SAE steel grades

SAE International, as a standards organization, maintains several alloy numbering systems, one of which, for steel grades, is the SAE steel grades system.

In the 1930s and 1940s the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and SAE were both involved in efforts to standardize such a numbering system for steels. These efforts were similar and overlapped significantly. For several decades the systems were united into a joint system designated the AISI/SAE steel grades. In 1995 the AISI turned over future maintenance of the system to SAE because the AISI never wrote any of the specifications.[1]

Today steel quotes and certifications commonly make reference to both SAE and AISI, not always with precise differentiation. For example, in the alloy/grade field, a cert might say "4140", "AISI 4140", or "SAE 4140", and in most light-industrial applications any of the above is accepted as adequate, and considered equivalent, for the job at hand, as long as the specific specification called out by the designer (for example, "4140 bar per ASTM-A108" or "4140 bar per AMS 6349") is certified to on the certificate. The alloy number is simply a general classifier, whereas it is the specification itself that narrows down the steel to a very specific standard.

The SAE steel grade system's correspondence to other alloy numbering systems, such as the ASTM-SAE unified numbering system (UNS), can be seen in cross-referencing tables (including the ones given below).

The AISI system used a letter prefix to denote the steelmaking process. The prefix "C" denoted open-hearth furnace, electric arc furnace or basic oxygen furnace, while "E" denotes electric arc furnace steel.[2][3] A letter "L" within the grade name indicates lead as an added ingredient; for example, 12L14 is a common grade that is 1214 with lead added for machinability.

Carbon and alloy steel

Main articles: Carbon steel and Alloy steel

Carbon steels and alloy steels are designated by a four digit number, where the first digit indicates the main alloying element(s), the second digit indicates the secondary alloying element(s), and the last two digits indicate the amount of carbon, in hundredths of a percent (basis points) by weight. For example, a 1060 steel is a plain-carbon steel containing 0.60 wt% C.[4]

An "H" suffix can be added to any designation to denote hardenability is a major requirement. The chemical requirements are loosened but hardness values defined for various distances on a Jominy test.[3]

Major classifications of steel[2]
SAE designation Type
1xxx Carbon steels
2xxx Nickel steels
3xxx Nickel-chromium steels
4xxx Molybdenum steels
5xxx Chromium steels
6xxx Chromium-vanadium steels
7xxx Tungsten steels
8xxx Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
9xxx Silicon-manganese steels
Carbon and alloy steel grades[5]
SAE designation Type
Carbon steels
10xx Plain carbon (Mn 1.00% max.)
11xx Resulfurized
12xx Resulfurized and rephosphorized
15xx Plain carbon (Mn 1.00–1.65%)
Manganese steels
13xx Mn 1.75%
Nickel steels
23xx Ni 3.50%
25xx Ni 5.00%
Nickel-chromium steels
31xx Ni 1.25%; Cr 0.65%, or 0.80%
32xx Ni 1.25%; Cr 1.07%
33xx Ni 3.50%; Cr 1.50%, or 1.57%
34xx Ni 3.00%; Cr 0.77%
Molybdenum steels
40xx Mo 0.20%, 0.25%, or Mo 0.25% and S 0.042%[1]
44xx Mo 0.40%, or 0.52%
Chromium-molybdenum (chromoly) steels
41xx Cr 0.50%, 0.80%, or 0.95%; Mo 0.12%, 0.20%, 0.25%, or 0.30%
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
43xx Ni 1.82%; Cr 0.50–0.80%; Mo 0.25%
43BVxx Ni 1.82%; Cr 0.50%; Mo 0.12%, or 0.35%; V 0.03% min
47xx Ni 1.05%; Cr 0.45%; Mo 0.20%, or 0.35%
81xx Ni 0.30%; Cr 0.40%; Mo 0.12%
81Bxx Ni 0.30%; Cr 0.45%; Mo 0.12%; and added boron[1]
86xx Ni 0.55%; Cr 0.50%; Mo 0.20%
87xx Ni 0.55%; Cr 0.50%; Mo 0.25%
88xx Ni 0.55%; Cr 0.50%; Mo 0.35%
93xx Ni 3.25%; Cr 1.20%; Mo 0.12%
94xx Ni 0.45%; Cr 0.40%; Mo 0.12%
97xx Ni 0.55%; Cr 0.20%; Mo 0.20%
98xx Ni 1.00%; Cr 0.80%; Mo 0.25%
Nickel-molybdenum steels
46xx Ni 0.85%, or 1.82%; Mo 0.20%, or 0.25%
48xx Ni 3.50%; Mo 0.25%
Chromium steels
50xx Cr 0.27%, 0.40%, 0.50%, or 0.65%
50xxx Cr 0.50%; C 1.00% min
50Bxx Cr 0.28%, or 0.50%; and added boron[1]
51xx Cr 0.80%, 0.87%, 0.92%, 1.00%, or 1.05%
51xxx Cr 1.02%; C 1.00% min.
51Bxx Cr 0.80%; and added boron[1]
52xxx Cr 1.45%; C 1.00% min.
Chromium-vanadium steels
61xx Cr 0.60%, 0.80%, 0.95%; V 0.10%, or 0.15% min.
Tungsten-chromium steels
72xx W 1.75%; Cr 0.75%
Silicon-manganese steels
92xx Si 1.40%, or 2.00%; Mn 0.65%, 0.82%, or 0.85%; Cr 0.00%, or 0.65%
High-strength low-alloy steels
9xx Various SAE grades
xxBxx Boron steels
xxLxx Leaded steels

Stainless steel

Main article: Stainless steel
Stainless steel designations[10]
SAE designation UNS designation % Cr % Ni % C % Mn % Si % P % S % N Other
Austenitic
201 S20100 16–18 3.5–5.5 0.15 5.5–7.5 0.75 0.06 0.03 0.25 -
202 S20200 17–19 4–6 0.15 7.5–10.0 0.75 0.06 0.03 0.25 -
205 S20500 16.5–18 1–1.75 0.12–0.25 14–15.5 0.75 0.06 0.03 0.32–0.40 -
254[11] S31254 20 18 0.02 max - - - - 0.20 6 Mo; 0.75 Cu; "Super austenitic"; All values nominal
301 S30100 16–18 6–8 0.15 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 - -
302 S30200 17–19 8–10 0.15 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 0.1 -
302B S30215 17–19 8–10 0.15 2 2.0–3.0 0.045 0.03 - -
303 S30300 17–19 8–10 0.15 2 1 0.2 0.15 min - Mo 0.60 (optional)
303Se S30323 17–19 8–10 0.15 2 1 0.2 0.06 - 0.15 Se min
304 S30400 18–20 8–10.50 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 0.1 -
304L S30403 18–20 8–12 0.03 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 0.1 -
304Cu S30430 17–19 8–10 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 - 3–4 Cu
304N S30451 18–20 8–10.50 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 0.10–0.16 -
305 S30500 17–19 10.50–13 0.12 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 - -
308 S30800 19–21 10–12 0.08 2 1 0.045 0.03 - -
309 S30900 22–24 12–15 0.2 2 1 0.045 0.03 - -
309S S30908 22–24 12–15 0.08 2 1 0.045 0.03 - -
310 S31000 24–26 19–22 0.25 2 1.5 0.045 0.03 - -
310S S31008 24–26 19–22 0.08 2 1.5 0.045 0.03 - -
314 S31400 23–26 19–22 0.25 2 1.5–3.0 0.045 0.03 - -
316 S31600 16–18 10–14 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 0.10 2.0–3.0 Mo
316L S31603 16–18 10–14 0.03 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 0.10 2.0–3.0 Mo
316F S31620 16–18 10–14 0.08 2 1 0.2 0.10 min - 1.75–2.50 Mo
316N S31651 16–18 10–14 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 0.10–0.16 2.0–3.0 Mo
317 S31700 18–20 11–15 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 0.10 max 3.0–4.0 Mo
317L S31703 18–20 11–15 0.03 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 0.10 max 3.0–4.0 Mo
321 S32100 17–19 9–12 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.03 0.10 max Ti 5(C+N) min, 0.70 max
329 S32900 23–28 2.5–5 0.08 2 0.75 0.04 0.03 - 1–2 Mo
330 N08330 17–20 34–37 0.08 2 0.75–1.50 0.04 0.03 - -
347 S34700 17–19 9–13 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.030 - Nb + Ta, 10 x C min, 1 max
348 S34800 17–19 9–13 0.08 2 0.75 0.045 0.030 - Nb + Ta, 10 x C min, 1 max, but 0.10 Ta max; 0.20 Ca
384 S38400 15–17 17–19 0.08 2 1 0.045 0.03 - -
SAE designation UNS designation % Cr % Ni % C % Mn % Si % P % S % N Other
Ferritic
405 S40500 11.5–14.5 - 0.08 1 1 0.04 0.03 - 0.1–0.3 Al, 0.60 max
409 S40900 10.5–11.75 0.05 0.08 1 1 0.045 0.03 - Ti 6 x (C + N) [12]
429 S42900 14–16 0.75 0.12 1 1 0.04 0.03 - -
430 S43000 16–18 0.75 0.12 1 1 0.04 0.03 - -
430F S43020 16–18 - 0.12 1.25 1 0.06 0.15 min - 0.60 Mo (optional)
430FSe S43023 16–18 - 0.12 1.25 1 0.06 0.06 - 0.15 Se min
434 S43400 16–18 - 0.12 1 1 0.04 0.03 - 0.75–1.25 Mo
436 S43600 16–18 - 0.12 1 1 0.04 0.03 - 0.75–1.25 Mo; Nb+Ta 5 x C min, 0.70 max
442 S44200 18–23 - 0.2 1 1 0.04 0.03 - -
446 S44600 23–27 0.25 0.2 1.5 1 0.04 0.03 - -
SAE designation UNS designation % Cr % Ni % C % Mn % Si % P % S % N Other
Martensitic
403 S40300 11.5–13.0 0.60 0.15 1 0.5 0.04 0.03 - -
410 S41000 11.5–13.5 0.75 0.15 1 1 0.04 0.03 - -
414 S41400 11.5–13.5 1.25–2.50 0.15 1 1 0.04 0.03 - -
416 S41600 12–14 - 0.15 1.25 1 0.06 0.15 min - 0.060 Mo (optional)
416Se S41623 12–14 - 0.15 1.25 1 0.06 0.06 - 0.15 Se min
420 S42000 12–14 - 0.15 min 1 1 0.04 0.03 - -
420F S42020 12–14 - 0.15 min 1.25 1 0.06 0.15 min - 0.60 Mo max (optional)
422 S42200 11.0–12.5 0.50–1.0 0.20–0.25 0.5–1.0 0.5 0.025 0.025 - 0.90–1.25 Mo; 0.20–0.30 V; 0.90–1.25 W
431 S41623 15–17 1.25–2.50 0.2 1 1 0.04 0.03 - -
440A S44002 16–18 - 0.60–0.75 1 1 0.04 0.03 - 0.75 Mo
440B S44003 16–18 - 0.75–0.95 1 1 0.04 0.03 - 0.75 Mo
440C S44004 16–18 - 0.95–1.20 1 1 0.04 0.03 - 0.75 Mo
SAE designation UNS designation % Cr % Ni % C % Mn % Si % P % S % N Other
Heat resisting
501 S50100 4–6 - 0.10 min 1 1 0.04 0.03 - 0.40–0.65 Mo
502 S50200 4–6 - 0.1 1 1 0.04 0.03 - 0.40–0.65 Mo
Martensitic precipitation hardening
630 S17400 15-17 3-5 0.07 1 1 0.04 0.03 - Cu 3-5, Ta 0.15-0.45 [13]

High-strength low-alloy steel

Main article: HSLA steel

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Bringas, John E. (2004). Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards: Third Edition (PDF) (3rd ed.). ASTM International. p. 14. ISBN 0-8031-3362-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 27, 2007.
  2. 1 2 Jeffus, p. 635.
  3. 1 2 Degarmo, p. 115.
  4. Degarmo, p. 113
  5. Oberg, p. 406.
  6. 1 2 3 "Stainless Steel Fasteners". Australian Stainless Steel Development Association. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  7. "310 310S Stainless Steel". TubingChina.com Stainless Steel Directory. Retrieved 2015-09-18.
  8. "440A, 440B, 440C, 440F, 440F Se HARDENABLE CHROMIUM STAINLESS STEEL". AMS Resources. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  9. Cobb, Harold (September 2007). "The Naming and Numbering of Stainless Steels". Advanced Materials & Processes: 39–44.
  10. Oberg, pp. 411-412.
  11. "What is Stainless Steel?". Nickel Institute. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  12. "section 2, part A:Standard specification for chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steel plate, sheet, and strip for pressure vessels and for general applications". ASTM A SA-240/SA-540M. 2007. p. 385.
  13. "Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel Type 17-4PH (S17400)" (PDF).

Bibliography

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