Ruzizi River

Ruzizi River
Hippopotami in the Ruzizi River in Burundi
Country DR Congo (DRC)
Rwanda
Burundi
Source Lake Kivu
 - location border between Bukavu
and Cyangugu, South Kivu, DRC & Western Province, Rwanda
 - elevation 1,472 m (4,829 ft) [1]
 - coordinates 02°29′27″S 28°53′35″E / 2.49083°S 28.89306°E / -2.49083; 28.89306 [2]
Mouth Lake Tanganyika
 - location west of Bujumbura, Burundi, Bujumbura Rural Province
 - elevation 768 m (2,520 ft) [1]
 - coordinates 03°21′51″S 29°16′04″E / 3.36417°S 29.26778°E / -3.36417; 29.26778Coordinates: 03°21′51″S 29°16′04″E / 3.36417°S 29.26778°E / -3.36417; 29.26778 [2]
Length 117 km (73 mi) [3]
Discharge
 - average 100 m3/s (3,531 cu ft/s) [4]

The Ruzizi (also sometimes spelled Rusizi) is a river, 117 kilometres (73 mi) long,[3] that flows from Lake Kivu to Lake Tanganyika in Central Africa, descending from about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) to about 770 metres (2,530 ft) above sea level over its length.[1][5] The steepest gradients occur over the first 40 kilometres (25 mi), where hydroelectric dams have been built.[4] Further downstream, the Ruzizi Plain, the floor of the Western Rift Valley, has only gentle hills,[6] and the river flows into Lake Tanganyika through a delta, with one or two small channels splitting off from the main channel.[5]

The Ruzizi is a young river, formed about 10,000 years ago when volcanism associated with continental rifting created the Virunga Mountains. The mountains blocked Lake Kivu's former outlet to the watershed of the Nile and instead forced the lake overflow south down the Ruzizi and the watershed of the Congo.

Course

Along its upstream reaches, the river forms part of the border between Rwanda on the east with the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) on the west.[5] Further downstream, it forms part of the border between the DRC and Burundi, and its lowermost reach lies entirely within Burundi.[5] To the west, the Fizi Baraka mountains tower over the river.[7] The Bridge of Concord, Burundi's longest bridge, crosses the river near its mouth.[8] Tributaries of the Ruzizi River include the Nyamagana, Muhira, Kaburantwa, Kagunuzi, Rubyiro and Ruhwa, among others.[9]

The Ruzizi River, flowing south into Lake Tanganyika, is part of the upper watershed of the Congo River. Nineteenth-century British explorers such as Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke, uncertain of the direction of flow of the Ruzizi, thought that it might flow north out of the lake toward the White Nile. Their research and follow-up explorations by David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley established among Europeans that this was not the case. The Ruzizi flows into Lake Tanganyika, which overflows into the Lukuga River about 120 kilometres (75 mi) south of Ujiji. The Lukuga flows west into the Lualaba River, a major tributary of the Congo.[10]

Geology

Rifting, the slow pulling apart of a tectonic plate, has produced the East Africa Rift system and its many basins and lakes. The system, on the boundary between the African Plate (Nubian Plate) and the Somali Plate, has two branches, both oriented north–south. Rifting in the western branch, called the Albertine Rift, began between 25 and 10 million years ago.[11] The Ruzizi River lies along the western rift, which includes, from north to south, lakes Albert, George, Edward, Kivu, Tanganyika, Rukwa, Malawi, and others.[11]

Uplift associated with the rifting altered the connections among the region's water bodies.[11] About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, volcanic activity blocked Lake Kivu's former outlet to the watershed of the Nile.[11] The volcanism produced mountains, including the Virungas, which rose between Lake Kivu and Lake Edward, to the north.[12] Water from Lake Kivu was then forced south down the Ruzizi.[11] This in turn raised the level of Lake Tanganyika, which overflowed down the Lukuga River.[11] Variations in uplift and climate have caused the Ruzizi and Lukuga to open and close multiple times since then.[11]

Hydroelectricity

The Ruzizi I hydroelectric dam was built at the Ruzizi River outlet from Lake Kivu in 1958. The Ruzizi II power station was added in 1989.[13] Ruzizi I and II are operated by a tri-national company (Burundi, Rwanda and Democratic Republic of the Congo) owned by the Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries. The consortium is planning two more dams, Ruzizi III and IV.[13]

Ruzizi I has a generating capacity of about 30 megawatts (MW) and Ruzizi II about 44 MW. Ruzizi III, to be built downstream of the other two, is projected to have a capacity of 145 MW when it becomes operational in about 2016. As part of the Ruzizi III project, Ruzizi I and II are to be refurbished. If eventually built, Ruzizi IV will be positioned between Ruzizi II and Ruzizi III and is projected to operate at more than 200 MW.[13]

Fauna and flora

A widely publicized man-eating crocodile, Gustave, roams the banks of the Ruzizi River and the northern shores of Lake Tanganyika. Gustave, estimated to be about 6 metres (20 ft) long and to weigh about 900 kilograms (2,000 lb), is said to have killed and eaten many people.[14]

In the film documenting Gustave ("Capturing the Killer Croc"), the narrator states that "In the 1950s, buffalo, elephants and common warthogs inhabited the plain; but they were progressively exterminated by man. The only survivor amongst the large mammals has been the hippopotamus. And they share the river, in an uneasy co-existence, with the nile crocodiles."

Reed swamps are common along the lower main stem of the river and its tributaries. Near the mouth, the riparian swamps are up to 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) wide. The swamps' total area in Burundi has been estimated at 12,000 hectares (30,000 acres) with reeds varying in height from 2 to 4 metres (6.6 to 13.1 ft), depending on the degree of inundation. Residents use the reeds for thatching and other domestic purposes. Further from the river, much of the lower river valley consists of grassland, heavily grazed by cattle.[6]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Derived from geolocation with Google Earth.
  2. 1 2 Geolocation with Google Earth
  3. 1 2 Felton, Anna A.; Russell, James M.; Cohen, Andrew S.; Baker, Mark E.; Chesley, John T.; Lezzar, Kiram E.; McGlue, Michael M.; Pigati, Jeffrey S.; Quade, Jay; Curt Stager, J.; Tiercelin, Jean Jacques (2007). "Paleolimnological Evidence for the Onset and Termination of Glacial Aridity from Lake Tanganyika, Tropical East Africa". Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 252 (3–4): 405. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003.
  4. 1 2 Lamers, Alfred (1990). "Ruzizi II - A Fine Example of Regional Cooperation". Human Info NGO Library for Education and Development. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Google Maps". Google. 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  6. 1 2 "Burundi Wetlands" (PDF). Ramsar. pp. 2–4. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  7. ↑ Doyle, Mark (25 November 2004). "Retracing Che Guevara's Congo Footsteps". BBC News. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  8. ↑ Murison, Katharine (ed.). Africa South of the Sahara (32nd ed.). Europa Publications. p. 147. ISBN 1-85743-131-6.
  9. ↑ "Acme Mapper (terrain)". Acme Labs. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  10. ↑ Ondaatje, Christoper (1998). Journey to the Source of the Nile. Toronto: Harper Collins. p. 166. ISBN 0-00-200019-9.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Danley, Patrick D.; Husemann, Martin; Ding, Baoqing; Dipietro, Lyndsay M.; Beverly, Emily J.; Peppe, Daniel J.; et al. (2012). "The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids". International Journal of Evolutionary Biology (Hindawi) 2012: 1. doi:10.1155/2012/574851. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  12. ↑ Clark, J. D. (1969). Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 34. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 "Sizing Up African Hydro". Water Power (Global Trade Media). 4 October 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  14. ↑ McRae, Michael. "Gustave the Croc Surfaces to Strike Again". National Geographic (February 2008). Retrieved 14 January 2013.

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