Salzburg Cathedral

Salzburg Cathedral
Cathedral of Saints Rupert and Vergilius
German: Salzburger Dom
47°47′53″N 13°02′45″E / 47.798056°N 13.045833°ECoordinates: 47°47′53″N 13°02′45″E / 47.798056°N 13.045833°E
Country	Austria
Denomination	Roman Catholic
Website	www.salzburger-dom.at
History
Founded	c. 774
Founder(s)	Rupert of Salzburg
Dedication	Saint Vergilius Saint Rupert
Architecture
Status	Active
Functional status	Cathedral
Architect(s)	Santino Solari
Style	Baroque
Groundbreaking	1614
Completed	1628 1959 (restoration)
Specifications
Bells	7 survived 2 (17th century) 5 (1960s)[1]
Administration
Archdiocese	Salzburg
Clergy
Archbishop	His Excellency Franz Lackner, O.F.M.
Laity
Director of music	János Czifra (Domkapellmeister)
Organist(s)	Heribert Metzger

Salzburg Cathedral (German: Salzburger Dom) is the seventeenth-century Baroque cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salzburg in the city of Salzburg, Austria, dedicated to Saint Rupert and Saint Vergilius.^[2] Saint Rupert founded the church in 774 on the remnants of a Roman town, the cathedral was rebuilt in 1181 after a fire.^[3] In the seventeenth century, the cathedral was completely rebuilt in the Baroque style under Prince-Bishop Wolf Dietrich Raitenau to its present appearance.^[3] Salzburg Cathedral still contains the baptismal font in which composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was baptized.^[4]

History

Saint Vergilius of Salzburg constructed the first cathedral possibly using the foundations of St. Rupert. The first Dom was recorded in 774. The so-called Virgil Dom was built from 767 to 774 and was 66 metres long and 33 metres wide.

Archbishop Arno (785 – 821) arranged the first renovations of the Dom, less than 70 years after its completion. In 842, the building burned after alightning strike. Three years later, work began to rebuild the structure.

Under Archbishop Hartwig, the sanctuary expanded to the west with addition of a choir and crypt between 1000 and 1080. Archbishop Konrad I added the west towers from 1106 to 1147.

This original church thus experienced at least three extensive building and rebuilding campaigns during the early Middle Ages, the final result of which was a somewhat ad hoc Romanesque basilica. In 1598, the basilica was severely damaged, and after several failed attempts at restoration and reconstruction, Prince-Bishop Wolf Dietrich Raitenau (Archbishop from 1587–1612) finally ordered it demolished. Wolf Dietrich was a patron and supporter of modern Italian Baroque architecture, having seen it from its origins in Italy and particularly Rome. Indeed, it was Wolf Dietrich who was also responsible for the building of the nearby Alten Residenz, which is today connected to the cathedral.

South façade

Wolf Dietrich hired the Italian architect Vincenzo Scamozzi to prepare a plan for a comprehensive new Baroque building. Construction did not begin however until Wolf Dietrich's successor, Mark Sittich von Hohenems (Archbishop from 1612–19), in 1614 laid the cornerstone of the new cathedral. Santino Solari designed the current cathedral by dramatically altering the original Scamozzi plan. The new sanctuary was completed 1628, less than 15 years after construction began. At its consecration on September 24, 1628, 12 choirs positioned in the marble galleries of the cathedral sang a Te Deum (the score of which is since lost) composed by Stefano Bernardi, the Kapellmeister to the Salzburg court. The present Salzburg Cathedral is built partially upon the foundations of the old basilica. Indeed, the foundation stones of the preceding church building may be seen in the Domgrabungen, an excavation site under the cathedral that also features mosaics and other artifacts found when this location was the forum of the Roman city Juvavum. One other surviving relic that predates the baroque edifice is the 14th Century Gothic baptismal font. The relics of Saint Rupert were transferred here when the cathedral was completed.^[5]

The finished church is 142 meters long and 33 meters high at the crossing/dome.^[6] The baroque style of St. Rupert's can be seen in the choir and the nave.

The Salzburg Cathedral was damaged during World War II when a single bomb crashed through the central dome over the crossing. Repairs were somewhat slow to take place, but restoration was complete by 1959.

Exterior

Salzburg Cathedral from the Hohensalzburg fortress

Salzburg Cathedral is located adjacent to Residenzplatz and Domplatz in the Altstadt (Old Town) area of the city. The Domplatz is accessed by three open arcade arches in the north, south, and west. These "cathedral arches" unite the cathedral with the Salzburg Residenz and St. Peter's Abbey to form a unique enclosed square measuring 101 meters long and 69 meters wide, with walls 81 meters high.^[7]

The Domplatz is dominated by the Maria Immaculata (Immaculate Mary) column, commissioned by Archbishop Sigismund von Schrattenbach and executed by the brothers Wolfgang and Johann-Baptist Hagenauer between 1766 and 1771.^[7] Modeled after similar columns in Vienna and Munich and constructed of marble and cast iron, the Maria Immaculata depicts the Virgin Mary enthroned on a mountain of clouds made of Untersberg marble and a globe. The central Marian figure is surrounded on four sides by allegoric figures representing angels, the devil, wisdom, and the Church. According to a plaque on the side of the cathedral, the figure group shows reactions to the mystery of the Immaculate Conception—the angels are delighted, human wisdom vanishes, the envious devil growls, and the triumphant Church rejoices. When viewed from the center of the arcades at the back of Domplatz, the classicist column is positioned in the central axis of the cathedral and shows the central Marian figure surrounded by the angels on the cathedral façade and seems to wear the crown mounted on the building.^[8]

Marian column in Domplatz

The body of the church is made of dark grey stone with ornamentation and façade of bright Untersberg marble. The richly decorated façade is framed by two towers and topped by a curved gable. The north tower houses an old oven used for baking communion bread.^[7] The façade is divided into three horizontal sections.^[9] The lower section has three high round arches or portals that provide access to three bronze doors.^[7] The portals are flanked by four large sculpted figures representing the diocesean and cathedral patrons. Mitred figures of Saint Rupert holding a salt barrel and Saint Virgilius holding a church were created c. 1660 by Bartholomäus van Opstal and flank figures of Saint Peter holding keys and Saint Paul holding a sword, sculpted c. 1697 by Bernhard Michael Mandl, who also created all the pedestals. The bases bear the arms of the Prince Archbishop Guidobald von Thun and Prince Archbishop Johann Ernst von Thun.^[9]

Along the balustrade above the entrance are statues of the four evangelists—Saint Matthew, Saint Mark, Saint Luke, and Saint John—who represent the salvation offered through their preaching.^[10] The pediments over the three windows behind the evangelists depict a lion and an ibex, the animals depicted in the coats of arms above. Above the center window, a golden crown aligns with the Marian column in the Domplatz.^[9] The top section tympanum bears the arms of the builders of the cathedral, Markus Sittikus and Paris Londron. The figure group on the pediment represents the Transfiguration of Jesus on Mount Tabor, showing Christ as Salvator Mundi, with Moses holding the tablets on the left and the prophet Elijah to the right.^[10] The three statues were created in 1660 by Tommaso di Garona, the mason who built the Residenz Fountain.^[9]

The three bronze gates inside the portals date from 1957 and 1958 and represent the three divine virtues (Göttliche Tugenden) of faith, hope, and love. The Tor des Glaubens (gate of faith) on the left was created by Toni Schneider-Manzell (1911-1996), the central Tor der Liebe (gate of love) was created by Giacomo Manzù (1908-1991), and the Tor der Hoffnung (gate of hope) on the right was created by Ewald Mataré (1887-1965).^[10]

Bells

The oldest bells in the cathedral are the Marienglocke and theVirgilglocke, both cast in 1628.

On 24 September 1961, the cathedral added five new bells. The Salvator bell of the cathedral is the second largest bell in Austria, after the Pummerin bell in Vienna Cathedral.

Nr. [anm. 1]	Name	Year	Caster	Diameter (mm)	Mass (kg)	Note' (ST-1/8)	Tower	Inscription [Latin]
1	Salvator	1961	Robert Schwindt und Ing. Georg Sippel (Glockengießerei Oberascher)	2790	14,256	es^0 +4	Nord	[„Dich, Gott, loben wir, Dich Herr, preisen wir, Dich, den Vater unermessbarer Majestät, Deinen wahren und einzigen Sohn und den Heiligen Fürsprecher Geist. Wir loben in Ewigkeit Deinen Namen.“]
2	Rupertus	1961	Robert Schwindt und Ing. Georg Sippel (Glockengießerei Oberascher)	2330	8,273	ges^0 +4	Süd	„Heiliger Rupertus, Schutzpatron unserer Erzdiözese, erhalte uns den Glauben!“
3	Maria	1628	Wolfgang und Johann Neidhart	1830	4,004	b^0 +4	Süd	[„Heilige Maria, Pforte des Himmels, öffne deine Hilfen den Flehenden und halte alle Angriffe des widerwärtigen Feindes fern beim Klange dieses Metalles, das deinem glorreichen Namen geweiht hat Paris aus dem Geschlecht derer von Lodron, Erzbischof und Fürst von Salzburg im Jahre des Heiles 1628.“]
4	Josef	1961	Robert Schwindt und Ing. Georg Sippel (Glockengießerei Oberascher)	1560	2,517	des^1 +4	Süd	„Sankt Josef ist von Gott ersehn, das Werkvolk zu beschirmen. Das unbesiegt es möge stehen, in aller Zeiten Stürmen.“
5	Virgil	1628	Wolfgang und Johann Neidhart	1360	1,648	es^1 +4	Süd	[„Hl. Rupert, Lehrer und getreuester Patron! Damit du für deine Herde die Ohren Gottes fleißig bestürmst und Pest, Hunger, Krieg und die Nachstellungen des Erzfeindes vertreibst, ließ diese Glocke dir weihen Paris aus dem Geschlecht derer von Lodron, Erzbischof und Fürst von Salzburg, im Jahre des Heiles 1628.“]
6	Leonhard	1961	Robert Schwindt und Ing. Georg Sippel (Glockengießerei Oberascher)	1190	1,025	ges^1 +4	Süd	„Gott schütze die Salzburger Bauernschaft.“
7	Barbara	1961	Robert Schwindt und Ing. Georg Sippel (Glockengießerei Oberascher)	1040	715	as^1 +4	Süd	„Heilige Barbara, Patronin der Sterbenden, bitte für uns!“

Gallery

• 

  South façade from Kapitelplatz

• 

  North façade from Petersfriedhof

• 

  West façade

• 

  North façade

• 

  South tower detail and Marian column

• 

  Interior dome

• 

  Altar from the nave

• 

  North façade with Residenzplatz fountain and Glockenspiel

• 

  Salzburg Cathedral location looking north

References

Citations

1. "Die Glocken des Salzburger Domes (The Bells of Salzburg Cathedral)" (in German). salzburger-dom.at.
2. Friedrich 2007, p. 4.
3. Parsons 2000, p. 307.
4. Davenport 1932, p. 3.
5. Butler 2003, p. 139.
6. Baedeker's Handbook for Travellers in Southern Germany (1914) p.182
7. Friedrich 2007, p. 6.
8. "Domplatz & Marienstatue". Salzburg.info. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
9. "Salzburg Cathedral". Visit-Salzburg.net. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
10. Friedrich 2007, p. 7.

Bibliography

• Bousfield, Jonathan; Humphreys, Rob (2001). The Rough Guide to Austria. London: Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1858280592.
• Butler, Alban (2003). Paul Burns, ed. Butler's Lives of the Saints. Collegeville: Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814629031.
• Davenport, Marcia (1932). Mozart. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0880291248.
• Friedrich, Verena (2007). Salzburg Cathedral. Passau: Kunstverlag Peda. ISBN 978-3-89643-674-0.
• Maier, Dieter (1998). Insight Guide Austria. Singapore: APA Publications. ISBN 978-0887296109.
• Parsons, Nicholas T. (2000). Blue Guide Austria (Fourth ed.). London: A & C Black Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-0393320176.
• Schulte-Peevers, Andrea (2007). Alison Coupe, ed. Michelin Green Guide Austria. London: Michelin Travel & Lifestyle. ISBN 978-2067123250.

Annotations

1. Die Nummerierung der Glocken am Salzburger Dom erfolgt entgegen der Norm, der größten Glocke die N0. 1 zuzuordnen.

External links

• Salzburg Cathedral official website
• Salzburg Cathedral Museum
• Salzburg Cathedral at Tourismus Salzburg
• Salzburg Cathedral at Sacred Destinations