Sagittaria

Arrowhead Duck potato
S. sagittifolia 1885 illustration[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
Order:	Alismatales
Family:	Alismataceae
Genus:	Sagittaria L.
Type species
Sagittaria sagittifolia L.
Synonyms[2]
Sagitta Guett. Diphorea Raf. Drepachenia Raf. Lophiocarpus (Kunth) Miq., illegitimate Lophotocarpus T.Durand Hydrolirion H.Lév.

Sagittaria is a genus of about 30^[3] species of aquatic plants whose members go by a variety of common names, including arrowhead, duck potato, katniss, Omodaka (沢瀉 in Japanese), swan potato, tule potato, and wapato (or wapatoo). Most are native to South, Central, and North America, but there are also some from Europe, Africa, and Asia.^[3][2]

Description

Sagittaria sagittifolia flowers

Omodaka

Sagittaria plant stock (the perennial rhizome) is a horizontal creeper (stoloniferous) and obliquely obovate, the margins winged, with apical or ventral beak; in other words, they are a small, dry, one-seeded fruit that do not open to release the seed, set on a slant, narrower at the base, with winged edges, and having a "beaked" aperture (one side longer than the other) for sprouting, set above or below the fruit body.

One of the names for this plant is derived from the edible underwater tuber that the plant produces. In late fall or early spring, disturbing the aquatic mud in which the plant grows will cause its small tubers to float to the surface where they can be harvested, and then boiled.

Species

Wapato bulb

Crisps (chips) made from tuber

Accepted species:^[2][4][5]

1. Sagittaria aginashii Makino - Japan, Korea, Primorye
2. Sagittaria ambigua J.G.Sm. – Missouri Arrowhead - from Oklahoma to Indiana
3. Sagittaria australis (J.G.Sm.) Small – Appalachian Arrowhead - southeastern US from Louisiana to Florida and as far north as Iowa and New Jersey
4. Sagittaria brevirostra Mack. & Bush – Shortbeak Arrowhead - central US (Great Plains, Mississippi and Ohio Valleys, Great Lakes); also Virginia and Saskatchewan; naturalized in California
5. Sagittaria chapmanii (J.G.Sm.) C.Mohr - from Texas to the Carolinas
6. Sagittaria cristata Engelm – Crystal arrowhead - Great Lakes region
7. Sagittaria cuneata E.P.Sheld. – Wapato, Northern Arrowhead, Swamp Potato - most of Canada including Yukon and Northwest Territories; Alaska; western and northeastern USA
8. Sagittaria demersa J.G.Sm. – Chihuahuan arrowhead - New Mexico, northeastern Mexico
9. Sagittaria engelmanniana J.G.Sm. – Engelmann's arrowhead - eastern US from Mississippi to Vermont
10. Sagittaria fasciculata E.O.Beal – Bunched Arrowhead - North and South Carolina
11. Sagittaria filiformis J.G.Sm. – Threadleaf Arrowhead - eastern US from Alabama to Maine
12. Sagittaria graminea Michx. – Grassy Arrowhead, Grass-leaved Arrowhead - Cuba; much of eastern and central USA; eastern Canada; naturalized in Washington State and in Vietnam
13. Sagittaria guayanensis Kunth – Guyanese Arrowhead - widespread across Latin America, the West Indies, China, India, Southeast Asia; introduced into Louisiana
14. Sagittaria intermedia Micheli in A.L.P.P.de Candolle & A.C.P.de Candolle - Greater Antilles, Colombia, southern Mexico
15. Sagittaria isoetiformis J.G.Sm. – Quillwort Arrowhead - Cuba, from Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Carolinas
16. Sagittaria kurziana Glück – Springtape or Strap-leaf Sagittaria - Florida; naturalized in Mariana Islands
17. Sagittaria lancifolia L. – Bulltongue Arrowhead - southeastern USA from Texas to Delaware; West Indies; Latin America from southern Mexico to Brazil
18. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. – Duck-potato, Broad-leaved Arrowhead, Wapato - widespread across most of North America, the West Indies and northern South America; naturalized in Hawaii, the western Himalayas and parts of Europe
19. Sagittaria lichuanensis J.K.Chen, X.Z.Sun & H.Q.Wang - southern China
20. Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. ex J.G. Sm. – Longbarb Arrowhead - southern Great Plains, Arizona, New Mexico, California, Mexico, Nicaragua, Venezuela
21. Sagittaria × lunata C.D.Preston & Uotila - Sweden, Finland, northern Russia (S. natans × S. sagittifolia)
22. Sagittaria macrocarpa J.G.Sm. – Large-fruited Arrowhead - North and South Carolina
23. Sagittaria macrophylla Zucc. – Papa de agua - Mexico
24. Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schltdl. – California Arrowhead – widespread across much of USA, Mexico and South America
25. Sagittaria natans Pall. - widespread across northern Europe and Asia from Sweden to Kamchatka; Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Japan, Korea
26. Sagittaria papillosa Buchenau – Nipplebract Arrowhead - Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma
27. Sagittaria planitiana G.Agostini - Brazil, Venezuela
28. Sagittaria platyphylla (Engelm.) J.G.Sm. – Delta Arrowhead, Delta Duck-potato - south-central USA with scattered populations in southeast, the Ohio Valley and Washington State; also Mexico and Panama; naturalized in South Australia, Italy, Java, Caucasus
29. Sagittaria potamogetifolia Merr. - southern China
30. Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. – Pygmy arrowhead - China, Japan, Korea, Himalayas, Thailand, Vietnam
31. Sagittaria rhombifolia Cham. - Costa Rica; widespread across much of South America
32. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. – Canadian Arrowhead - Canada from Quebec to Saskatchewan; common in northeastern and north-central USA from Arkansas and Nebraska east to Virginia and New England; scattered populations in California, Idaho and Washington State; naturalised in Great Britain
33. Sagittaria sagittifolia L. – Arrowhead - widespread across most of Europe; Siberia, Caucasus, Turkey
34. Sagittaria sanfordii Greene – Valley Arrowhead - endemic to California
35. Sagittaria secundifolia Kral – Little River Arrowhead - Georgia and Alabama
36. Sagittaria sprucei Micheli in A.L.P.P.de Candolle & A.C.P.de Candolle - Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, northern Brazil
37. Sagittaria subulata L. Buchenau – Narrow-leaved Arrowhead - eastern USA from Louisiana to Massachusetts; naturalized in Great Britain, Azores and Java
38. Sagittaria tengtsungensis H.Li - Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Yunnan
39. Sagittaria teres S.Watson – Slender Arrowhead - northeastern USA
40. Sagittaria trifolia L. – Threeleaf Arrowhead - widespread across much of Asia including Siberia, China, Japan, India, Iran, Indonesia, Philippines, etc.; also Ukraine and European Russia; naturalized in Fiji and Polynesia

Formerly placed here

• Echinodorus palaefolius (Nees & Mart.) J.F.Macbr. (as S. palaefolia Nees & Mart.)
• Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq. (as S. obtusifolia L.)
• Wiesneria triandra (Dalzell) Micheli (as S. triandra Dalzell)^[4]

References

1. Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885, Gera, Germany
2. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
3. 3. Sagittaria Linnaeus, Flora of North America
4. "Species Records of Sagittaria". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
5. "Sagittaria". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 July 2010.

• Rataj, K., Annot. Zool. Bot. (Bratislava) 76:1-31 (1972); 78:1-61 (1972)
• Staff of the L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Hortus Third, pg. 993

External links

• Plants for a Future
• The Arrowheads
• Ethnobotany of S. latifolia
• Edibility of Sagittaria: Identification and edible parts of Sagittaria.