University of San Francisco
Latin: Universitas Sancti Francisci | |
Former names |
St. Ignatius Academy (1855) St. Ignatius College (1859) University of St. Ignatius (1912) St. Ignatius College (1919) |
---|---|
Motto | Traditional: Pro Urbe et Universitate (Latin) |
Motto in English |
Traditional: For City and University Current Motto: Change the World From Here |
Type |
Private Nonprofit Carnegie Classification:Doctoral/Research and Community Engaged |
Established | October 15, 1855[1] |
Affiliation | Roman Catholic (Jesuit) |
Endowment | $314.3 million (2015)[2] |
President | Paul J. Fitzgerald, S.J. |
Academic staff | 1,245 Faculty (Fall 2015: 497 Full-Time, 748 Part-Time)[3] |
Administrative staff | 1,132 (Fall 2015: 1,003 Full-Time, 129 Part-Time) [3] |
Students | 10,828 (Fall 2015)[3] |
Undergraduates | 6,782 (Fall 2015) [3] |
Postgraduates | 4,046 (Fall 2015) [3] |
Location |
San Francisco, California, U.S. 37°46′46″N 122°27′07″W / 37.77944°N 122.45194°WCoordinates: 37°46′46″N 122°27′07″W / 37.77944°N 122.45194°W |
Campus | Urban - 55 acres (22 ha) |
Fight song | "Victory Song" |
Colors |
Green and Gold[4] |
Athletics | NCAA Division I – WCC |
Sports |
15 varsity sports teams[5] (7 men's and 8 women's) |
Nickname | Dons / Lady Dons |
Mascot | The Don, a Spanish Nobleman |
Affiliations |
AJCU ACCU NAICU WASC |
Website |
www |
The University of San Francisco (USF) is a Jesuit Catholic university located in San Francisco, California, United States. The school's main campus is located on a 55-acre (22 ha) setting between the Golden Gate Bridge and Golden Gate Park. The main campus is nicknamed "The Hilltop", and part of the main campus is located on Lone Mountain, one of San Francisco's major hills. In addition, the university offers classes at four northern California branch campuses (Sacramento, San Jose, Santa Rosa, and Pleasanton), at a southern California branch campus, and at locations in downtown San Francisco, including the Folger Building at 101 Howard Street, and at the Presidio. Its close historical ties with the City and County of San Francisco are reflected in the University's traditional motto, Pro Urbe et Universitate (For the City and University). USF's Jesuit Catholic identity is rooted in the vision and work of St. Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Jesuit order.
History
Founded by the Jesuits in 1855 as St. Ignatius Academy, USF started as a one-room schoolhouse along Market Street in what later became downtown San Francisco. Under its founding president, Anthony Marachi, S.J., St. Ignatius Academy received its charter on April 30, 1859, from the State of California, and signed by governor John B. Weller. In that year the school changed its name to St. Ignatius College. The original curriculum included Greek, Spanish, Latin, English, French, Italian, algebra, arithmetic, history, geography, elocution, and bookkeeping. Father Maraschi was the college's first president, a professor, the college's treasurer, and the first pastor of St. Ignatius Church.[6]
A new building was constructed in 1862 to replace the first frame building. In June 1863, the university awarded its first Bachelor of Arts degree. In 1880, the college moved from Market Street to a new site on the corner of Hayes Street and Van Ness Avenue (currently occupied by the Davies Symphony Hall). The third St. Ignatius College received moderate damage in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, but was completely destroyed in the ensuing fire. The campus moved west, to the corner of Hayes and Shrader Streets, close to Golden Gate Park, where it occupied a hastily constructed structure known as The Shirt Factory (for its resemblance to similar manufacturing buildings of the era) for the next 21 years. The college moved to its present site on Fulton Street in 1927. The college was built on the site of a former Masonic Cemetery (see map). In 1901, the city enacted a law prohibiting more burials in the City and County of San Francisco. The remains were supposed to be transferred to Colma, California, though caskets and human remains are still found whenever a foundation is excavated for a new building on the main campus.[7] To celebrate its diamond jubilee in 1930, St. Ignatius College changed its name to the University of San Francisco. The change from college to university was sought by many alumni groups and by long-time San Francisco Mayor James Rolph Jr..[6] A male-only school for most of its history, USF became fully coeducational in 1964, though females started attending the evening programs in business and law as early as 1927. In 1969, the high school division, already wholly separate from the university, moved to the western part of San Francisco and became St. Ignatius College Preparatory. In 1978, the university acquired Lone Mountain College.[6] October 15, 2005, marked the 150th anniversary of the university's founding.[8] As of the fall of 2015, USF enrolled 10,828 undergraduate and graduate students in all of its programs housed in four schools (Law, Management, Education, Nursing and Health Professions) and one college (Arts and Sciences).
Campus buildings
- St. Ignatius Church (1914) – Following the destruction of the St. Ignatius Church and College in the San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of 1906, engineer John E. Pope convinced the Jesuits to acquire a piece of land atop the hill at the corner of Parker Avenue and Fulton Street. He envisioned this as a perfect site to construct a building “with towering outlines visible from all parts of the City” and “stately towers piercing the air above the breakers.” )[9] Taking Pope’s vision of a landmark church to heart, architect Charles J. I. Devlin began drawing plans for the church in 1909. Built between 1910 and 1914, and dedicated on August 2, 1914, the fifth St. Ignatius Church is a San Francisco landmark.
- Kalmanovitz Hall (1927/2008) - Originally the Liberal Arts Building, then Campion Hall,[6] the reconstructed Kalmanovitz Hall, renamed in recognition of a major gift from the Paul and Lydia Kalmanovitz Foundation, houses classrooms and faculty offices; 45 academic programs, five centers and institutes; advanced labs for language learning, writing, media, and psychology; and conference rooms and lounges.[10]
- School of Education Building (1930) - Formerly Presentation High School, the School of Education Building was acquired by the University of San Francisco in 1991. The School of Education has fifteen general-purpose classrooms, an art studio, and a science laboratory as well as the Presentation Theater. The theater seats six hundred. The School of Education's faculty and administrative offices are located in this building.[10]
- Lone Mountain (1932) - Formerly the San Francisco College for Women, then Lone Mountain College in 1968, the Lone Mountain Campus was acquired by the University of San Francisco in 1978.[6] Lone Mountain houses the Ricci Institute, the Handlery Dining Room (named for its benefactor, Paul Handlery), classrooms and offices, a residence hall for 180 students, and the Pacific Wing residence hall for 30 students. Other administrative offices at Lone Mountain's Rossi Wing include the Presidents Office, Provost’s Office, Chancellor’s Office, University Advancement, and Marketing and Communication. Included in this acquisition was the Underhill Building, which houses ROTC and Upward Bound. Enrollment Management, the Admission Offices, Financial Services, Human Resources, and other student support services moved to Lone Mountain in 2005-2006 after major renovations.[10]
- Gleeson Library (1950) and the Geschke Learning Resource Center (1997) - Gleeson Library houses books, periodicals and microfilms as well as the Donohue Rare Book Room. The library honors the memory of the Rev. Richard A. Gleeson, S.J. (1861-1945), in recognition of his 25 years of dedicated service to the University and to the citizens of San Francisco as prefect of St. Ignatius Church, spiritual counselor, and friend to the poor. The Charles M. and Nancy A. Geschke Learning Resource Center and the Rev. William J. Monihan, S.J., Atrium opened in September, 1997. Dr. Geschke, a USF trustee, and his wife, Nancy, took a leadership role in the funding of the Center. The late Rev. William Monihan, S.J., was a beloved member of the Jesuit community and dedicated his life to enhancing library services at USF.[10]
- Phelan Hall (1955) - Phelan Hall was established as a memorial to James D. Phelan (1861-1930), alumnus and benefactor of the University who served as U.S. Senator from California and mayor of San Francisco. Phelan Hall provides housing for 450 students, and houses the University Ministry.[10]
- War Memorial Gymnasium (1958) - The gym is a tribute to the USF alumni who died in military service to their country. The Athletic Department is housed in the gym.[10]
- Ulrich Field (1958) - The athletic field is used primary for baseball and was named in memory of Max Ulrich, who left his estate to the University because he believed that USF embodied the traditions of his beloved San Francisco. Benedetti Diamond is named for long-time coach of USF baseball, Dante Benedetti.[10]
- Fromm Hall (1959/2003) - Formerly Xavier Hall, this building was erected in 1959 as the home of the USF Jesuit Community, and was named for St. Francis Xavier, Spanish apostle to the Indies. In 2003, it was renamed Fromm Hall in recognition of Alfred and Hanna Fromm, founders of the Fromm Institute for Lifelong Learning and major benefactors to USF. A major gift from the Friends of the Fromm Institute made possible the renovation of the building, housing the offices and classrooms of the Fromm Institute, administrative offices for St. Ignatius Parish, an undergraduate residence hall for 175 students, and classrooms for USF's visual arts program, Art+Architecture.[10]
- The Koret Law Center: Kendrick Hall (1962) and Dorraine Zief Law Library (2000) - The University of San Francisco School of Law's Koret Law Center comprises both Kendrick Hall and the Dorraine Zief Law Library, which are adjacent to one another across the street from St. Ignatius Church. Kendrick Hall was originally built in 1962, expanded in 1982, and fully reconstructed in 2003. Kendrick Hall houses the law school's state-of-the-art classrooms and seminar rooms, student support services, student lounges and food services, and faculty offices. The Dorraine Zief Law Library, constructed in 2000, is primarily a research library housing nearly 350,000 volumes and volume equivalents of Anglo-American legal materials. Over half the collection is in micro format and most of the collection does not circulate. The library is a selective California documents depository and houses some legally-related U.S. federal government documents. The building is fully equipped with the latest technological infrastructure to support the USF Law School teaching mission well into the 21st century. Carrels and tables are wired for portable computer use.[10]
- Lone Mountain North (1963) - This residence hall underwent seismic and expansion work in 2004 that resulted in additional space that now houses the offices of both Accounting and Business Services and Information Technology Services. The residence hall is home to 154 students.[10]
- Gillson Hall (1965) - Gillson Hall is named for George B. Gillson, former regent of the University and a Knight of Malta, whose generosity provided needed construction and scholarship funds. Gillson Hall provides housing for 325 men and women on alternate floors. The offices of the Counseling Center are located on the ground floor of Gillson Hall.[10]
- Harney Science Center (1965) - Classrooms, science laboratories, faculty offices and the administrative offices of the College of Arts and Sciences are located in this building. The name commemorates the generosity of the late Pauline and Charles L. Harney to the University and their lifelong friendship with its Jesuit community. Mr. Harney was a regent of the University and was responsible for many campus improvements.[10]
- Hayes-Healy Hall (1966) - Hayes-Healy Hall was built through the benefaction of the late Ramona Hayes Healy and John F. Healy, as a memorial to their parents, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph P. Hayes and Mr. and Mrs. Richard Healy. It provided the first resident accommodations for women students on campus and now houses 350 students.[10] Today, Hayes-Healy accommodates both men and women on single-sex floors. It stands nine stories tall with a full laundry in the basement.[11]
- University Center (1966) - This five-story building is a major center of campus life. Four of its five floors were completely architecturally redefined and renovated in 2010. University Life, ASUSF (undergraduate student government), student activities offices, the Foghorn student newspaper office, Crossroads coffeehouse, Market Cafe, Outtahere take-out food service and store, Career Services, and Residence Life are all located here.[10]
- Cowell Hall (1969) - Cowell Hall is named in memory of Samuel H. Cowell, San Francisco businessman and philanthropist. A grant from the Cowell Foundation made the completion of this building possible. It houses the School of Nursing and Health Professions, the Learning and Writing Center, and the Instructional Media Department along with Media Studies labs and classrooms.[10]
- Negoesco Stadium (1982) - The soccer stadium is named after Stephen Negoesco, '51, who coached USF championship soccer teams from 1961 to 2000. The soccer field was converted to synthetic turf in 2006 and renewed in 2010.[10]
- USF Koret Health and Recreation Center (1989) - On the former site of St. Ignatius High School and then Loyola Hall, the Koret Health and Recreation Center was opened and dedicated in 1989. It is named for the late Joseph Koret and his wife, Susan, who took a leadership role in funding the center. The facilities include Hagen Gym, the Swig Pavilion, and the Rev. Charles W. Dullea, S.J., Natatorium. It is the home for USF's intramural sports programs, exercise classes, weight rooms, and a boxing ring and gym.[10]
- Loyola House (1999) - Loyola House was built for the University of San Francisco Jesuit Community. It houses 25 Jesuits. There are four guest rooms and the Chapel of Our Lady of Monserrat whose benefactors are USF emeritus trustee Robert Granucci and his wife, Muriel.[10]
- 281 Masonic (2000) - This building was the original Presentation High School and in later years Lincoln University. It was leased and completely renovated by USF in 2000 and was home to the College of Professional Studies until its merger with the School of Business and Management in 2009, now the School of Management. The Sisters of the Presentation retain their presence in the building with offices on the third floor. USF's Department of Performing Arts and Social Justice, the Office of Contracts and Grants, and the Leo T. McCarthy Center for Public Service and the Common Good, share the first and second floors of the building with classrooms, faculty offices, and various administrative offices.[10]
- Pedro Arrupe Hall (2000) - Named after the former Superior General of the Society of Jesus, Pedro Arrupe Hall is a leased building located on 6th Avenue and Anza Street, which is approximately one mile (1.5 km) from the main campus. This hall accommodates 110 students.[10]
- Loyola Village (2002) - Loyola Village is a modern housing complex at the University of San Francisco. Located on Anza Street between Masonic and Parker Avenues, this 136-unit apartment complex provides housing for students, faculty, and staff.[10]
- Malloy Hall (2004) - Malloy Hall, is the headquarters the School of Management, consisting of the McLaren School of Management and the Masagung Graduate School of Management. The building is named for USF Board of Trustees chairman Thomas E. Malloy, and houses administrative and faculty offices and state-of-the-art classrooms and encompasses space added to Phelan Hall in 1973.[10]
- John Lo Schiavo, S.J. Center for Science and Innovation (2013) - This new state-of-the-art science building, named after USF’s former president and chancellor, in the heart of campus, has 11 new teaching labs, 6 classrooms, and can house 500 students at one time within its 60,000 square feet.[10]
- Sobrato Center (2015) - Named after Silicon Vally philanthropists John A. and Susan Sobrato, who pledged the largest single gift in USF's history, the Sobrato Cent will entail the expansion and renovation of the War Memorial Gymnasium as a multi-use center to benefit all students and to further the Jesuit commitment to educating the whole person.[10]
Organization and administration
The University of San Francisco is chartered as a non-profit organization and is governed by a privately appointed board of trustees, along with the university president, the university chancellor, the university provost and vice-presidents, and the deans. The board currently has 43 voting members who serve three, three-year terms and is chaired by Stephen A. Hamill. The board of trustees elects a president to serve as the general manager and chief executive of the university. The current president (since August 1, 2014) is Paul J. Fitzgerald, S.J.[12] The president, according to USF Bylaws, is specifically responsible for articulating and advancing the Jesuit Catholic character of the university.[13] USF's faculty and librarians are unionized. The University of San Francisco Faculty Association, a local of the California Federation of Teachers, represents its members in all matters concerning wages, benefits, and enforcing the Collective Bargaining Agreement. The USFFA is consulted by the USF administration on matters affecting the working conditions of the faculty and librarians. The Union was founded in 1975. The founding president was economics professor Michael Lehmann (1975-1988), the second was English professor Alan Heineman (1988-2005) and the current President is history Professor Elliot Neaman (2005–present). In the fall of 2015, USF enrolled 10,828 undergraduate, graduate, and law students in its four schools and one college: The School of Law, founded in 1912; the College of Arts and Sciences, organized in 1925; the School of Management, which began in 1925 as the Colleges of Commerce and Finance and was merged with the Colleges of Professional Studies in 2009; the School of Education, which started as the Department of Education in 1947 and was upgraded to a school in 1972; and the School of Nursing and Health Professions, which began as the Department of Nursing in 1948 and became a school in 1954. USF is one of the most ethnically diverse universities in the nation. Among the entire fall 2015 student population, 49 percent are Asian, African-American, Latino, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, or Native American, and 17 percent were international. In 1964, USF became completely coeducational, though women had been enrolled in the evening programs in law and business since 1927, in education since 1947, and in nursing since 1948. In the fall of 2015, 63 percent of the overall student population were female. The main USF campus currently occupies 55 acres near Golden Gate Park in San Francisco. In addition, the university offers classes at four Northern California branch campuses (Sacramento, Pleasanton, Santa Rosa, and San Jose), at a Southern California branch campus, and at locations in downtown San Francisco, including the Folger Building at 101 Howard Street, and at the Presidio. The university also offers students a multitude of international experiences and study-abroad programs.
Undergraduate tuition at USF is $44,040 for the 2016–17 school year.[14]
Academics
Rankings
University rankings | |
---|---|
National | |
Forbes[15] | 216 |
U.S. News & World Report[16] | 108 |
Washington Monthly[17] | 115 |
Global | |
QS[18] | 701+ |
Times[19] | 401-500 |
- USF was ranked as tied for 108th in the National University category in 2016 by U.S. News & World Report, with the graduate nursing school ranked tied for 129th in the nation, and the law school tied for 138th.[20]
- In 2015, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching renewed USF’s classification for 10 years as a community engaged institution in both possible categories: curriculum engagement and outreach and partnership. In 2006, USF was one of just 62 institutions that received the initial community engagement classification in those two categories.[21]
- For the eighth consecutive year, USF was named to the President’s Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll by the Corporation for National and Community Service. This honor highlights USF students’ exemplary service on issues ranging from poverty and homelessness, to environmental justice. Honorees are chosen on the basis of the scope and impact of service projects, percentage of students participating in service activities, and the extent to which the school offers academic service-learning courses.[22]
- Graduateprograms.com ranked USF’s MBA program as 45th among its top 50 Graduate Programs in the spring of 2015, based on rating and reviews from 70,000 current or recent graduate students participating in over 1,600 graduate programs nationwide.[23]
- "The Washington Monthly" ranked USF as 115th out of 279 national universities in 2015 on a combined measure of recruiting and graduating low-income students, research, and service to the country.[24]
- The Princeton Review ranked USF 13th on the “College City Gets High Marks” list and made the list of the top-four year colleges and universities in the West in 2015, based on surveys of students who attended the schools.
- In 2015, Forbes magazine rated USF No. 216 overall out of the 650 best private and public colleges and universities in America, and 41st in the West, 98th among research universities, and 161st among private colleges.[25]
- In 2015, the "Economist" ranked USF 217 out of 1,275 world-wide universities based on the school's economic value for students, defined as the gap between how much money its students subsequently earned, and how much they might have earned had they attended a university elsewhere.
- Stephen A. Privett, S.J., Chancellor, was named to the CEO Hall of Fame by the San Francisco Business Times, for his leadership in growing and guiding USF’s success while serving as the university’s president from 2000 to 2014.
- Elizabeth Davis, Dean of the School of Management, was named by the San Francisco Business Times to its 2015 list of the most influential women in the Bay Area.
- The USF School of Law was ranked in the top tier of law schools by U.S. News & World Report in 2016. It was tied for 138th among ABA accredited schools due in part to gains in the employment rates of its graduates. The School also placed 64th in a national ranking of scholarly influence among law school faculties by the Social Science Research Network.
- Payscale ranked USF among the top 10 schools in the nations in terms of salary potential for students who earn a degree in social sciences in its 2014-2015 Payscale Potential Salary Reports.
- Graduateprograms.com ranked USF’s online graduate programs in nursing as 18th in the nation and its public health graduate program as 14th in the nation, based on reviews by current students or recent graduates of USF’s School of Nursing and Health Professions. Students at 1,500 schools nationwide were surveyed regarding their quality of education, faculty accessibility, and career support.
- In 2015, the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing unanimously recommended the re-accreditation of USF’s School of Education credential programs for the maximum period of seven years.
- The School of Management was named a GOLD Net Impact Chapter (the highest level) for the last three years, a distinction held by only 38 of the nation’s graduate business schools. Net Impact is one of the most prestigious nationally recognized non-profit organizations, as it manages over 300 clubs for students focused on doing well and doing good.
- The Master of Global Entrepreneurship and Management (MGEM) was ranked number 58 in the world by the "Financial Times" among master’s in management programs in 2015.
- USF’s one-year, intensive Master of Science Analytics program made the “23 Great” list by MastersInDataScience.org., for its connections to Silicon Valley internships and career opportunities. The program was praised for its emphasis on the technical and business sides of the field, with courses in predictive analytics, econometrics, business communications, and management science.
- The Online Masters in Collegiate Athletics was ranked the third best online master sport management program in the nation in 2015 by Bestschools.com.
- In 2015, the USF School of Nursing and Health Professions was selected to partner with Kaiser Permanente to offer USF’s Executive Leadership Doctor of Nursing Program (ELDNP) and its MSN Clinical Nurse Leader (CNL) Program.
- The USF undergraduate psychology program was ranked among the top ten up and coming undergraduate psychology programs in the West in 2015 by bestpsychology degrees.com.
- In 2015, USF’s St. Ignatius Institute was ranked 18th on the Best College Review’s list of four-year schools with programs that focus on great books.
Global education
USF’s Center for Global Education advises students on international programs sponsored by USF or external organizations and schools; and coordinates the application process, financial aid, transfer of credit, and other critical procedures. The Center for Global Education sponsors a wide range of programs during the regular semesters, as well as short-term programs during the winter sessions and the summer. USF is committed to making it possible for students to experience the world outside the United States. In order to prevent cost from making it possible for students to travel abroad, USF students can take their financial aid awards with them to study abroad. Furthermore, a number of programs that take place in developing societies and that exemplify the Jesuit tradition receive a 50% discount in tuition, through the Pedro Claver scholarships. USF has more than 40 institutional partnerships with other universities throughout the world, including in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, the Czech Republic, Chile, China, El Salvador, England, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, the Philippines, Scotland, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Taiwan, and Uruguay. These agreement include students and faculty exchanges, research activities, and joint degree programs. Overall, USF offers 133 semester-long international programs to its students. During the 2012-2013 academic year, 646 USF students earned academic credit in USF-sponsored study abroad, exchange, intern, or social justice programs, or studied abroad through the Center for Global Education. Another 121 students engaged in short-term non-academic credit, social justice immersion programs, during the 2012-13 academic year, for a total of 767 students. Overall, the student population studying abroad during the 2012-2013 academic year included 337 students of color (African American, Asian, Hispanic/Latino, Native American or Pacific Islander), representing 43.9 percent of the study abroad student population. Of the 767 students who studied abroad, 450 (85.7%) were on financial aid and of these, 73 (16.2%) received Pell Grants. Since the summer of 2012, five USF Pell Grant recipients have also received the prestigious Gillman Award established for Pell Grant recipients who study abroad and conduct a project of significance to change the world. During the past decade, the university’s study abroad students have consistently been surveyed regarding their overseas experience. Among the 2012 study abroad students, 96.3 percent of those surveyed agreed that their study abroad experience gave them skills to “personally advocate for diversity,” 90.4 percent believed that studying abroad increased their ability to “understand the richness of cultures different from your own,” and 90.7 percent felt that the study aboard experience gave them skills to work and study effectively in a multi-cultural world.[26]
Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC)
USF has hosted an Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps program since 1936. ROTC is an elective curriculum taken along with the required college classes and can pay for a cadet's college tuition.[27] ROTC currently operates on campus under the command of the Military Science Department.
Student clubs and organizations
USF is home to over 90 clubs and organizations[28] including academic/professional, governance, cultural, service, social, political, athletic and special interest. The missions and goals of USF's student clubs and organizations are to provide programs and services that support students' leadership development and promote student engagement in co-curricular activities. .[29]
The Associated Students of the University of San Francisco (ASUSF) Senate is the student body governance organization responsible for organizing major campus events, voicing student concern, and reviewing the ASUSF budget. .[30] USF's professional and academic organizations include chapters of many national and international groups, including the Professional Business Fraternity Delta Sigma Pi, the Lambda Iota Tau English Honor Society, Sigma Tau Delta, Jesuit Honor Society Alpha Sigma Nu, the National Society of Collegiate Scholars, National Political Science Honor Society Pi Sigma Alpha, Biological Honor Society Tri Beta, Accounting and Finance Honor Society Beta Alpha Psi and Psychology Honor Society Psi Chi. Professional organizations include the Family Business Association, Pre-Professional Health Committee, Pre-Dental Society, Hospitality Management Association, the Nursing Students Association, and the Entrepreneurship Club. Religious and spiritual organizations on campus include the Muslim Student Union, the USF chapter of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, and the USF Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life. USF leisure and hobby organizations include a chapter of many national organizations: Best Buddies, Outdoors and Environmental Education Club, USF Queer Alliance, San Quentin TRUST Alliance, Knitting for Neighbors, Back to the Roots, Surf and Skate Club, and the Animation Comics and Video Games (ACV) Club. Cultural and multicultural organizations around campus serve international students, Indian students, Black students (the Black Student Union), Latin American students and Hawaiian Students. There are also groups specifically for women of color and Latina women. Social justice clubs on campus include chapters of Amnesty International, School of the Americas Watch, Up 'til Dawn, and Invisible Children. There is also a Politics Society, Philosophy Club, Women in Media Club, and Women in Science Club.
Student-produced media
The San Francisco Foghorn is the official student weekly newspaper of the University of San Francisco and is sponsored by the Associated Students of the University of San Francisco (ASUSF). The Foghorn was founded in 1926, and was first called The Ignatian. In the 1930s, members of The Ignation changed its name to San Francisco Foghorn to reflect the University's decision to change its name from St. Ignatius College to the University of San Francisco. The Foghorn has played a significant role on campus throughout the years, and has some notable alumni, including Pierre Salinger, editor of the San Francisco Chronicle and Press Secretary for President John F. Kennedy, well-known author and historian Kevin Starr, and Leo T. McCarthy, former California Lieutenant Governor. The Foghorn gained national recognition in 1961, when the American Newspaper Publishers Association awarded it with a "Pacemaker Award". The Foghorn has been honored by the Associated Collegiate Press which deemed it "College Paper of the Year" in 1998. USF has a radio station, KUSF, which broadcasts online. The station had broadcast on radio frequency 90.3 FM since 1977, until the station's license was sold by the university on January 18, 2011,[31] to a Southern California-based classical radio station. KUSF has garnered international attention for its diverse musical programming, which varies from rock to hip hop to world music.[32] KUSF is the recipient of numerous awards,[33] including many public service awards[34] for the station's long-running weekly community service series. USF's other radio station, KDNZ, is student-run and programmed.[35] The University of San Francisco has one television station, USFTV, which is broadcast on Channel 35 in the dormitories and around campus.[36] The station was founded in 2006,[37] and is entirely student-run. The station features a variety of content, including news, sports, cultural programming. In 2008, USFtv students collaborated with Wyclef Jean to create a music video for his song, "If I Was President".[38] The Ignatian is USF's annual "literary magazine" that is published every spring. It has traditionally printed a wide array of different content, running from philosophical pieces to personal essays, short fiction, poetry, and photography.
Performing arts
USF has numerous student clubs for the performing arts, including a theater group (College Players), two-time Golden Gate Regional winning improvisational team (Awkward Silence), choir (ASUSF Voices), marching band (USF Don Marching Band), contemporary mass ensemble, and a dance program that focuses on social justice.
The College Players, founded in 1863, is the oldest student-run theater group west of the Mississippi and the second oldest in the United States.[39] Their annual production of The Vagina Monologues distributes 100 percent of the show's proceeds to women charities around the Bay Area.[40] ASUSF Voices is a collaboration between the associated students of USF and the Performing Arts Department. It contains a variety of choral ensembles, including jazz and other popular vocal styles.[41] The USF Contemporary Mass Ensemble is a group of collective USF alumni, either vocal or instrumental, that perform during Mass every Sunday in St. Ignatius Church.[42] The USF dance program is affiliated with the Performing Arts and Social Justice Major. Students can enroll in tradition and modern dance classes. Students are allowed to participate in the USF Dance Ensemble, which provides the opportunity for students to work with professional and student choreographers.[43]
Greek life
All of the social sororities and fraternities that wish to be recognized by the university must participate in Greek Council. The purpose of Greek Council is to aid in the development of the university’s recognized Greek organizations and their individual members.[44] Every year, chapters participate in some of the same activities, such as mixers and socials, Thanksgiving potluck, Christmas clothing drive, Homecoming, and Greek Games.[45]
Social Fraternities and Sororities
The following are the social fraternities and sororities at USF:[46]
- Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority
- Chi Upsilon Zeta fraternity
- Delta Sigma Theta sorority
- Delta Zeta sorority
- Kappa Alpha Theta sorority
- Lambda Theta Nu sorority
- Lambda Theta Phi fraternity
- Phi Delta Theta fraternity
- Pi Kappa Phi fraternity
Service
- Alpha Phi Omega co-ed service fraternity[47]
Academic/Honor Society/Professional
- Alpha Kappa Delta honor society (Sociology)
- Alpha Sigma Nu national Jesuit honor society
- Beta Alpha Psi fraternity (Accounting and Finance)
- Beta Beta Beta honor society (Biology)
- Delta Sigma Pi fraternity (Business)
- Gamma Gamma Gamma (Nursing)
- Lambda Pi Eta fraternity (Communication)
- Omicron Theta Chi fraternity and sorority (Pre-Med and Nursing)
- Order of Omega interest group
- Pi Alpha Alpha (Public Administration)
- Phi Alpha Delta fraternity (Law)
- Phi Alpha Theta honor society (History)
- Pi Sigma Alpha (Politics/Political Science)
- Psi Chi honor society (Psychology)
- Sigma Tau Delta honor society (International English)
- Sigma Theta Tau (Nursing honor society)
- Theta Alpha Kappa (Religious Studies/Theology)
Student body
Among the total USF student population in the fall of 2015, 22.2 percent were Asian American, 6.0 percent were African American, 18.3 percent were Latino, 1.2 percent were Native American, 0.9 percent were Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 16.9 percent were international, and 30.3 percent were white. There has been a 47 percent increase in the overall student enrollment from the fall of 2000 to the fall of 2015. By ethnicity, the number of Latino students has increased by 190.4 percent during this time period, the number of Asian American students has increased by 95.5 percent, and the number of international students has increased by 177.8 percent. The African American student population has increased 56.7 percent since 2000, while the overall white student population has increased by 0.1 percent during the past 15 years. All student ethnic groups, except Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders, have increased in actual numbers since 2000. The ethnic composition of all USF students in the fall of 2015 is displayed in Table 1.
Enrollment in 2000 | Enrollment in 2014 | Percent Change | |
---|---|---|---|
Asian American | 1,232 | 2,409 | 95.5% |
African American | 418 | 655 | 56.7% |
Latino | 684 | 1,986 | 190.4% |
Native American | 49 | 131 | 167.3% |
Native Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander | 128 | 100 | -21.9% |
International student | 657 | 1,825 | 177.8% |
White | 3,284 | 3,287 | 0.1% |
Other | 914 | 435 | -52.4% |
Total | 7,366 | 10,828 | 47.0% |
During the first three decades of the 20th century, students of Asian ancestry began to enroll at St. Ignatius College, including Chan C. Wing, the first Asian American to be admitted to the bar in the history of California. In 1912, Mr. Wing, the son of immigrants from a small village near Canton, was accepted into the first law class at USF’s School of Law, then known as St. Ignatius College of Law. By the 1920s, Filipino students began to be part of the ethnic diversity of the institutions, and in 1929, an organization named the Filipino Ignatians was founded in the College of Arts and Sciences. St. Ignatius College changed its name to the University of San Francisco in 1930, the same year that one of the starting tackles of the football team, Isaiah Fletcher, became the first of many African Americans to play on the varsity intercollegiate team for the school. This was decades before most universities and colleges began to integrate their athletic team or their campuses. In 1936, Earl Booker, another African American, won the Intercollegiate Boxing Championship, while earning his bachelor's degree in history.[48]
Surveys show that USF students consistently value diversity at USF. A survey conducted for graduating students in May 2010 by USF's Office of Institutional Research indicated that 86.5% felt that individual ethnicity, religion, race and other differences were valued at USF. The same survey records that 70.5% of the graduating students agreed that their appreciation of those differences increased while they were at USF.[49] The result was consistent with past surveys conducted on graduating students. From May 1997 to May 2010, the overall percentage of students who felt individual, ethnic, religious and other differences were valued at USF ranged from 77.0 percent to 86.5 percent.[50]
International students made up 16.9% of the student body in fall 2015. International students have a dedicated orientation period[51] and a variety of internationally oriented student groups like the International Student Association, Global Living Community,[52] an International Advisory Council, and an International Network Program.[53] USF sponsors an annual International Education Week with an international fair featuring consulates in the San Francisco area, storytelling opportunities, educational speakers, and a performance event called "Culturescape".[54]
Admissions
USF is categorized as a more selective university, according to U.S. News & World Report.[55] It had an acceptance rate of 60% for the freshman entering in 2014.[56] For freshman enrolling Fall 2015, the average high school Grade Point Average (GPA) was 3.63 with a combined SAT score of 1161 from critical reading and math.[14]
Financial aid
For the 2015-2016 financial aid year, 81 percent of all undergraduates were awarded financial aid and 40 percent were awarded Pell Grants. For the 2015–2016 years, 39 percent of full-time, first-time freshman students were awarded Pell Grants, 73 percent were awarded institutional grants, and 87 percent were awarded some type of aid.[14]
Campus dining
USF's dining options span multiple locations around the campus:
- Market Café - The Market Café, the main campus' cafeteria, is located on the second floor of the University Center. It has a several types of American, Italian, and Mexican food, and a salad bar. There is also a small store that sells drinks and snacks.
- Crossroads Café - Crossroads Café (originally Crossroads Coffeehouse) is a student-run dining facility, located on the first floor of the University Center building.[57] The café (under a different name) originally started as a commuter students' lounge in the basement of the former Campion Hall, now Kalmanovitz Hall, in 1931.[58] The lounge was moved to the University Center Building when it was constructed in the Fall of 1966.[59]
- Outtakes Café - The Outtakes Café, also known as the Wolf and Kettle, is located on USF's Lone Mountain campus. Outtakes has two sections: a dining center, similar to a smaller cafeteria structure of tables, booths and chairs, and a “small retail convenience store, offering a wide variety of grocery items, fresh food and produce, and all the essentials."[57]
- Kendrick Café - The Kendrick Café is located on the School of Law Campus.[60]
- Club Ed Café - The Club Ed Café is located on the bottom floor of USF's School of Education building.[61]
- Outtahere - The newest addition to the campus' dining facilities, replacing Jamba Juice. Similar to Outtakes, it provides a small dining area that serves breakfast all day and a small convenience store that sells primarily organic foods.
Athletics
USF competes in the NCAA Division I and is a charter member of the West Coast Conference, along with local rivals Santa Clara University and Saint Mary's College of California. Sports offered are men’s and women's basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, tennis, track and field, as well as men’s baseball and women's volleyball and sand volleyball. USF’s mascot is the Don and its colors are green and gold.
History
Athletics at USF dates back to its founding in 1855, when founder Anthony Maraschi, S.J. organized ball games as recreation for the first students. Intercollegiate competition dates back to 1907, when then St. Ignatius College began playing organized baseball, basketball, and rugby against other local colleges and high schools. Rivalries with neighboring Santa Clara University and Saint Mary's College of California have their origins in this early period.[6]
1951 USF Dons football team
The 1951 University of San Francisco Dons football team, coached by Joe Kuharich, went undefeated, with a record of 9-0, and the team produced nine future NFL players. Five became NFL Pro-Bowlers, and Gino Marchetti, Ollie Matson, and Bob St. Clair later were inducted into the NFL Hall of Fame—a record for one college team. The team also had another first: Burl Toler became the first African American official in the NFL.[62] Future NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle played a role as the Dons' Athletic Publicist. At the height of their success, the team experienced one of the greatest snubs in college football history. Due to the team having two African-American star players, Ollie Matson and Burl Toler, they were not invited to play in any of the college football bowl games hosted by the SEC (Southern Conference).[63] This resulted in the team being invited to the Orange Bowl without Toler and Matson. The team refused the invitation. Guard Dick Columbini said "'No, we're not going to leave ‘em at home’ ... ‘We're going to play with ‘em or we’re not going to play.’"[62] As a result of the team's refusal to play in the Orange Bowl, the USF Athletic Department was forced to drop its football program in 1952, due to a deficit in department funds.
Basketball
USF is also known for its men's basketball program. The men's team won three national championships: the 1949 NIT Championship, with Don Lofgran as MVP, and the 1955 and 1956 NCAA National Championships, going undefeated in the 1956 season. Led by NBA Hall of Famers Bill Russell and K.C. Jones, the 1956 Dons became the first undefeated team to win a national championship, winning a then-record 60 games in a row from 1954 to 1956 before losing an exhibition game to the USA Men's Olympic Basketball team. Also of note, the 1954-1955 USF basketball teams became the first major college or university basketball team to win a national title with three African American starters (Russell, Jones, and Hal Perry).[6]
Soccer
The soccer program began at USF in 1931, and from the beginning it has been a successful program, winning five titles from 1932–1936. Much of this was because of the All-American team captain Gus Donoghue who later returned to the university as the head coach in 1946. Donoghue won several titles, including a co-championship with Penn State in 1949. After his retirement in 1960, the programs successes went on under alumnus, All American and Holocaust survivor Stephen Negoesco, who played under Donoghue in the 50's. He coached the team from 1962 to 2000 and led the team to 540 wins and four national championships (1966, 1975, 1976, 1980). Negoesco was inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 2003 after having won more games with his team than any other coach in the history of intercollegiate soccer competition in the United States. Under Negoesco's successor, alumnus Erik Visser, the men's team earned the 2004, 2005 and 2008 WCC titles.[6]
Notable alumni
USF has 103,756 alumni living in all 50 states, 6 United States territories and 129 countries. Among USF’s living alumni, there are 3,524 teachers, 1,549 educational administrators, 604 engineers, 3,328 attorneys, 427 college professors, 718 elected or non-elected government officials, 620 accounts, 1,701 health care providers, 2,236 nurses, 409 physicians, 169 dentists, 271 social workers, 891 computer scientists, and 165 scientists. 338 USF alumni have joined the Peace Corps since that agency was established in 161, placing USF in the top twenty five percent among institutions of comparable size regarding the average annual placement number of Peace Corps volunteers. From 1912 (the year the USF School of Law was founded) to 2013, 274 law school alumni became judges. Among USF’s alumni, 51 percent live in the Bay Area, 24 percent live in California outside the Bay Area, 20 percent living in the United States outside California, and 5 percent live outside of the United States.[14] Prominent alumni include:
- A current California Supreme Court Justice (Ming Chin), and three former California Supreme Court Justices (Matthew Sullivan, Jeremiah Sullivan, and Raymond Sullivan)
- A former California Lieutenant Governor (Leo T. McCarthy)
- A former United States Senator (James Phelan)
- Three former members of the United House of Representatives (Lynn Woolsey, John Burton, and John Shelley)
- Three former San Francisco Mayors (James Phelan, John Shelley, and Frank Jordan)
- Two Pulitzer Prize winners (Joseph Rosenthal, Foster Church)
- The former Undersecretary of the Department of Education (Martha Kanter)
- The former President of Peru (Alejandro Toledo)
- The former San Francisco Police Chief (Heather Fong), the first woman and second Asian to hold the position, and the current San Francisco Police Chief (Greg Shur)
- The former Press Secretary for President John F. Kennedy (Pierre Salinger)
- The award-winning historian and former California State Librarian (Kevin Starr)
- The former Commissioner of the National Football League (Pete Rozelle)
- The head coach for an Olympic Gold Medal team (Jim Needles) and Three Olympic Medal winners (Ollie Matson, Bill Russell, and K.C. Jones)
- Three members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame (Ollie Matson, Gino Marchetti, Bob St. Clair)
- Numerous star players in the National Basketball Association (Bill Russell, K.C. Jones, Mike Farmer, Bill Cartwright, Phil Smith)
- Two recipients of MacArthur Fellowship “Genius” Grants: The National Forensics Coach of the Year (Tommie Lindsey), and the founder of The Street Soldiers National Consortium (Joseph Marshall, Jr.)
- Philanthropist, composer, civic leader (Gordon Getty)
- The Bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Salt Lake City (John C. Wester)
- Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of San Francisco (Fr. William J. Justice)
- Co-founder of Starbucks coffee (Gordon Bowker)
The University has awarded a number of people with honorary degrees. Some of the recipients include:
- Bishop Desmond Tutu, Nobel Peace Prize Winner
- The 14th Dalai Lama, Nobel Peace Prize Winner
- Kim Dae-Jung, former South Korean president, and Nobel Peace Prize Winner
- Elie Wiesel, Nobel Peace Prize Winner
- Shirin Ebadi, Iranian human rights activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner
- Mary McAleese, President of Ireland
- Aung San Suu Kyi, Nobel Peace Prize Winner
See also
Notes
- ↑ "The University of San Francisco: A Brief History". University of San Francisco. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
- ↑ As of June 30, 2015. "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2015 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2014 to FY 2015" (PDF). National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute. 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "USF Quick Facts" (PDF). Office of the Provost. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
- ↑ "University of San Francisco Graphic Standards Manual" (PDF).
- ↑ "University of San Francisco Sports".
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ziajka, Alan. Legacy & Promise: 150 years of Jesuit education at the University of San Francisco. San Francisco: University of San Francisco, Association of Jesuit University Presses, 2005.
- ↑ Ziajka, Alan. Lighting the City, Changing the World of the Science at the University of San Francisco. San Francisco: University of San Francisco, Association of Jesuit University Presses, 2014.
- ↑ USFCA.edu
- ↑ "St. Ignatius Virtual Walking Tours". St. Ignatius Church Parish. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 "USF General Catalog". University of San Francisco. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
- ↑ Ozguzer, Selin. "Student Life -The Campus Experience - Residence Hall - Hayes-Healy Residence Hall". University of San Francisco. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
- ↑ McDonald, Gary (2014-07-15). "Introducing USF’s New President". USF Magazine (University of San Francisco). Retrieved 2014-12-16.
- ↑ "Bylaws of the University of San Francisco".
- 1 2 3 4 "Tuition and Fees Schedule for Academic Year 2016-17". Retrieved April 12, 2016.
- ↑ "America's Top Colleges". Forbes. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
- ↑ "Best Colleges". U.S. News & World Report LP. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
- ↑ "2015 National Universities Rankings". Washington Monthly. n.d. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
- ↑ "QS World University Rankings® 2015/16". Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2015. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
- ↑ "World University Rankings 2015-16". THE Education Ltd. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
- ↑ "University of San Francisco Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. 2016.
- ↑ http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/
- ↑ http://www.nationalservice.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2013_hr_distinction_list.pdf
- ↑ http://www.graduateprograms.com/graduate-school-rankings/
- ↑ "2015 National Universities Rankings". Washington Monthly. December 2014.
- ↑ "America's Top Colleges". Forbes. July 29, 2015.
- ↑ "Center for Global Education". Retrieved December 16, 2014.
- ↑ "About Army ROTC". Goarmy.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
- ↑ "USFCA.edu". USFCA.edu. 2013-08-29. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
- ↑ "Student Leadership and Engagement". Retrieved December 16, 2014.
- ↑ "Associated Students of USF". Retrieved December 16, 2014.
- ↑ USFCA.edu
- ↑ "KUSF International Fan Mail". Kusf.org. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
- ↑ "KUSF Awards". Kusf.org. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
- ↑ "KUSF Public Service Awards". Kusf.org. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
- ↑ "About KDNZ". Usfca.edu. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
- ↑ "USFtv Gears Up for First Cablecast of the Semester | Foghorn Online". Foghorn.usfca.edu. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
- ↑ Emma, Kathleen. "Student-Run TV Station Launches Wednesday, February 22." San Francisco Foghorn. 16 February 2006
- ↑ http://www.usfca.edu/usfmagazine/spring08/n5_wyclefvid.html
- ↑ ASUSF College Players sle.orgsync.com
- ↑ "foghorn.usfca.edu". foghorn.usfca.edu. 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
- ↑ USF music program
- ↑ USF Contemporary Mass Ensemble
- ↑ USF Dance Program
- ↑ "Club Orientation". Retrieved 2008-12-04.
- ↑ "USF greek council". Retrieved 2009-05-09.
- ↑ "Greek Life chapters". Usfca.edu. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
- ↑ "Campus Life". Usfca.edu. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
- ↑ Ziajka, Alan. “Student Ethic Diversity Since 1855.” Bridging Time: The History of Newsletter of the University of San Francisco, Volume 1, Issue 1, January 20, 2015 .
- ↑ Samantha, B: "In Good Faith". USF Magazine, page 20. Fall 2007. Retrieved on 2008-12-05
- ↑ Unknown: "Making the A List". USF Magazine, page 9. Summer 2000. Retrieved on 2008-12-05
- ↑ "USF - GO Team-New Student Orientation". Usfca.edu. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
- ↑ "USF - Global Living Community". Usfca.edu. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
- ↑ "USF - International Network Program". Usfca.edu. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
- ↑ http://www.usfca.edu/isss/culturescape.html
- ↑ http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/university-san-francisco-1325
- ↑ "University of San Francisco Common Data Set 2013-2014" (PDF). University of San Francisco.
- 1 2 http://www.usfca.edu
- ↑ University of San Francisco Handbook, 1949
- ↑ University of San Francisco Alumnus, October 1966
- ↑ http://www.cafebonappetit.com/USF/cafe_home.asp?cafeid=327&name=Kendrick%20Cafe%20&unitid=15929
- ↑ http://www.cafebonappetit.com/USF/cafe_home.asp?cafeid=328&name=Club%20Ed%20Caf%E9%20&unitid=15929
- 1 2 Lukacs, John D. "Waiting for the Perfect Ending", USA Today, June 24, 2003. Sports 8C.
- ↑ Clark, Kristine. "Undefeated, United and Uninvited: A Documentary of the 1951 University of San Francisco Dons Football Team". Griffin Publishing, May 2002.
References
- Downs, Tom. (2007). Walking San Francisco: 30 Savvy Tours Exploring Steep Streets, Grand Hotels, Dive Bars, and Waterfront Parks. Berkeley: Wilderness Press.
- Ganz, Liz and Rick Newby. (1999). Walking San Francisco. Montana: Morris Book Publishing, LLC.
- McGloin S.J., John Bernard. (1972). Jesuits by the Golden Gate: the Society of Jesus in San Francisco, 1849-1969. University of San Francisco.
- Pollack, Chris. (2001) San Francisco's Golden Gate Park: A Thousand and 17 acres (6.9 ha) of Stories. Portland, Oregon: WestWinds Press.
- The University of San Francisco General Catalog 2014-2015.
- Ziajka, Alan. (2005). Legacy & Promise: 150 years of Jesuit education at the University of San Francisco. San Francisco: University of San Francisco, Association of Jesuit University Presses.
- Ziajka, Alan. (2012). The University of San Francisco School of Law: 100 Years of Educating for Justice. San Francisco: University of San Francisco, Association of Jesuit University Presses.
- Ziajka, Alan. (2014). Lighting the City, Changing the World: A History of the Sciences at the University of San Francisco. San Francisco: University of San Francisco, Association of Jesuit University Presses.
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