Russell A. Brown

Russell A. Brown is an American physician and computer scientist. He is the inventor of the N-localizer^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]} technology that enables guidance of stereotactic surgery or radiosurgery using medical images that are obtained via computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET).^{[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]}

Brown earned MD and PhD degrees at the University of Utah. While a medical student and in the research laboratory of his mentor, James A. Nelson, he invented a device that guides stereotactic surgery or radiosurgery using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or positron emission tomography (PET).^{[15][16][17][18][19][20]} This device has become known as the N-localizer.^[21][22] It stimulated renewed interest in, and further development of, stereotactic surgery and radiosurgery and has achieved widespread clinical use in the Brown-Roberts-Wells (BRW),^[23] Leksell,^[24] Kelly-Goerss^[25] and Cosman-Roberts-Wells (CRW)^[26] stereotactic instruments and in the Gamma Knife^[27] stereotactic radiosurgery system.

In addition to his work with stereotactic surgery and the N-localizer, Brown has contributed to medical imaging,^[28] nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,^{[29][30][31][32]} computational chemistry,^[33] structural biology^[34] and computer science.^[35][36][37]

References

1. Tse, VCK; Kalani, MYS; Adler, JR (2015). "Techniques of Stereotactic Localization". In Chin, LS; Regine, WF. Principles and Practice of Stereotactic Radiosurgery. New York: Springer. p. 28.
2. Saleh, H; Kassas, B (2015). "Developing Stereotactic Frames for Cranial Treatment". In Benedict, SH; Schlesinger, DJ; Goetsch, SJ; Kavanagh, BD. Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 156–159.
3. Khan, FR; Henderson, JM (2013). "Deep Brain Stimulation Surgical Techniques". In Lozano, AM; Hallet, M. Brain Stimulation: Handbook of Clinical Neurology 116. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 28–30.
4. Arle, J (2009). "Development of a Classic: the Todd-Wells Apparatus, the BRW, and the CRW Stereotactic Frames". In Lozano, AM; Gildenberg, PL; Tasker, RR. Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 456–461.
5. Sharan, AD; Andrews, DW (2003). "Stereotactic Frames: Technical Considerations". In Schulder, M; Gandhi, CD. Handbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 16–17.
6. Apuzzo, MLJ; Fredericks, CA (1988). "The Brown-Roberts-Wells System". In Lunsford, LD. Modern Stereotactic Neurosurgery. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishing. pp. 63–77.
7. Heilbrun MP, Roberts TS, Apuzzo ML, Wells TH Jr, Sabshin JK (1983). "Preliminary experience with Brown-Roberts-Wells (BRW) computerized tomography stereotaxic guidance system". Journal of Neurosurgery 59 (2): 217–222. doi:10.3171/jns.1983.59.2.0217. PMID 6345727.
8. Thomas DG, Anderson RE, du Boulay GH (1984). "CT-guided stereotactic neurosurgery: experience in 24 cases with a new stereotactic system". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 47 (1): 9–16. doi:10.1136/jnnp.47.1.9. PMC 1027634. PMID 6363629.
9. Leksell L, Leksell D, Schwebel J (1985). "Stereotaxis and nuclear magnetic resonance". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 48 (1): 14–18. doi:10.1136/jnnp.48.1.14. PMC 1028176. PMID 3882889.
10. Thomas DG, Davis CH, Ingram S, Olney JS, Bydder GM, Young IR (1986). "Stereotaxic biopsy of the brain under MR imaging control". AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology 7 (1): 161–163. PMID 3082131.
11. Heilbrun MP, Sunderland PM, McDonald PR, Wells TH Jr, Cosman E, Ganz E (1987). "Brown-Roberts-Wells stereotactic frame modifications to accomplish magnetic resonance imaging guidance in three planes". Applied Neurophysiology 50 (1-6): 143–152. doi:10.1159/000100700. PMID 3329837.
12. Maciunas RJ, Kessler RM, Maurer C, Mandava V, Watt G, Smith G (1992). "Positron emission tomography imaging-directed stereotactic neurosurgery". Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery 58 (1-4): 134–140. doi:10.1159/000098986. PMID 1439330.
13. Levivier M, Massager N, Wikler D, Lorenzoni J, Ruiz S, Devriendt D, David P, Desmedt F, Simon S, Van Houtte P, Brotchi J, Goldman S (2004). "Use of stereotactic PET images in dosimetry planning of radiosurgery for brain tumors: clinical experience and proposed classification". Journal of Nuclear Medicine 45 (7): 1146–1154. PMID 15235060.
14. Perry, Janice (October 2, 1983). "New system may improve brain surgery". Times Daily. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
15. Brown, Russell A. (1979). "A computerized tomography-computer graphics approach to stereotaxic localization". Journal of Neurosurgery 50 (6): 715–20. doi:10.3171/jns.1979.50.6.0715. PMID 374688.
16. Brown RA (1979). "A stereotactic head frame for use with CT body scanners". Invest Radiol. 14 (4): 300–4. doi:10.1097/00004424-197907000-00006. PMID 385549.
17. Brown RA (2015). "The mathematics of three N-localizers used together for stereotactic neurosurgery". Cureus 7 (10): e341. doi:10.7759/cureus.341. PMID 26594605.
18. Brown RA (2015). "The mathematics of four or more N-localizers for stereotactic neurosurgery". Cureus 7 (10): e349. doi:10.7759/cureus.349. PMID 26623204.
19. US patent 4608977, Brown, RA, "System using computed tomography as for selective body treatment" 
20. Brown RA, Roberts T, Osborn AG (1981). "Simplified CT-guided stereotaxic biopsy" (PDF). American Journal of Neuroradiology 2 (2): 181–4. PMID 6784559.
21. Brown RA, Nelson JA (2012). "Invention of the N-localizer for stereotactic neurosurgery and its use in the Brown-Roberts-Wells stereotactic frame". Neurosurgery 70 (2 Supplement Operative): 173–176. doi:10.1227/NEU.0b013e318246a4f7. PMID 22186842.
22. Brown RA, Nelson JA (2015). "The origin and history of the N-localizer for stereotactic neurosurgery". Cureus 7 (9): e323. doi:10.7759/cureus.323. PMID 26487999.
23. Brown RA, Roberts TS, Osborn AG (1980). "Stereotaxic frame and computer software for CT-directed neurosurgical localization". Investigative Radiology 15 (4): 308–12. doi:10.1097/00004424-198007000-00006. PMID 7009485.
24. Leksell L, Jernberg B (1980). "Stereotaxis and tomography. A technical note.". Acta Neurochirugica 52 (1-2): 1–7. doi:10.1007/BF01400939. PMID 6990697.
25. Goerss S, Kelly PJ, Kall B, Alker GJ Jr (1982). "A computed tomographic stereotactic adaptation system". Neurosurgery 10 (3): 375–9. doi:10.1097/00006123-198203000-00014. PMID 7041006.
26. Couldwell WT, Apuzzo ML (1990). "Initial experience related to the Cosman-Roberts-Wells stereotactic instrument. Technical note". Journal of Neurosurgery 72 (1): 145–8. doi:10.3171/jns.1990.72.1.0145. PMID 2403588.
27. Lindquist, Christer (2007). "The Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion and comparisons with its predecessors". Neurosurgery 61: ONS130–ONS141. doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000316276.20586.dd. PMID 18596433.
28. Kunz LR, Marks B, Brown RA (1982). "Delineation of masses identified on axial computed tomography". Radiology 142 (2): 536. doi:10.1148/radiology.142.2.7054853.
29. Brown RA, Grant DM (1993). "Magnetization preparation for coupled relaxation studies using S-pulse sequences". Journal of Magnetic Resonance A105 (3): 284–288. doi:10.1006/jmra.1993.1282.
30. Brown RA, Price RH, Grant DM (1994). "Detecting proton magnetization via carbon-13 coupled relaxation studies". Journal of Magnetic Resonance A110 (1): 38–44. doi:10.1006/jmra.1994.1178.
31. Brown RA, Grant DM (1995). "Carbon-13 coupled relaxation studies of a leucine zipper peptide". Journal of Magnetic Resonance B106 (3): 254–260. doi:10.1006/jmrb.1995.1041.
32. Brown RA, Venters RA, Tang PPPZ, Spicer LD (1995). "A test for scalar coupling between hetereonuclei using gradient-enhanced proton-detected carbon-13 spectroscopy". Journal of Magnetic Resonance A113 (1): 117–119. doi:10.1006/jmra.1995.1064.
33. Brown RA, Case DA (2006). "Second derivatives in generalized Born theory". Journal of Computational Chemistry 27 (14): 1662–1675. doi:10.1002/jcc.20479.
34. Gonzalez L, Brown RA, Richardson D, Alber T (1996). "Crystal structures of a single coiled-coil peptide in two oligomeric states reveal the basis for structural polymorphism". Nature Structural Biology 3: 1002–1010. doi:10.1038/nsb1296-1002.
35. Brown RA, Sharapov I (2007). "High-scalability parallelization of a molecular modeling application: performance and productivity comparison between OpenMP and MPI". International Journal of Parallel Programming 35 (5): 441–458. doi:10.1007/s10766-007-0057-y.
36. Brown RA, Sharapov I (2008). "Performance and programmability comparison between OpenMP and MPI implementations of a molecular modeling application". Lecture Notes in Computer Science: OpenMP Shared Memory Parallel Programming 4315: 349–360. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68555-5_28.
37. Brown RA (2015). "Building a balanced k-d tree in O(kn log n) time". Journal of Computer Graphics Techniques 4 (1): 50–68.