S.M.A.R.T.

This article is about the computer drive monitoring system. For the mnemonic used in other contexts, see Smart.

S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology; often written as SMART) is a monitoring system included in computer hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs)[1] that detects and reports on various indicators of drive reliability, with the intent of enabling the anticipation of hardware failures.

When S.M.A.R.T. data indicates a possible imminent drive failure, software running on the host system may notify the user so stored data can be copied to another storage device, preventing data loss, and the failing drive can be replaced.

Background

Hard disk failures fall into one of two basic classes:

Mechanical failures account for about 60% of all drive failures.[2] While the eventual failure may be catastrophic, most mechanical failures result from gradual wear and there are usually certain indications that failure is imminent. These may include increased heat output, increased noise level, problems with reading and writing of data, or an increase in the number of damaged disk sectors.

A field study at Google covering over 100,000 consumer-grade drives from December 2005 to August 2006 found correlations between certain SMART information and actual failure rates. In the 60 days following the first uncorrectable error on a drive (SMART attribute 0xC6 or 198) detected as a result of an offline scan, the drive was, on average, 39 times more likely to fail than a similar drive for which no such error occurred. First errors in reallocations, offline reallocations (SMART attributes 0xC4 and 0x05 or 196 and 5) and probational counts (SMART attribute 0xC5 or 197) were also strongly correlated to higher probabilities of failure. Conversely, little correlation was found for increased temperature and no correlation for usage level. However, the research showed that a large proportion (56%) of the failed drives failed without recording any count in the "four strong S.M.A.R.T. warnings" identified as scan errors, reallocation count, offline reallocation and probational count. Further, 36% of drives failed without recording any S.M.A.R.T. error at all, except the temperature, meaning that S.M.A.R.T. data alone was of limited usefulness in anticipating failures.[3]

PCTechGuide's page on SMART (2003) comments that the technology has gone through three phases:[4]

In its original incarnation SMART provided failure prediction by monitoring certain online hard drive activities. A subsequent version improved failure prediction by adding an automatic off-line read scan to monitor additional operations. The latest "SMART" technology not only monitors hard drive activities but adds failure prevention by attempting to detect and repair sector errors. Also, while earlier versions of the technology only monitored hard drive activity for data that was retrieved by the operating system, this latest SMART tests all data and all sectors of a drive by using "off-line data collection" to confirm the drive's health during periods of inactivity.

History and predecessors

An early hard disk monitoring technology was introduced by IBM in 1992 in its IBM 9337 Disk Arrays for AS/400 servers using IBM 0662 SCSI-2 disk drives.[5] Later it was named Predictive Failure Analysis (PFA) technology. It was measuring several key device health parameters and evaluating them within the drive firmware. Communications between the physical unit and the monitoring software were limited to a binary result: namely, either "device is OK" or "drive is likely to fail soon".

Later, another variant, which was named IntelliSafe, was created by computer manufacturer Compaq and disk drive manufacturers Seagate, Quantum, and Conner.[6] The disk drives would measure the disk’s "health parameters", and the values would be transferred to the operating system and user-space monitoring software. Each disk drive vendor was free to decide which parameters were to be included for monitoring, and what their thresholds should be. The unification was at the protocol level with the host.

Compaq submitted IntelliSafe to the Small Form Factor (SFF) committee for standardization in early 1995.[7] It was supported by IBM, by Compaq's development partners Seagate, Quantum, and Conner, and by Western Digital, which did not have a failure prediction system at the time. The Committee chose IntelliSafe's approach, as it provided more flexibility. The resulting jointly developed standard was named SMART.

That SFF standard described a communication protocol for an ATA host to use and control monitoring and analysis in a hard disk drive, but did not specify any particular metrics or analysis methods. Later, "SMART" came to be understood (though without any formal specification) to refer to a variety of specific metrics and methods and to apply to protocols unrelated to ATA for communicating the same kinds of things.

Provided information

The technical documentation for SMART is in the AT Attachment (ATA) standard. First introduced in 2004,[8] it has undergone regular revisions,[9] the latest being in 2008.[10]

The most basic information that SMART provides is the SMART status. It provides only two values: "threshold not exceeded" and "threshold exceeded". Often these are represented as "drive OK" or "drive fail" respectively. A "threshold exceeded" value is intended to indicate that there is a relatively high probability that the drive will not be able to honor its specification in the future: that is, the drive is "about to fail". The predicted failure may be catastrophic or may be something as subtle as the inability to write to certain sectors, or perhaps slower performance than the manufacturer's declared minimum.

The SMART status does not necessarily indicate the drive's past or present reliability. If a drive has already failed catastrophically, the SMART status may be inaccessible. Alternatively, if a drive has experienced problems in the past, but the sensors no longer detect such problems, the SMART status may, depending on the manufacturer's programming, suggest that the drive is now sound.

The inability to read some sectors is not always an indication that a drive is about to fail. One way that unreadable sectors may be created, even when the drive is functioning within specification, is through a sudden power failure while the drive is writing. Also, even if the physical disk is damaged at one location, such that a certain sector is unreadable, the disk may be able to use spare space to replace the bad area, so that the sector can be overwritten.[11]

More detail on the health of the drive may be obtained by examining the SMART Attributes. SMART Attributes were included in some drafts of the ATA standard, but were removed before the standard became final. The meaning and interpretation of the attributes varies between manufacturers, and are sometimes considered a trade secret for one manufacturer or another. Attributes are further discussed below.[12]

Drives with SMART may optionally maintain a number of 'logs'. The error log records information about the most recent errors that the drive has reported back to the host computer. Examining this log may help one to determine whether computer problems are disk-related or caused by something else (error log timestamps may "wrap" after 232 ms = 49.71 days[13])

A drive that implements SMART may optionally implement a number of self-test or maintenance routines, and the results of the tests are kept in the self-test log. The self-test routines may be used to detect any unreadable sectors on the disk, so that they may be restored from back-up sources (for example, from other disks in a RAID). This helps to reduce the risk of incurring permanent loss of data.

Standards and implementation

Lack of common interpretation

Many motherboards display a warning message when a disk drive is approaching failure. Although an industry standard exists among most major hard drive manufacturers,[4] there are some remaining issues and much proprietary "secret knowledge" held by individual manufacturers as to their specific approach. As a result, S.M.A.R.T. is not always implemented correctly on many computer platforms, due to the absence of industry-wide software and hardware standards for S.M.A.R.T. data interchange.

From a legal perspective, the term "S.M.A.R.T." refers only to a signaling method between internal disk drive electromechanical sensors and the host computer. Hence, a drive may be claimed by its manufacturers to implement S.M.A.R.T. even if it does not include, say, a temperature sensor, which the customer might reasonably expect to be present. Moreover, in the most extreme case, a disk manufacturer could, in theory, produce a drive which includes a sensor for just one physical attribute, and then legally advertise the product as "S.M.A.R.T. compatible".

Visibility to host systems

Depending on the type of interface being used, some S.M.A.R.T.-enabled motherboards and related software may not communicate with certain S.M.A.R.T.-capable drives. For example, few external drives connected via USB and Firewire correctly send S.M.A.R.T. data over those interfaces. With so many ways to connect a hard drive (SCSI, Fibre Channel, ATA, SATA, SAS, SSA, and so on), it is difficult to predict whether S.M.A.R.T. reports will function correctly in a given system.

Even with a hard drive and interface that implements the specification, the computer's operating system may not see the S.M.A.R.T. information because the drive and interface are encapsulated in a lower layer. For example, they may be part of a RAID subsystem in which the RAID controller sees the S.M.A.R.T.-capable drive, but the main computer sees only a logical volume generated by the RAID controller.

On the Windows platform, many programs designed to monitor and report S.M.A.R.T. information will function only under an administrator account. At present, S.M.A.R.T. is implemented individually by manufacturers, and while some aspects are standardized for compatibility, others are not.

Access

For a list of various programs that allow reading of Smart Data, see Comparison of S.M.A.R.T. tools.

ATA S.M.A.R.T. attributes

Each drive manufacturer defines a set of attributes,[14][15] and sets threshold values beyond which attributes should not pass under normal operation. Each attribute has a raw value, whose meaning is entirely up to the drive manufacturer (but often corresponds to counts or a physical unit, such as degrees Celsius or seconds), a normalized value, which ranges from 1 to 253 (with 1 representing the worst case and 253 representing the best) and a worst value, which represents the lowest recorded normalized value. Depending on the manufacturer, a value of 100 or 200 will often be chosen as the initial normalized value.

Manufacturers that have implemented at least one SMART attribute in various products include Samsung, Seagate, IBM (Hitachi), Fujitsu, Maxtor, Toshiba, Intel, sTec, Inc., Western Digital and ExcelStor Technology.

Known ATA S.M.A.R.T. attributes

The following chart lists some S.M.A.R.T. attributes and the typical meaning of their raw values. Normalized values are usually mapped so that higher values are better (exceptions include drive temperature, number of head load/unload cycles[16]), but higher raw attribute values may be better or worse depending on the attribute and manufacturer. For example, the "Reallocated Sectors Count" attribute's normalized value decreases as the count of reallocated sectors increases. In this case, the attribute's raw value will often indicate the actual count of sectors that were reallocated, although vendors are in no way required to adhere to this convention.

As manufacturers do not necessarily agree on precise attribute definitions and measurement units, the following list of attributes is a general guide only.

Drives do not support all attribute codes. Some codes are specific to particular drive types (magnetic platter, flash, SSD). Drives may use different codes for the same parameter, e.g., see codes 193 and 225.

Legend
Higher
 Higher raw value is better
Lower
 Lower raw value is better
Critical: pink colored row Potential indicators of imminent electromechanical failure
ID Hex Attribute name Better Crit Description
01 0x01 Read Error Rate
Lower
 (Vendor specific raw value.) Stores data related to the rate of hardware read errors that occurred when reading data from a disk surface. The raw value has different structure for different vendors and is often not meaningful as a decimal number.
02 0x02 Throughput Performance
Higher
 Overall (general) throughput performance of a hard disk drive. If the value of this attribute is decreasing there is a high probability that there is a problem with the disk.
03 0x03 Spin-Up Time
Lower
 Average time of spindle spin up (from zero RPM to fully operational [milliseconds]).
04 0x04 Start/Stop Count A tally of spindle start/stop cycles. The spindle turns on, and hence the count is increased, both when the hard disk is turned on after having before been turned entirely off (disconnected from power source) and when the hard disk returns from having previously been put to sleep mode.[17]
05 0x05 Reallocated Sectors Count
Lower
 Yes Count of reallocated sectors. When the hard drive finds a read/write/verification error, it marks that sector as "reallocated" and transfers data to a special reserved area (spare area). This process is also known as remapping, and reallocated sectors are called "remaps". The raw value normally represents a count of the bad sectors that have been found and remapped. Thus, the higher the attribute value, the more sectors the drive has had to reallocate. This allows a drive with bad sectors to continue operation; however, a drive which has had any reallocations at all is significantly more likely to fail in the near future.[3] While primarily used as a metric of the life expectancy of the drive, this number also affects performance. As the count of reallocated sectors increases, the read/write speed tends to become worse because the drive head is forced to seek to the reserved area whenever a remap is accessed. If sequential access speed is critical, the remapped sectors can be manually marked as bad blocks in the file system in order to prevent their use.
06 0x06 Read Channel Margin Margin of a channel while reading data. The function of this attribute is not specified.
07 0x07 Seek Error Rate N/A (Vendor specific raw value.) Rate of seek errors of the magnetic heads. If there is a partial failure in the mechanical positioning system, then seek errors will arise. Such a failure may be due to numerous factors, such as damage to a servo, or thermal widening of the hard disk. The raw value has different structure for different vendors and is often not meaningful as a decimal number.
08 0x08 Seek Time Performance
Higher
 Average performance of seek operations of the magnetic heads. If this attribute is decreasing, it is a sign of problems in the mechanical subsystem.
09 0x09 Power-On Hours (POH) Count of hours in power-on state. The raw value of this attribute shows total count of hours (or minutes, or seconds, depending on manufacturer) in power-on state.[18]

"By default, the total expected lifetime of a hard disk in perfect condition is defined as 5 years (running every day and night on all days). This is equal to 1825 days in 24/7 mode or 43800 hours."[19]

On some pre-2005 drives, this raw value may advance erratically and/or "wrap around" (reset to zero periodically).[20]

10 0x0A Spin Retry Count
Yes Count of retry of spin start attempts. This attribute stores a total count of the spin start attempts to reach the fully operational speed (under the condition that the first attempt was unsuccessful). An increase of this attribute value is a sign of problems in the hard disk mechanical subsystem.
11 0x0B Recalibration Retries or Calibration Retry Count
Lower
 This attribute indicates the count that recalibration was requested (under the condition that the first attempt was unsuccessful). An increase of this attribute value is a sign of problems in the hard disk mechanical subsystem.
12 0x0C Power Cycle Count This attribute indicates the count of full hard disk power on/off cycles.
13 0x0D Soft Read Error Rate
Lower
 Uncorrected read errors reported to the operating system.
22 0x16 Current Helium Level Specific to He8 drives from HGST. The Helium, so says the literature, allows the drives to run cooler and quieter, and reduces power consumption. This is the status of the Helium in the drive. It is a pre-fail attribute that trips once the drive detects that the internal environment is out of specification.[21]
170 0xAA Available Reserved Space See attribute E8[22]
171 0xAB SSD Program Fail Count (Kingston) The total number of flash program operation failures since the drive was deployed.[23] Identical to attribute 181.
172 0xAC SSD Erase Fail Count (Kingston)Counts the number of flash erase failures. This Attribute returns the total number of Flash erase operation failures since the drive was deployed. This Attribute is identical to Attribute 182.
173 0xAD SSD Wear Leveling Count Counts the maximum worst erase count on any block.
174 0xAE Unexpected power loss count Also known as "Power-off Retract Count" per conventional HDD terminology. Raw value reports the number of unclean shutdowns, cumulative over the life of an SSD, where an "unclean shutdown" is the removal of power without STANDBY IMMEDIATE as the last command (regardless of PLI activity using capacitor power). Normalized value is always 100.[24]
175 0xAF Power Loss Protection Failure Last test result as microseconds to discharge cap, saturated at its maximum value. Also logs minutes since last test and lifetime number of tests. Raw value contains the following data:
  • Bytes 0-1: Last test result as microseconds to discharge cap, saturates at max value. Test result expected in range 25 <= result <= 5000000, lower indicates specific error code.
  • Bytes 2-3: Minutes since last test, saturates at max value.
  • Bytes 4-5: Lifetime number of tests, not incremented on power cycle, saturates at max value.

Normalized value is set to one on test failure or 11 if the capacitor has been tested in an excessive temperature condition, otherwise 100.[24]

176 0xB0 Erase Fail Count (chip) S.M.A.R.T. parameter indicates a number of flash erase command failures.[25]
177 0xB1 Wear Range Delta Delta between most-worn and least-worn Flash blocks. It describes how good/bad the wearleveling of the SSD works on a more technical way.
179 0xB3 Used Reserved Block Count Total "Pre-Fail" Attribute used at least in Samsung devices.
180 0xB4 Unused Reserved Block Count Total "Pre-Fail" Attribute used at least in HP devices.
181 0xB5 Program Fail Count Total or Non-4K Aligned Access Count
Lower
 Total number of Flash program operation failures since the drive was deployed.[26]
Number of user data accesses (both reads and writes) where LBAs are not 4 KiB aligned (LBA % 8 != 0) or where size is not modulus 4 KiB (block count != 8), assuming logical block size (LBS) = 512 B[27]
182 0xB6 Erase Fail Count "Pre-Fail" Attribute used at least in Samsung devices.
183 0xB7 SATA Downshift Error Count or Runtime Bad Block
Lower
 Yes Western Digital, Samsung or Seagate attribute: Total number of data blocks with detected, uncorrectable errors encountered during normal operation.[28]
184 0xB8 End-to-End error / IOEDC
Lower
 Yes This attribute is a part of Hewlett-Packard's SMART IV technology, as well as part of other vendors' IO Error Detection and Correction schemas, and it contains a count of parity errors which occur in the data path to the media via the drive's cache RAM.[29]
185 0xB9 Head Stability Western Digital attribute.
186 0xBA Induced Op-Vibration Detection Western Digital attribute.
187 0xBB Reported Uncorrectable Errors
Yes The count of errors that could not be recovered using hardware ECC (see attribute 195).[30]
188 0xBC Command Timeout
Yes The count of aborted operations due to HDD timeout. Normally this attribute value should be equal to zero and if the value is far above zero, then most likely there will be some serious problems with power supply or an oxidized data cable.
189 0xBD High Fly Writes
Lower
 HDD manufacturers implement a flying height sensor that attempts to provide additional protections for write operations by detecting when a recording head is flying outside its normal operating range. If an unsafe fly height condition is encountered, the write process is stopped, and the information is rewritten or reallocated to a safe region of the hard drive. This attribute indicates the count of these errors detected over the lifetime of the drive.

This feature is implemented in most modern Seagate drives[2] and some of Western Digital's drives, beginning with the WD Enterprise WDE18300 and WDE9180 Ultra2 SCSI hard drives, and will be included on all future WD Enterprise products.[31]

190 0xBE Airflow Temperature (WDC) resp. Airflow Temperature Celsius (HP)
Lower
 Airflow temperature on Western Digital HDs (Same as temp. [C2], but current value is 50 less for some models. Marked as obsolete.)
190 0xBE Temperature Difference from 100
Higher
 Value is equal to (100−temp. °C), allowing manufacturer to set a minimum threshold which corresponds to a maximum temperature.
191 0xBF G-sense Error Rate
Lower
 The count of errors resulting from externally induced shock & vibration.
192 0xC0 Power-off Retract Count, Emergency Retract Cycle Count (Fujitsu),[32] or Unsafe Shutdown Count
Lower
 Count of times the heads are loaded off the media. Heads can be unloaded without actually powering off.
193 0xC1 Load Cycle Count or Load/Unload Cycle Count (Fujitsu)
Lower
 Count of load/unload cycles into head landing zone position.[32] Some drives use 225 (0xE1) for Load Cycle Count instead.

Western Digital rates their VelociRaptor drives for 600,000 load/unload cycles,[33] and WD Green drives for 300,000 cycles;[34] the latter ones are designed to unload heads often to conserve power. On the other hand, the WD3000GLFS (a desktop drive) is specified for only 50,000 load/unload cycles.[35]

Some laptop drives and "green power" desktop drives are programmed to unload the heads whenever there has not been any activity for a short period, to save power.[36][37] Operating systems often access the file system a few times a minute in the background,[38] causing 100 or more load cycles per hour if the heads unload: the load cycle rating may be exceeded in less than a year.[39] There are programs for most operating systems that disable the Advanced Power Management (APM) and Automatic acoustic management (AAM) features causing frequent load cycles.[40][41]

194 0xC2 Temperature resp. Temperature Celsius
Lower
 Current internal temperature.
195 0xC3 Hardware ECC Recovered N/A (Vendor-specific raw value.) The raw value has different structure for different vendors and is often not meaningful as a decimal number.
196 0xC4 Reallocation Event Count
Yes Count of remap operations. The raw value of this attribute shows the total count of attempts to transfer data from reallocated sectors to a spare area. Both successful & unsuccessful attempts are counted.[42]
197 0xC5 Current Pending Sector Count
Yes Count of "unstable" sectors (waiting to be remapped, because of unrecoverable read errors). If an unstable sector is subsequently read successfully, the sector is remapped and this value is decreased. Read errors on a sector will not remap the sector immediately (since the correct value cannot be read and so the value to remap is not known, and also it might become readable later); instead, the drive firmware remembers that the sector needs to be remapped, and will remap it the next time it's written.[43] However some drives will not immediately remap such sectors when written; instead the drive will first attempt to write to the problem sector and if the write operation is successful then the sector will be marked good (in this case, the "Reallocation Event Count" (0xC4) will not be increased). This is a serious shortcoming, for if such a drive contains marginal sectors that consistently fail only after some time has passed following a successful write operation, then the drive will never remap these problem sectors.
198 0xC6 Uncorrectable Sector Count or
Offline Uncorrectable or
Off-Line Scan Uncorrectable Sector Count[32]
Lower
 Yes The total count of uncorrectable errors when reading/writing a sector. A rise in the value of this attribute indicates defects of the disk surface and/or problems in the mechanical subsystem.
199 0xC7 UltraDMA CRC Error Count
Lower
 The count of errors in data transfer via the interface cable as determined by ICRC (Interface Cyclic Redundancy Check).
200 0xC8 Multi-Zone Error Rate [44]
Lower
 The count of errors found when writing a sector. The higher the value, the worse the disk's mechanical condition is.
200 0xC8 Write Error Rate (Fujitsu)
Lower
 The total count of errors when writing a sector.[45]
201 0xC9 Soft Read Error Rate or
TA Counter Detected
Lower
 Yes Count of off-track errors.
202 0xCA Data Address Mark errors or
TA Counter Increased
Lower
 Count of Data Address Mark errors (or vendor-specific).
203 0xCB Run Out Cancel
Lower
 The number of errors caused by incorrect checksum during the error correction.
204 0xCC Soft ECC Correction
Count of errors corrected by software ECC
205 0xCD Thermal Asperity Rate (TAR)
Count of errors due to high temperature.[46]
206 0xCE Flying Height Height of heads above the disk surface. If too low, head crash is more likely; if too high, read/write errors are more likely.
207 0xCF Spin High Current
Amount of surge current used to spin up the drive.[46]
208 0xD0 Spin Buzz Count of buzz routines needed to spin up the drive due to insufficient power.[46]
209 0xD1 Offline Seek Performance Drive’s seek performance during its internal tests.[46]
210 0xD2 Vibration During Write (found in a Maxtor 6B200M0 200GB and Maxtor 2R015H1 15GB disks)
211 0xD3 Vibration During Write Vibration During Write[23]
212 0xD4 Shock During Write Shock During Write[23]
220 0xDC Disk Shift
Lower
 Distance the disk has shifted relative to the spindle (usually due to shock or temperature). Unit of measure is unknown.[23]
221 0xDD G-Sense Error Rate
Lower
 The count of errors resulting from externally induced shock & vibration.
222 0xDE Loaded Hours Time spent operating under data load (movement of magnetic head armature)[23]
223 0xDF Load/Unload Retry Count Count of times head changes position.[23]
224 0xE0 Load Friction
Resistance caused by friction in mechanical parts while operating.[23]
225 0xE1 Load/Unload Cycle Count
Lower
 Total count of load cycles[23] Some drives use 193 (0xC1) for Load Cycle Count instead. See Description for 193 for significance of this number.
226 0xE2 Load 'In'-time Total time of loading on the magnetic heads actuator (time not spent in parking area).[23]
227 0xE3 Torque Amplification Count
Lower
 Count of attempts to compensate for platter speed variations
228 0xE4 Power-Off Retract Cycle
Lower
 The count of times the magnetic armature was retracted automatically as a result of cutting power.
230 0xE6 GMR Head Amplitude Amplitude of "thrashing" (distance of repetitive forward/reverse head motion)
230 0xE6 Drive Life Protection Status
Higher
 Yes Current state of drive operation based upon the Life Curve[47]
231 0xE7 Temperature
Lower
 Drive Temperature
231 0xE7 SSD Life Left
Higher
 Indicates the approximate SSD life left, in terms of program/erase cycles or Flash blocks currently available for use.[47]
232 0xE8 Endurance Remaining Number of physical erase cycles completed on the drive as a percentage of the maximum physical erase cycles the drive is designed to endure
232 0xE8 Available Reserved Space Intel SSD reports the number of available reserved space as a percentage of reserved space in a brand new SSD.
233 0xE9 Power-On Hours Number of hours elapsed in the power-on state.
233 0xE9 Media Wearout Indicator Intel SSD reports a normalized value of 100 (when the SSD is new) and declines to a minimum value of 1. It decreases while the NAND erase cycles increase from 0 to the maximum-rated cycles.
234 0xEA Average erase count AND Maximum Erase Count Decoded as: byte 0-1-2 = average erase count (big endian) and byte 3-4-5 = max erase count (big endian)[48]
235 0xEB Good Block Count AND System(Free) Block Count decoded as: byte 0-1-2 = good block count (big endian) and byte 3-4 = system(free) block count.
240 0xF0 Head Flying Hours Time spent during the positioning of the drive heads
240 0xF0 Transfer Error Rate (Fujitsu) Count of times the link is reset during a data transfer.[49]
241 0xF1 Total LBAs Written Total count of LBAs written
242 0xF2 Total LBAs Read Total count of LBAs read.
Some S.M.A.R.T. utilities will report a negative number for the raw value since in reality it has 48 bits rather than 32.
243 0xF3 Total LBAs Written Expanded The upper 5 bytes of the 12-byte total number of LBAs written to the device. The lower 7 byte value is located at attribute 0xF1.[50]
244 0xF4 Total LBAs Read Expanded The upper 5 bytes of the 12-byte total number of LBAs read from the device. The lower 7 byte value is located at attribute 0xF2.[51]
249 0xF9 NAND_Writes_1GiB Total NAND Writes. Raw value reports the number of writes to NAND in 1 GB increments.[52]
250 0xFA Read Error Retry Rate
Lower
 Count of errors while reading from a disk[23]
251 0xFB Minimum Spares Remaining The Minimum Spares Remaining attribute indicates the number of remaining spare blocks as a percentage of the total number of spare blocks available.[53]
252 0xFC Newly Added Bad Flash Block The Newly Added Bad Flash Block attribute indicates the total number of bad flash blocks the drive detected since it was first initialized in manufacturing.[53]
254 0xFE Free Fall Protection
Lower
 Count of "Free Fall Events" detected [54]

Threshold Exceeds Condition

Threshold Exceeds Condition (TEC) is an estimated date when a critical drive statistic attribute will reach its threshold value. When Drive Health software reports a "Nearest T.E.C.", it should be regarded as a "Failure date". Sometimes, no date is given and the drive can be expected to work without errors.[55]

To predict the date, the drive tracks the rate at which the attribute changes. Note that TEC dates are only estimates; hard drives can and do fail much sooner or much later than the TEC date.[56]

Self-tests

SMART drives may offer a number of self-tests:[57][58][59]

Short
Checks the electrical and mechanical performance as well as the read performance of the disk. Electrical tests might include a test of buffer RAM, a read/write circuitry test, or a test of the read/write head elements. Mechanical test includes seeking and servo on data tracks. Scans small parts of the drive's surface (area is vendor-specific and there is a time limit on the test). Checks the list of pending sectors that may have read errors, and it usually takes under two minutes.
Long/extended
A longer and more thorough version of the short self-test, scanning the entire disk surface with no time limit. This test usually takes several hours, depending on the read/write speed of the drive and its size.
Conveyance
Intended as a quick test to identify damage incurred during transporting of the device from the drive manufacturer to the computer manufacturer.[60] Only available on ATA drives, and it usually takes several minutes.
Selective
Some drives allow selective self-tests of just a part of the surface.[61] The self-test logs for SCSI and ATA drives are slightly different. It is possible for the long test to pass even if the short test fails.[62]

The drive's self-test log can contain up to 21 read-only entries. When the log is filled, old entries are removed.[63]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Communicating With Your SSD: Understanding SMART Attributes | Samsung SSD". Samsung.com. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
  2. 1 2 Enhanced Smart attributes (PDF) (statement), Seagate
  3. 1 2 Pinheiro, Eduardo; Weber, Wolf-Dietrich; Barroso, Luís André, "Conclusion", Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (PDF), 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy Mountain View, CA 94043: Google
  4. 1 2 SMART, PCTechGuide, 2003
  5. ↑ No. ZG92-0289 (announcement letter), IBM, September 1, 1992
  6. ↑ Ottem, Eric; Plummer, Judy (1995), Playing it S.M.A.R.T.: The emergence of reliability prediction technology. (technical report), Seagate Technology Paper
  7. ↑ Compaq. IntelliSafe. Technical Report SSF-8035, Small Form Committee, January 1995
  8. ↑ "ATA/ATAPI Command Set (ATA8-ACS)" (PDF), AT Attachment 8 (working draft) (0 ed.) (ANSI INCITS), August 17, 2004 |chapter= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Stephens 2006, pp. 44–126, 198–213, 327–44, Sections 4.19: "SMART (Self-monitoring, analysis, and reporting technology) feature set", 7.52: "SMART", Annex A: "Log Page Definitions"
  10. ↑ "ATA/ATAPI Command Set (ATA8-ACS)" (PDF), AT Attachment 8 (working draft) (6a ed.) (ANSI INCITS), September 6, 2008 |chapter= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Hitachi Travelstar 80GN (PDF) (hard disk drive specification) (2.0 ed.), Hitachi Data Systems, 19 September 2003, Hitachi Document Part Number S13K-1055-20
  12. ↑ Hatfield, Jim (September 30, 2005), SMART Attribute Annex (PDF), T13, e05148r0
  13. ↑ "Maxtor", Smartmontools (plain text) (example), Source forge
  14. ↑ Stephens 2006, p. 207Of the 512 octets listed in table 42 on page 207: "Device SMART data structure" a total of 489 are marked as "Vendor specific".
  15. ↑ Ottem, Eric; Plummer, Judy (1995), Playing it S.M.A.R.T.: The emergence of reliability prediction technology. (technical report), Seagate Technology Paper, Though attributes are drive-specific, a variety of typical characteristics can be identified: [...] The attributes listed above illustrate typical kinds of reliability indicators. Ultimately, the disc drive design determines which attributes the manufacturer will choose. Attributes are therefore considered proprietary, since they depend on drive design.
  16. ↑ "FAQ", Smartmontools, Source forge, Attribute 194 (Temperature Celsius) behaves strangely on my Seagate disk
  17. ↑ "Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (SMART)", Smart Linux (article), Source forge, 2009-03-10
  18. ↑ "9109: S.M.A.R.T. Attribute: Power-On Hours (POH)", Knowledge Base, Acronis
  19. ↑ "Power on time". hdsentinel.com. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
  20. ↑ "FAQ". Smartmontools. Sourceforge. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  21. ↑ "SMART Hard Drive Attributes: SMART 22 is a Gas Gas Gas". Backblaze Blog - The Life of a Cloud Backup Company.
  22. ↑ Intel Solid-state Drive DC S3700 Series Product Specification (PDF) (product manual) (32817-007), Intel, March 2014
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "S.M.A.R.T.". Acronis. 9 March 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2016. Samsung, Seagate, IBM (Hitachi), Fujitsu (not all models), Maxtor, Western Digital (not all models)
  24. 1 2 Intel Solid-state Drive DC S3700 Series Product Specification (PDF) (product manual) (32817-007), Intel, March 2014
  25. ↑ "9184: S.M.A.R.T. Attribute: Erase Fail Count (chip)". March 9, 2010.
  26. ↑ "SMART Attribute Details" (PDF). Kingston Technology Corporation. 2013. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  27. ↑ "The SMART Command Feature Set" (PDF). Micron Technology, Inc. August 2010. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  28. ↑ "HDD Guardian". CodePlex. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  29. ↑ "SMART IV Technology on HP Business Desktop Hard Drives" (PDF). Hewlett-Packard. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  30. ↑ "BackBlaze SMART blog". Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  31. ↑ Fly Height Monitor Improves Hard Drive Reliability (PDF), Western Digital, April 1999, 79-850123-000
  32. 1 2 3 MHT2080AT, MHT2060AT, MHT2040AT, MHT2030AT, MHG2020AT Disk Drives (PDF) (product manual), Fujitsu, 2003-07-04, C141-E192-02EN
  33. ↑ WD VelociRaptor Spec Sheet (PDF), WD
  34. ↑ WD Green Spec Sheet (PDF), WD
  35. ↑ "WD VelociRaptor SATA Hard Drives" (PDF). wdc.com. 2008. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
  36. ↑ "Problem with hard drive clicking", Think (wiki)
  37. ↑ "hdparm(8) - Linux manual page". man7.org. November 2012. Retrieved 2014-03-31. Get/set the Western Digital (WD) Green Drive's "idle3" timeout value. This timeout controls how often the drive parks its heads and enters a low power consumption state. The factory default is eight (8) seconds, which is a very poor choice for use with Linux. Leaving it at the default will result in hundreds of thousands of head load/unload cycles in a very short period of time.
  38. ↑ discussion list, Arch Linux, If linux tends to write to /var/log/* every 30s, then the heads can park/unpark every 30s.
  39. ↑ "Hard drives", How to Reduce Power Consumption (wiki), Think, The files access time update, while mandated by POSIX, is causing lots of disks access; even accessing files on disk cache may wake the ATA or USB bus.
  40. ↑ "Mac OS X is beating your hard drives to death. Here's the fix.". Kg4cyx.net. 11 November 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  41. ↑ "quietHDD". quiethdd. 13 December 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  42. ↑ "S.M.A.R.T.-Attribute: Reallocation Event Count", Knowledge Base, Acronis
  43. ↑ "S.M.A.R.T. Attribute: Current Pending Sector Count", Knowledge Base, Acronis
  44. ↑ Cabla, Lubomir (2009-08-06). "HDAT2 v4.6 User's Manual" (PDF) (1.1 ed.).
  45. ↑ "Attributes". SMART Linux project. Source forge.
  46. 1 2 3 4 S.M.A.R.T. attribute list (ATA), HD sentinel
  47. 1 2 SMART Attribute Details (PDF) (PDF), Kingston
  48. ↑ "Ticket 171". Smartmontools (log). Source forge.
  49. ↑ "MHY2250BH, MHY2200BH, MHY2160BH, MHY2120BH, MHY2100BH, MHY2080BH, MHY2060BH, MHY2040BH Disk Drives, Product/Maintenance Manual" (PDF). Fujitsu Limited. C141-E262-01EN.
  50. ↑ SlimSATA SSD Mini-SATA Embedded Flash Module (PDF) (Engineering Specification) (L500109), Delkin Devices, 2013
  51. ↑ SlimSATA SSD Mini-SATA Embedded Flash Module (PDF) (Engineering Specification) (L500109), Delkin Devices, 2013
  52. ↑ Intel Solid-state Drive 520 Series Product Specification (PDF) (product manual) (325968-001US), Intel, February 2012
  53. 1 2 "SMART Modular Technologies S.M.A.R.T. attributes - A new Windows interface for smartctl". google.com.
  54. ↑ Momentus 7200.2 SATA (PDF) (product manual) (100451238) (D ed.), Seagate, September 2007, Hitachi Document Part Number S13K-1055-20
  55. ↑ "FAQ", Drive health, retrieved October 4, 2011
  56. ↑ The interpretation of the TEC and the SMART, Altrix soft, retrieved October 4, 2011
  57. ↑ "self-tests: "SMART RUN/ABORT OFFLINE TEST AND SELF-TEST OPTIONS: -t TEST, --test=TEST"", SMARTCTL
  58. ↑ HDDScan – free HDD test utility with USB flash and RAID support.
  59. ↑ Evans, Mark (26 April 1999), Hard Drive Self-tests (PDF), Milpitas, CA US: T10
  60. ↑ Bulik, Darrin (Sep 24, 2001), Proposal for Extensions To Drive Self Test (PDF), Lake Forest, CA: T10
  61. ↑ McLean, Pete (23 October 2001), Proposal for a Selective Self-test (PDF), Longmont, CO: T10
  62. ↑ "HDD fails S.M.A.R.T. short test, but passes long test?". Hardware Canucks. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  63. ↑ , Smartmontools mailing lists

Further reading

External links

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