazil

• 

  outside completed nest
  The Pantanal, Brazil

Taxonomy and systematics

Rufous hornero drawn by François-Nicolas Martinet sometime before 1780 for the book Histoire Naturelle.

The first notes taken on the species were made by Philibert Commerson in 1767, from a specimen obtained at Barragán cove during Louis Antoine de Bougainville's expedition.^[5] Commerson named the bird as Turdus fulvus and his notes were later published by Georges Buffon in his Histoire Naturelle in 1779.^[6] However, the rufous hornero was first scientifically described, as Merops rufus, by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in the 13th edition of Systema Naturae published in 1788.^[7]

In 1816, Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot established the genus Furnarius in his Analyse d'une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire and included the rufous hornero on it, although Vieillot did not directly renamed the rufous hornero as Furnarius rufus.^[8] Its current scientific name was used for the first time in ornithology by John Gould in his Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle in 1841.^[9][10]

Nowadays the rufous hornero integrates the genus Furnarius with other five species. They are all native to South America and build mud nests that resemble old wood-fired ovens. Its closest relative is the crested hornero, which is considered as its sister species due to similar behavior and plumage pattern.^[11]

The derivation of the current genus name, Furnarius, is from the Latin furnus, meaning "an oven".^[12] Its specific epithet comes from the Latin rufum, meaning "red" or "reddish".^[13] It is also known as the red ovenbird.

Subspecies

Five subspecies of the rufous hornero are generally recognized,^[14] based upon plumage and size:

• F. r. rufus, the nominate subspecies, described by Gmelin in 1788. It is found in Uruguay to central Argentina and southern Brazil.
• F. r. albogularis, described as Figulus albogularis by von Spix in his Avium species novae in 1824. ^[15] It is found in southeast Brazil, from the states of Goiás and Bahia to São Paulo.
• F. r. commersoni, described as Furnarius commersoni by von Pelzeln in his Zur Ornithologie Brasiliens in 1868.^[16] It is found in western Brazil and eastern Bolivia.
• F. r. paraguayae, described by Cherrie & Reichenberger in the American Museum Novitates journal in 1921.^[17] It is found in Paraguay and northern Argentina.
• F. r. schuhmacheri, described by Laubmann in his Verhandlungen der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern in 1933.^[18] It is found in southern Bolivia.

Head and skull details.

Description

The rufous hornero is a medium-sized ovenbird at 18 to 20 centimetres (7–8 in) and 31 to 58 grams (1.1–2.05 oz),^[19][20][21] with males being heavier. It has a slender and slightly decurved bill suited to eating insects, which is horn-coloured with a length of 2.5 centimetres (1.0 in). Wings length is 10.2 centimetres (4 in), with males generally being larger. The tail is short at 7.1 centimetres (2.8 in).^[22] The measurements of the specie may differ due to the Bergmann's rule.

The sexes are not dimorphic in their plumage. It has a rufous brown back and pale buffy brown underparts. Its wings are pale brown except for the flight feathers which are blackish with cinnamon wingbars.

Notes

1. BirdLife International (2012). "Furnarius rufus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
2. Cf. Wikiaves Brasil
3. Cf. Wkiaves Brasil
4. Cf. Wikiaves photo, taken in Brasilia:
5. Narosky & Carman 2008, p. 35.
6. Buffon 1779, p. 476.
7. Gmelin 1788, p. 465.
8. Saunders 1883, p. 47.
9. Narosky & Carman 2008, p. 41.
10. Gould 1841, p. 64.
11. Narosky & Carman 2008, p. 44.
12. Borror 1960, p. 41.
13. Jobling 2010, p. 343.
14. «Ovenbirds & woodcreepers». IOC World Bird List Version 5.1. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
15. von Spix 1824, p. 76.
16. von Pelzeln 1868, p. 34.
17. Cherrie & Reichenberger 1921, p. 5.
18. «Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Formenkreises Furnarius rufus.». Alfred Laubmann (German). Retrieved 18 December 2015.
19. Ridgely & Tudor 1994, p. 51.
20. Ridgely & Tudor 2009, p. 257.
21. Dunning Jr 2008, p. 251.
22. Hudson & Sclater 2010.

References

• Narosky, Tito; Carman, Raúl (2008). El Hornero, Ave Nacional. Buenos Aires: Albatros. ISBN 978-950-24-1245-0.
• Buffon, Georges (1779). Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux Volume XXI. France: Imprimerie royale.
• Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema Naturae. Leipzig.
• Jobling, James A (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
• Borror, Donald J (1960). Dictionary of Word Roots and Combining Forms (PDF). Mountain View, California: Mayfield Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0874840537.
• Ridgely, Robert; Tudor, Guy (1994). The Birds of South America: Vol. II, The Suboscine Passerines. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77063-4.
• Ridgely, Robert; Tudor, Guy (2009). Field Guide to the Songbirds of South America: The Passerines. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71748-0.
• Dunning Jr, John (2008). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, Second Edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.
• Hudson, W. H; Sclater, P. L (2010). Argentine Ornithology: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Birds of the Argentine Republic. Volume 1. Charleston: Nabu Press. ISBN 978-114-48-2099-0.
• Gould, John (1841). The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
• von Spix, Johann Baptist (1824). Avium species novae quas in itinere Annis MDCCCXVII - MDCCCXX per Brasiliam. Monachii : Impensis editores.
• von Pelzeln, August (1868). Zur Ornithologie Brasiliens, Resultate von Johann Natterers Reisen in den Jahren 1817 bis 1835. Vienna.
• Saunders, Howard (1883). Vieillot's Analyse d'une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire. London: Taylor & Francis.
• Cherrie & Reichenberger (1921). American Museum Novitates. New York City: American Museum of Natural History.

• Fraga, R.M. 1980. "The Breeding of Rufous Horneros (Furnarius rufus)" Condor, 82:58-68.
• Remsen, V. (2003) Family Furnariidae (Ovenbirds). in del Hoyo J., Elliott A. & Christie D.A. (2003) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 8. Broadbills to Tapaculos Lynx Edicions, Barcelona ISBN 84-87334-50-4
• Rodrigues, M. N., Roper, J.J., (2011) "An experimental test of the benefits of hatching asynchrony in the Rufous Hornero (Furnarius rufus)" Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 19:17-21.
• Roper, J. J. (2005). Sexually distinct songs in the duet of the sexually monomorphic Rufous Hornero. "Journal of Field Ornithology, 76: 234-236."

External links

• Rufous hornero videos on the Internet Bird Collection
• Stamps (for Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay)
• Rufous hornero photo gallery VIREO
• Photo-High Res; Article birdfinders–"Brazil Photos"

	Song of the rufous hornero, recorded in Arthur Nogueira (São Paulo state, Brasil), by Eurico Zimbres
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