Rule of 1756

Origins of
the War of 1812
Chesapeake–Leopard Affair
Orders in Council (1807)
Embargo Act of 1807
Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
Macon's Bill Number 2
Tecumseh's War
Henry letters
War Hawks
Rule of 1756
Monroe–Pinkney Treaty
Little Belt Affair

The Rule of 1756 or Rule of the War of 1756[1] was a policy of the Kingdom of Great Britain, and later the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland that was promulgated during the Seven Years' War (1756-1763). It ruled that Britain would not trade with neutral nations who were also trading with the enemy. It also ruled that Britain would not open trade with any nation during wartime. The rule was devised and approved by the British Admiralty Courts, which maintained that if a neutral nation were prohibited from a particular type of trade during peacetime, then it would also be prohibited from the same variety during wartime. The rationale behind this rule was that the neutral nation was aiding the enemy. The rule has never been ratified by international law.[2]

The rule was one of the causes of the War of 1812.[3]

Contents

During the Seven Years' War, France and Britain initially fought over disputed North American colonies.[4] The war became both a naval and economic battle, spreading throughout French and British colonies around the world. The Rule of 1756 was created to hinder all French trade to its West Indies colonies. In 1757 the London Chronicle estimated that French West Indies trade had fallen by 70% since the opening of hostilities.[5] This 70% drop in trade was triggered by British privateering of French ships. France was not able to supply its West Indies colonies due to Britain's naval superiority and lock on trade routes. The French government in Versailles proposed that French goods be carried on neutral ships from the United Provinces or Spain. French goods would be able to reach their intended destinations and the neutral ships from the United Provinces or Spain. French goods would be able to reach their intended destinations and the neutral nation would benefit from participating in the exclusive market.[6] France was forced to remove the trade monopoly it had with its colonies and allowed other nations to supply them with goods. In 1758 the Rule of 1756 was amended to eliminate the loophole France had discovered. The Rule of 1756 was adjusted to its modern form permitting the privateering of all ships carrying French goods. British privateers received permission to act even more aggressively at sea and were granted permission to conduct searches of neutral vessels.[7]

Evaluation

Historians generally agree that the Rule of 1756 was a self-serving doctrine used by the British to validate their seizure of French goods being traded by neutral parties. Since Britain had the strongest navy in the world, this rule was most beneficial to itself. The British Formal Navy specifically benefitted most from the new Maritime law. The Royal Navy received 30 million pounds from the British government and increased its number of sailors by 23,400, largely due to the great success of the Rule of 1756.[8]

Effect on War of 1812

In the years leading up to the War of 1812, France and Britain were at war. Tensions between these two European countries had arisen following the French Revolution. In 1805 the antiquated Rule of 1756 would be reinstated by Britain. American shippers had been taking advantage of the hostilities in Europe. American ports were used as a stopping point while shipping goods to French and Spanish islands in the West Indies.[9] By stopping at an American port, the Americans could evade seizure under the Rule of 1756. Britain noticed this loophole and amended the Rule of 1756 with the Essex Case. In doing so, British seizure of American ships greatly increased.[10] This heightened seizure put a real strain on Anglo-American relations and was a significant factor contributing to the War of 1812. France countered the Essex Case by creating its own version of the law, called the Berlin Decree.[11] The Berlin Decree and Essex Case resulted in the seizure of nearly 1,500 American ships.[12]


External links

References

  1. ↑ Armed Neutralities - International maritime law in the eighteenth century
  2. ↑ "France: Decrees on Trade 1793-1810."
  3. ↑ Max Savelle, Empires to Nations: Expansion in America, 1713-1824, p.141 (1974)
  4. ↑ Schumann and Schweizer, p. 4.
  5. ↑ London Chronicle, vol. 1, no. 3 (6 Jan. 1757), p. 24b.
  6. ↑ Schumann and Schweizer, p. 105.
  7. ↑ Schumann and Schweitzer, p. 105.
  8. ↑ FOr the former figure, see Clements Library at University of Michigan, Shelburne MSS 137.
  9. ↑ Infoplease, "War of 1812: Causes of the War."
  10. ↑ Infoplease, "War of 1812: Causes of the War."
  11. ↑ Walton and Rockoff, p. 154.
  12. ↑ Walton and Rockoff, p. 154.
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