Sales tax token

A 1935 Missouri 1 mill token, known in slang as a "milk top" owing to its similarity to milk bottle caps of the era.

Sales tax tokens were fractional cent devices used to pay sales tax on very small purchases in many American states during the years of the Great Depression. Tax tokens were created as a means for consumers to avoid being "overcharged", by having to pay a full penny tax on purchases of 5 or 10 cents. Issued by private firms, by municipalities, and by twelve state governments, sales tax tokens were generally issued in multiples of 1 mill (1⁄10 cent).[1]

History

Background

Prior to the coming of World War I in the summer of 1914, only two countries, Mexico and the Philippines, made use of a general sales tax for national finance.[2] Excise tax — a transaction tax on the sale of specific items — was broadly used, however, and the idea of a general sales tax was neither unknown nor obscure to political decision-makers in the United States.

Indeed, in 1921 there was a concerted effort to implement a 1% national sales tax in the USA by attaching it to the 1921 national revenue bill and 1922 legislation providing for a soldiers' bonus.[3] Although the proposals for a national sales tax were defeated by an alliance of farmer and labor interests, the state of West Virginia implemented a 1% sales tax of its own in that same year, using the revenue so generated as a replacement for a corporate income tax.[3] Improving economic conditions throughout that decade of the 1920s would leave West Virginia's use of a sales tax unique among the 48 American states.[3]

In the 4th Quarter of 1929 a festering global economic crisis struck the United States. As unemployment skyrocketed, income tax revenue plummeted and defaults on property taxes spiked — and this at the very same time that calls for state spending on relief measures for the indigent and the unemployed were amplified.[4] Georgia's early adoption of a sales tax in 1929 was followed by a wave of sales tax adoptions, spurred on by the deep financial crisis.[4] The year 1933 saw the adoption of sales taxes in no fewer than 11 additional states, including such population centers as New York, Illinois, California, and Michigan.[4] The sales tax would be enshrined as a cornerstone of American state government finance from that date forward.

Launch of sales tax tokens

An aluminum sales tax token from the state of Washington, valued at 2 mills (1⁄5 cent) and good for the "tax on purchase of 10 cents or less" under the state's 2% retail sales tax law.

The twelve states that issued these sales tax tokens were Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, and Washington.[1]

In addition to the fractional cent tokens used elsewhere, a closely related system of state-issued paper sales tax stamps and punch cards was used in the state of Ohio.[5]

Sales tax tokens were generally regarded as a nuisance by consumers and were replaced in fairly short order by the bracket system of sales tax collection, which averaged out the tax on small sales.[6] By the end of the 1930s token use was eliminated in most of the issuing states, with sales tax tokens lingering in Missouri until late in the 1940s.

Collectibility

A number of states issued colorful plastic tax tokens made in quantities running into hundreds of millions. The denominations on the token are numbers of "mills" (tenths of one cent).
Square-shaped Illinois sales tax token

Tax tokens were issued in a variety of materials, including cardboard, brass, bronze, aluminum, pressed cotton fiber, and plastic. The number of types issued is counted in the hundreds, with mintages of some of these types ranging upwards into the tens of millions. Consequently, tax tokens are regarded by numismatists as ubiquitous and often are of comparatively little value. On the other hand, certain types and varieties are extremely rare, with as few as one specimen known.

In 1971 collectors of sales tax tokens founded an organization called the American Tax Token Society, which has published a quarterly newsletter continuously since its foundation.

Catalogs

In addition to a number of early check-lists of available tokens, there have been two comprehensive catalogs published for collectors of sales tax tokens.[7] The first of these, Chits, Chiselers, and Funny Money, by Michael G. Pfefferkorn and Jerry F. Schimmel, was published in 1977 with a press run of just 500 copies.[7] A small number of bootleg copies were later photocopied and spiral-ring bound.[7]

The Pfefferkorn and Schimmel catalog was superseded in 1993 with the publication of United States Tax Tokens and Stamps: A History and Catalog, by Merlin K. Malehorn and Tim Davenport.[7] The books is colloquially known among collectors as “the M&D" based upon the surnames of the authors and the so-called "M&D" numbering system of that book remains in common use by tax token specialist collectors.[7] Additional types and varieties discovered after publication of this latter book, complete with "pseudo-M&D" numbers, have been described and illustrated in various issues of ATTS Newsletter.

Historical coverage in this latter book was supplemented in 2013 with the publication of Monte Dean's Sales Tax Tokens and Scrip: Histories, a massive one million word tome reproducing nearly 3,600 newspaper articles and monograph excerpts.[8]

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 Brian Rxm, "Sales Tax Tokens: US State issues during the 1930's Depression," Brian Rxm website, www.brianrxm.com/
  2. ↑ National Industrial Conference Board, General Sales Tax or Turnover Tax. New York: National Industrial Conference Board, 1929; pg. 163.
  3. 1 2 3 Merllin K. Malehorn and Tim Davenport, United States Sales Tax Tokens and Stamps: A History and Catalog. Bryantown, MD: Jade House Publications, 1993; pg. 9.
  4. 1 2 3 Malehorn and Davenport, 'United States Sales Tax Tokens and Stamps, pg. 10.
  5. ↑ See: Monte C. Dean, Ohio Sales Tax Revenues: Stamps, Punch Cards, Tokens and Related Memorabilia. Spring Valley, MN: Monte Dean, 2012.
  6. ↑ See: Chester M. Edelmann, "Bracket Systems and Sales Under One Dollar," Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Taxation under the Auspices of the National Tax Association, vol. 43 (1950), pp. 307-314.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Monte Christo Dean, Sales Tax Tokens and Scrip: Histories. Spring Valley, MN: Monte Christo Dean, 2013; pg. 3.
  8. ↑ Dean, Sales Tax Tokens and Scrip, pg. 6.

Further reading

External links

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