Saatchi & Saatchi

Saatchi & Saatchi
Private
Industry Advertising
Founded London, 1970
Headquarters New York City, New York, United States
Key people
 Robert Senior (CEO Worldwide), Kevin Roberts (Chairman)
Parent Publicis
(2000-present)
Slogan Nothing is Impossible
Website www.saatchi.com

Saatchi & Saatchi is a global communications and advertising agency network with 140 offices in 76 countries and over 6,500 staff. It was founded in London in 1970 but is now headquartered in New York. The parent company of the agency group was known as Saatchi & Saatchi PLC from 1976 to 1994, was listed on the New York Stock Exchange until 2000 and for a time, was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. In 2000, the group was acquired by the Publicis Groupe. In 2005 it went private.

History

Early years

Saatchi & Saatchi was founded by brothers Maurice (now Lord Saatchi) and art collector Charles in 1970.[1] Following stints starting as a copywriter at the New York City offices of Benton & Bowles in 1965, then at Collett Dickenson Pearce and John Collins & Partners, Charles Saatchi teamed up with art director Ross Cramer, and the genesis of what would become Saatchi & Saatchi was born in London in 1967 as the creative consultancy CramerSaatchi. The consultancy took on employees John Hegarty and Jeremy Sinclair and began to work direct for clients. It was Sinclair's "Pregnant Man"[2] ad for the Health Education Council which first attracted attention to the small agency. Charles's younger brother Maurice joined the business in 1970 after Cramer's departure whereupon it was renamed "Saatchi and Saatchi" and developed into a full-service advertising agency.

Noted work included their campaign "Labour Isn't Working"[3] on behalf of the Conservative Party before the 1979 UK general election and ongoing campaigns for British Airways, and Silk Cut with whom the agency had long relationships.[4] The agency was seen as producing breakthrough creative work with a bold attitude and employed people who went on to be stars of their industry including Sir John Hegarty, Lord Tim Bell and Sir Martin Sorrell.[5]

From the outset and even as their creative reputation was still forming, the Saatchi brothers set upon a ferocious course of business acquisitions. With the reverse takeover of the Compton agency in 1976, they achieved a Public company listing and were thereafter able to make rights issues to raise the capital required for their acquisition drive.[6] The push was less about removing competition than about adding to their offering of professional marketing services beyond advertising and later, an international expansion drive – particularly into the United States. Between 1972 and 1987 over 35 marketing services businesses were acquired, including four significant ad agency networks.[6]

Year Company Location Business Price
1972 Brogan Developers UK Property Development
1972 E.G Dawes Manchester, UK Advert Agency
1972 Notley Advertising London, UK Advert Agency
1974 George J Smith London, UK Advert Agency £390K
1976 Garland-Compton UK Ad Agency (Merger)
1978 Hall Advertising Edinburgh, UK Ad Agency £1.9M
1979 O'Kennedy-Brindley, Dublin, Ireland Ad Agency £309K
1981 Dorland UK Ad Agency £7.84M
1982 Garland-Compton US Ad Agency £56.8BN
1983 McCaffrey & McCall US Ad Agency £27M
1983 Hunter Advertising Dublin, Ireland
1983 Gough Waterhouse Sydney and Melbourne, Australia Ad Agency
1984 Cochrane, Chase, Livingstone California, US
1984 Michael Bungey DFS
1984 R.J.A Netherlands
1984 Harrison Crowley UK
1984 Yankelovich Skelly & White US Market Research
1984 McBer & Co US Market Research
1984 The Hay Group Worldwide Management Consultancy $12BN
1984 Hedger Mitchell Stark London, UK Ad Agency £3.9M
1985 Siegel & Gale New York, US Corporate Branding
1985 Marlboro Marketing New York, US Sales Promotion
1985 The Kleid Company New York, US Mailing List Broker
1985 Wong Lam Hong Kong
1985 Hayhurst Canada
1985 Campaign New Zealand
1985 Sharps UK
1985 Granfield Rork Collins London, UK £109M
1985 Humphreys Bull & Barker London, UK Ad Agency
1985 The Rowland Company, New York, US Public Relations $10.8M + earnout
1985 Infocom Group I.T Consulting US$31M
1985 Clancy Shulman Associates US
1985 Kingsway Public Relations UK
1986 Dancer Fitzgerald Sample Worldwide Ad Agency network US$75M
1986 Backer & Spielvogel US Ad Agency network US$101M
1986 Ted Bates US and Asia Ad Agency network US$500M
1986 Peterson & Co US Trial litigation advisers US$123M
1986 Campbell Mithun Minnesota, US Ad Agency
1987 Cleveland Consulting Assoc US Management Consultants
1988 Gartner Group Connecticut, US I.T Market Research US$77.4

Scarcely any of the growth of the Saatchi & Saatchi PLC was organic with the only start-ups being The Sales Promotion Agency in 1980 and Financial Dynamics PR in 1986. Whilst their foundation London office was consistently successful in winning new clients, it too was propelled forward in the 1976 merger with the UK operation of the larger Garland-Compton business resulting in its tripling of size and a relocation into the Compton premises.[6] Goldman quotes executives of acquired entities including David McCall (McCaffrey & McCall) and Alan Siegel (Siegel+Gale) saying that they never met Charles Saatchi and that neither brother nor other group management had any involvement in their business after acquisition. There was no drive to achieve back-office economies, no systemisation of process/administration, and no cross-referrals of inter-group business.[6]

Financial mechanisms

At its foundation in 1970, Saatchi & Saatchi was financed with £100,000 of capital from the brothers and some backers including the designer Mary Quant and her husband. The initial shareholding was 15% Cannon Holdings (Quant & friends); 42% Charles; 38% Maurice; 2.5% John Hegarty; 2.5% Tim Bell. The company was profitable in its first year. To achieve the first large merger (Garland Compton in 1975) the brothers sold their interest in their business for shares, receiving 36% of the enlarged group, while Compton U.S.A owned 26% and 38% was held by public shareholders. The Compton UK listed status meant that the Saatchi & Saatchi business could now issue stock, and the capital for the subsequent acquisitions was raised by giving existing shareholders the first rights to purchase new stock at a discount.[6]

Commonly, the acquisitions used a part cash up-front/ part earn-out mechanism as perfected by Martin Sorrell. The 1982 acquisition of Compton's U.S. business, for instance outlaid $29.2 million in cash and another $27.6 million to be paid over ten years if the agency achieved after-tax profits of $4.07 million. The rights issue to raise the $29.2 million watered down the brothers' holding to 18% of the combined group.[6]

From June 1988 (see next section), the company began to use redeemable preference shares to raise capital. These securities look like equity and were classified as such on the company's balance sheet but since a failure of the company's share price to rise above a pre-determined threshold at a nominated forward date would enable the preference holders to put their stock back to the company, these instruments were in truth more like interest-paying debt.

Difficulties and decline

Difficulties arose after the 1987 Bates acquisition as some clients perceived conflict concerns with other group agencies. Bates clients Warner-Lambert (billings $68 million), RJR Nabisco (billings $96 million), Michelob (billings $38 million), Ralston (billings $12 million) and McDonald's (billings $8 million) all pulled their accounts in the months following that acquisition. Colgate-Palmolive assignments were also pulled from Bates at the same time as their direct competitor Procter & Gamble were pulling business from Saatchi & Saatchi Compton and DFS Dorland due to their conflict concerns. However the London ad agency was still the number one in the profits in the UK in 1987 and the Worldwide Group was performing financially with Saatchi & Saatchi Company PLC recording its seventeenth year of consecutive growth with profits of £124.1M up from the 1986's £70.1M. The Group expanded its public listings to include the Paris Bourse and the New York Stock Exchange.[6]

The brothers in 1987 made their boldest move to date when they made plans for a take over run of the ailing Midland Bank, Britain's fourth largest bank at the time with 2,100 UK branches. The bank's Board rejected the offer in September 1987, openly questioned the qualifications of the Saatchis to be running a bank and may have leaked details of the bid to the press.[6] In the same month Maurice Saatchi met with Board executives of the Hill Samuel merchant bank to discuss an acquisition. Once the financial press became aware of the moves the brothers became the subject of unprecedented ridicule with the criticisms focused on the notion that bank customers, staff and shareholders would be able to make no sense of their bank being part of an ad agency group.[6] The City's reaction was swift and in mid-September 1987 the Saatchi & Saatchi share price fell 6.2% in two days.

On 19 October 1987, the world stockmarkets crashed. Saatchi & Saatchi stock fell by 1/3 in twenty-four hours and by mid-October was at £5.48 down from £6.70 in mid-September and £7.05 high of 1987. As a result of the perceptions lingering after the Midland Bank discussions, on top of the general nervousness that followed the crash, by 1988 Saatchi & Saatchi Plc was unable to use its previously reliable rights issue method to raise the capital it needed to continue its acquisition drive.[6] In June 1988, the company issued £176.5 million of convertible preference shares at £4.41 each to fund its acquisition of the Gartner Group, an information technology market research firm. If Saatchi PLC shares didn't go above £4.41 by July 1993, the holders could put the shares back to the company at £4.41 plus a 25% bonus. Saatchi & Saatchi PLC stood to owe £211 million for the £176.5 million of capital raised.[6]

Profits were up 11% in 1988 to £138 million but in 1989 the Group had to report its first ever decline after eighteen years of growth when the profit dropped dramatically to £21.8 million. When this was forewarned at the March 1989 annual general meeting the share price dropped promptly by £0.6 to £3.20 or 16%. Between January and May 1989, 6% of the workforce or 800 employees were laid off, by the end of 1993 that number had grown to 7,000. In June 1989, Saatchi & Saatchi announced its intention to sell off its entire consulting division and to focus on advertising and related services. Later that year Robert Louis-Dreyfus was appointed as CEO of the listed company. He effected the sale of a number of businesses (the consultancies Infocom and Hay Consulting would collectively sell for half their initial purchase price) and presided over a major restructuring of the company until his departure in mid-1992. His successor was Charles Scott, who had joined the business with Louis-Dreyfus in 1989 as Finance Director. He continued the cost-cutting and consolidation drive but found himself in regular disagreement with Maurice Saatchi and the two executives sometimes conducted their spat via press leaks and stories which found their way into the papers.[6]

Ousting the Saatchis

David Herro is a U.S.-based investment analyst and fund manager. His employer Harris Associates L.P. controlled a 9.6% holding in Saatchi & Saatchi managed by Herro. He maintained dialogue with his former employer, the State of Wisconsin Investment Board, which had built up an 8.1% holding during Herro's time there and with colleagues at the General Electric Capital Corporation, which held 5%. Herro became concerned in 1992 at the negative effect on the investment of the public bickering between Scott and Maurice Saatchi and made this view known to the Board along with his intention to monitor the business closely.

In late 1994, Herro expressed his view (and that of his associate shareholders) to the Board of Saatchi & Saatchi PLC that Maurice should be dismissed as chairman due to his tardiness in reducing costs by maintaining expensive corporate offices at Berkeley Square for too long; Maurice's expressed intention to perhaps launch a takeover/partial takeover; his insistence on a new incentive/option plan which Herro saw as structured to Maurice's favour. In December 1994, the Board succumbed to shareholder pressure and sacked Maurice as chairman. Within a month senior executives Jeremy Sinclair, Bill Muirhead, David Kershaw, Moray McLennan, Nick Hurrell, Simon Dicketts, and James Lowther would all also resign and join Maurice Saatchi in a new business which would become known as M&C Saatchi. Charles Saatchi, other Saatchi staff and some consequential clients would follow[7] including Gallaher Group, Mirror Newspapers, the retailer Dixons and after a competitive pitch, British Airways.

After the brothers

The ousting of the Saatchi brothers in 1995 and the subsequent formation of M&C Saatchi saw a period of turmoil for the agency, as key figureheads from the London office joined the defection to the new entity. At this point, nearly £40 million of revenue left the agency, with a further £11 million spent on severance and litigation against the staff members who left.

In 1995, Saatchi & Saatchi PLC was renamed the Cordiant Communications Group and the subsidiary businesses split into two main groupings: Research or Advertising. The Saatchi & Saatchi Advertising network formed the keystone of the latter.[8] The acquisition frenzy that characterised the agency throughout the 1980s was taken to task under the new management system. This led to a number of agency assets being sold, including the Fitch design company (to the WPP group), management consultants The Hay Group and a number of the other 383 offices around the world that had been acquired in the 1980s.

After the 1995 shakeout, the key imperative for the new owners was to manage the relationships with Saatchi & Saatchi's blue-chip client base, which at this point included decades-old partnerships with the Campbell Soup Company, Hewlett-Packard, Johnson & Johnson, Procter & Gamble, DuPont, Philip Morris and General Mills. The strength of these relationship were the legacy of the earlier acquisitions of Compton, of Bates Worldwide and of Dancer Fitzgerald Sample whose relationship with Procter & Gamble had stood since the 1920s. While the British Airways and Mars[9] defections in 1995 destabilised the agency's reputation in London, it seemed not to affect operations in its biggest market, the United States. The growth of its new healthcare arm in New York City and increased spending from its West Coast auto clients Toyota and Lexus enabled a period of steady growth for its American operations.

Hudson Street building

In 1997, Saatchi & Saatchi officially dropped "Advertising" from its name. This was part of an imperative installed by Kevin Roberts, a beverage marketing veteran brought in to revive the agency's fortunes. A significant decision of his was to move the global headquarters of the agency from its Charlotte Street, London address to its Hudson St, New York City office. Newly dubbed an "ideas company" by Roberts, the agency sought to usher its resources towards the internet, still very much in its infancy in 1997.

Acquisition by Publicis

In 2000, after speculation that it would be acquired by WPP or Omnicom, Saatchi & Saatchi joined the Publicis Groupe, a global marketing concern based in Paris, France.[10] Publicis kept Roberts as CEO, content with his vision for an "ideas agency". Saatchi & Saatchi still underwent some turmoil throughout this time, as the dot-com bubble saw the closure of its San Francisco office, which effectively ended its 15-year relationship with the Hewlett-Packard company. The account was subsequently split between a Publicis agency and creative agency Goodby, Silverstein and Partners. Johnson & Johnson also decided to review its relationship, withdrawing its $US100m Tylenol account from the New York office. A few months later, InBev announced that its Beck's Beer account would shift to Leo Burnett after only a year at the agency. As a result, Roberts committed to building revenue through its existing clients, which led to additional assignments, with Saatchi Los Angeles securing new accounts such as Pur Filtered Water and Millstone Gourmet Coffee. Efforts were also made to shore up the Los Angeles office after it missed a $US40 million brief for Toyota's Scion, a new sub-brand targeted at youth, which was given to San Francisco-based Attik, a hybrid creative agency.[11]

Despite these losses, this strategy gave rise to the Lovemarks philosophy – a theory espoused in a book by the same name released by Roberts. While this met with scepticism in the advertising world, Roberts was vindicated in 2006 when he secured nearly $US700 million worth of billings from two clients, Wendy's and department store JC Penney. Subsequent additions to the New York office, such as the New York Tourism Board and Cold Stone Creamery have been described by both client and agency as 'being due to a strong belief in the Lovemarks' philosophy. Despite this, after only a year with the agency, Wendy's decided to pull the majority of its business into another roster agency, Kirshenbaum Bond & Partners, after complaints from Wendy Thomas (the namesake of the restaurant) who did not take kindly to her likeness being used in the advertising.[12]

In 2005, critics complained that in creating a £20 million campaign for a new Brazilian spirit the agency spray-painted graffiti images on walls and buildings in the East End of London.[13]

Dr Martens CEO David Suddens decided to fire Saatchi & Saatchi as their advertiser on 24 May 2007. This was because of a one-time advertisement that used a picture of 1990s music icon Kurt Cobain without the permission of Courtney Love, Cobain's widow. In its defence, Saatchi released a statement indicating their regret of Dr Marten's decision to terminate their services with them but emphasising that they believed that the advertisement was deliberately edgy but not offensive.[14]

Although the agency had gained early fame for its "Labour isn't working" advertising for the Conservative Party in 1979, in 2007 it was appointed the advertising agency for the Labour Party.[15] The agency then devised the Not Flash, Just Gordon advertising campaign for the party in anticipation of the calling a snap general election by the newly installed Prime Minister, Gordon Brown.

A New Alliance

While the addition of Wendy's and JC Penney to the American client roster reaffirmed Roberts' belief in the "ideas agency" model, the London office continued its slide as it plummeted out of the UK Top 10 list of agencies (a list, compiled by industry magazine Campaign UK, based on reported client billings). In early 2007, the London office saw the bulk of its work for Toyota UK and Europe leave to upstart agency CHI & Partners, just months after it had lost the entire Lexus business to the same agency. Late 2006 saw the return of some Toyota business, including the £60m pan-European launch of the Auris, Toyota's Corolla successor.[16]

In July 2007, it was announced by Publicis chief Maurice Levy that Saatchi & Saatchi would form a new business alliance with sister agency Fallon.[17] Fallon, part-owned by Publicis, has enjoyed similar mixed success with its network of offices. While its London office, with a client list that includes Sony, Orange and Asda, has been consistently lauded for its new business and creative success, its Minneapolis headquarters, where namesake founder Pat Fallon remains a presence, has been tarnished by a number of client losses, including Citigroup, BMW, Sony, Dyson and Starbucks.

The new alliance, known as Saatchi & Saatchi-Fallon (SSF Group), will operate under the supervision of Kevin Roberts, who was named as CEO of the new entity.[17] Reporting to him is Robert Senior, one of the original partners of Fallon London, who will preside over the Europe & UK operations of the alliance, including both Saatchi and Fallon offices in London. In early 2008, Chris Foster, a Saatchi veteran of nearly a decade, was appointed to become the new CEO of Fallon's Minneapolis office, fuelling speculation that Fallon will become a new Procter & Gamble or General Mills roster agency.

After a year of operations, it was announced in October 2008 that the SSF Group had been contracted by chocolate giant Cadbury to handle its Dairy Milk and related brands across several markets (including the UK, Europe, Russia, Canada and the United States), with a reported total of $US200 million in billings. Whilst Fallon London would lead creative efforts across Europe, Saatchi's New York office was handed the brief to handle the business in the United States, where Cadbury remains a relative unknown compared to its main competitor, Hershey.[18]

Operations

Corporate

The words 'Nothing is Impossible' on the floor of the entrance to Saatchi & Saatchi's London office.
The Pregnant Man pub at Saatchi & Saatchi's London office.

Saatchi & Saatchi has offices in over 80 countries around the world. Its worldwide headquarters are in New York City. Its other main office, in the United States, is located in Torrance, California. In the United States, Saatchi's largest clients are Toyota, Procter & Gamble and General Mills.

The London office, the home of the original agency, is on Charlotte Street and has its own pub, named "The Pregnant Man" after the firm's first famous ad. London is often the base for many of Saatchi's pan-European accounts, which include Toshiba, Sony Ericsson, and VISA. The company's motto Nothing is Impossible is famously engraved into the steps of the Charlotte Street office. Saatchi's worldwide CEO is Robert Senior.

Saatchi & Saatchi also frequently recruits in unusual ways by asking applicants to participate in competitive exercises such as to make Facebook groups and compete for who gets most members.

Digital

2006 saw a renewed focus from the agency upon its digital credentials. As marketers noted the migration of consumers to other types of media, such as mobile phones and broadband Internet services, Saatchi has responded with a number of initiatives, such as its global joint venture with New Zealand-based Hyperfactory, a leading global mobile marketing agency. Saatchi also refocused its efforts on its digital arm and celebrated with wins in 2006 from PricewaterhouseCoopers and Procter & Gamble.

A competition organised by the former Saatchi & Saatchi 2009 interns in London to win an internship at the firm led to the formation of the Secret London Facebook Group, and the associated website.[19][20]

Aborted campaign

In August 2011, Telecom New Zealand canceled the "Backing Black" advertising campaign, which called on fans to abstain from sex during the Rugby World Cup and wear black rubber rings to show their support. Telecom's retail boss Alan Gourdie apologised for offending Kiwis. Saatchi & Saatchi, which was responsible for the concept and delivery, refused to comment. Saatchi & Saatchi boss Kevin Roberts earlier defended the ads. Fans were more outspoken, flooding Backing Black's official Facebook site with messages of disgust. Even Prime Minister John Key said the campaign was evidence not all advertising dollars were well spent.[21][22]

Notable alumni

Tim Bell

Lord Bell (born 1941) was the company's first Media Director appointed in 1970. He performed senior account service roles rising to CEO and later Chairman of the London office. He was instrumental in the agency's strength of relationship with Margaret Thatcher developed during their work on her 1979 and 1983 campaigns. He had a falling out with the brothers in 1985 and left to join Frank Lowe and an offer of his name on the door at Lowe, Howard-Spinke and Bell (now Lowe Worldwide).

Paul Arden

Paul Arden (1940–2008) was an Executive Creative Director at the company between 1987 and 1995 working on British Airways, Anchor Butter, Toyota, Ryvita, Nivea, Trust House Forte, Alexon Group and Fuji among others. His British Airways campaigns continue to be remembered as one of the greatest advertising campaigns of all time, changing the fortunes of the airline.

The Independent said that "Arden was the ringmaster behind the whole creative circus that saw British Airways become "The World's Favourite Airline", The Independent become the new intelligentsia's favourite newspaper, Margaret Thatcher the nation's favourite leader and Silk Cut their favourite fag."[23] The Times says he was a "tempestuous advertising director who thought up memorable campaigns for Silk Cut, BA and The Independent".[24] Arden left the employment of Saatchi & Saatchi in 1992, but remained a key consultant for the agency until 1995. He died in 2008.

Martin Sorrell

Sir Martin Sorrell (born 1945), joined Saatchi & Saatchi in 1975 at the time of their reverse takeover of Compton. He was Group Finance Director from 1977 until 1984. He designed and executed the company's significant acquisition drive during that time, refining and using the mechanism of the earn out.,[25]

Robert Louis-Dreyfus

Robert Louis-Dreyfus (1946–2009) was the grandson of Léopold Louis-Dreyfus founder of S.A. Louis-Dreyfus et Cie, once France's largest private firm and one of the world's largest grain trading companies. He met the Saatchis when they were looking to acquire IMS, the U.S. pharmaceutical research company where Louis-Dreyfus was CEO. The business was eventually sold to Dun & Bradstreet and Louis-Dreyfus retired aged 42. He was lured back to corporate life to the role of CEO of Saatchi & Saatchi PLC from 1989 to 1993. He went on to be successful as CEO in a turn-around role at Adidas-Salomon from 1994 to 2001.

References

  1. ↑ Fendley, Alison, Saatchi & Saatchi: the Inside Story, Diane Publishing Co., 1995 ISBN 978-0-7567-6563-7
  2. ↑ Pregnant Man ad
  3. ↑ Politics.guardian.co.uk, "Labour isn't working" poster.
  4. ↑ Silk Cut advert
  5. ↑ Philip Kleinman. The Saatchi & Saatchi Story. London: Pan. ISBN 0-330-30689-8.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Goldman – Conflicting Accounts
  7. ↑ Findarticles.com, Saatchi Sacking Milwaukee Sentinel, 16 January 1995
  8. ↑ Louis-Dreyfus accuses Saatchi brothers of greed Independent, 7 May 1995
  9. ↑ Mars quits Saatchi By COURTNEY KANE, New York Times 22 February 1995
  10. ↑ Saatchi falls to Publicis BBC News, 20 June 2000
  11. ↑ Toyota, Attik to tailor the Scion launch for 'Generation Y' Adweek, 14 October 2002
  12. ↑ Wendy's No Longer Red All Over TV Decoder, 28 January 2008
  13. ↑ Timesonline.co.uk, Graffiti artists pour scorn on Saatchi's street art campaign 23/5/05
  14. ↑ Shoe Storm Creative Review, 30 May 2007
  15. ↑ Saatchi & Saatchi wins Labour Party Account Telegraph, 17 September 2007
  16. ↑ Toyota gives £60m Auris job to Saatchi & Saatchi Marketing, 7 November 2006
  17. 1 2 Saatchis Fallon tie-up launches SSF Group Brand Republic, 1 August 2007
  18. ↑ Cadbury to consolidate chocolate brands at SSF Group Advertising Age, 24 September 2008
  19. ↑ Secretlondon.us
  20. ↑ "Tiffany turns her Facebook challenge into instant success". Sunday Times. Retrieved 2010-2-19.
  21. ↑ Migone, Paloma; Reid, Neil; Johnston, Kirsty (18 August 2011). "NZRU backs Telecom after abstinence saga". Rugby Heaven. Fairfax. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  22. ↑ Dickison, Michael (18 August 2011). "Telecom sorry, ditches ABs no-sex plan". Retrieved 19 June 2013. Prime Minister John Key yesterday said the campaign was "living proof that not every advertising dollar is worth the money it's spent on".
  23. ↑ Independent.co.uk, Dave Trott, The Independent about Paul Arden.
  24. ↑ Times Online about Paul Arden in his obituary
  25. ↑ Ad Age Advertising Century: People: Martin Sorrell

Sources

External links

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