Sanjak of Smederevo
Sanjak of Smederevo | |||||
sanjak of the Ottoman Empire | |||||
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Sanjak of Smederevo (Pashaluk of Belgrade) in 1791 | |||||
Capital | Smederevo (1459–1521) Belgrade (1521–1817) | ||||
Sanjakbey | Ali Beg Mihaloglu (first) | ||||
History | |||||
• | Fall of the Serbian Despotate | 1459 | |||
• | Autonomy of the Principality of Serbia | 1817 | |||
Today part of | Serbia |
The Sanjak of Smederevo (Turkish: Semendire Sancağı, Serbian: СмедеревÑки Ñанџак/Smederevski sandžak), also known as the Pashaluk of Belgrade (tr. Belgrad PaÅŸalığı, sr. БеоградÑки пашалук/Beogradski paÅ¡aluk), was an Ottoman administrative unit (sanjak), that existed between the 15th and the outset of the 19th centuries. It was located in the territory of present-day Central Serbia, Serbia. It belonged to Rumelia Eyalet between 1459 and 1541, and again between 1716 and 1717 and again 1739 and 1817 (nominally to 1830), to Budin Eyalet between 1541 and 1686, and to TemeÈ™var Eyalet between 1686 and 1688 and again between 1690 and 1716.
History
15th century
The Sanjak of Smederevo was formed after the fall of the Serbian Despotate in 1459, and its administrative seat was Smederevo. Ottoman sources note a migration of Vlachs to the Sanjak of Smederevo and parts of the Sanjak of Kruševac and Sanjak of Vidin; in 1476 there were 7,600 Vlach households and 15,000 peasant households.[1]
16th century
After the Ottoman Empire conquered Belgrade in 1521, the administrative seat of the Sanjak was moved to this city. In period when Battle of Mohács took place the sanjakbey of Smederevo was KuÄuk Bali-beg.[2]
18th century
The Sanjak was occupied by the Habsburg Monarchy as the Kingdom of Serbia (1718–39), however, with the Treaty of Belgrade, the area was ceded to the Ottoman Empire. Belgrade, the center of the region while under Austrian rule, was neglected under the Ottomans and Smederevo (Semendire) was the administrative center. Nevertheless, Belgrade eventually became the seat of a pasha with the title of vizier and the Sanjak began to be referred to as the Pashaluk of Belgrade, although it was still called the Sanjak of Smederevo in official documents.
In 1788, KoÄa's frontier rebellion saw eastern Å umadija occupied by Austrian Serbian freikorps and hajduks. From 1788–91, Belgrade was again under Austrian rule after KoÄa's rebellion. The Siege of Belgrade from 15 September to 8 October 1789, a Habsburg Austrian force besieged the fortress of Belgrade. The Austrians held the city until 1791 when it handed Belgrade back to the Ottomans according to the terms of the Treaty of Sistova.
In 1793 and 1796 Sultan Selim III proclaimed firmans which gave more rights to Serbs. Among other things, taxes were to be collected by the obor-knez (dukes); freedom of trade and religion were granted and there was peace. Selim III also decreed that some unpopular janissaries were to leave the Belgrade Pashaluk as he saw them as a threat to the central authority of Hadži Mustafa Pasha. Many of those janissaries were employed by or found refuge with Osman PazvantoÄŸlu, a renegade opponent of Sultan Selim III in the Sanjak of Vidin. Fearing the dissolution of the Janissary command in the Sanjak of Smederevo, Osman PazvantoÄŸlu launched a series of raids against Serbians without the permission of Sultan Selim III, causing much volatility and fear in the region.[3] PazvantoÄŸlu was defeated in 1793 by the Serbs at the Battle of Kolari.[4] In the summer of 1797 the sultan appointed Mustafa Pasha on position of beglerbeg of Rumelia Eyalet and he left Serbia for Plovdiv to fight against the Vidin rebels of PazvantoÄŸlu.[5] During the absence of Mustafa Pasha, the forces of PazvantoÄŸlu captured Požarevac and besieged the Belgrade fortress.[6] At the end of November 1797 obor-knezes Aleksa Nenadović, Ilija BirÄanin and Nikola Grbović from Valjevo brought their forces to Belgrade and forced the besieging janissary forces to retreat to Smederevo.[7][8] By 1799 the janissary corps had returned, as they were pardoned by Sultan's decree, and they immediately suspended the Serbian autonomy and drastically increased taxes, enforcing martial law in Serbia. On 15 December 1801 Vizier Hadži Mustafa Pasha of Belgrade was killed by KuÄuk Alija, one of the four leading Dahijas (Janissary officers who revolted against the Sultan).[9] This resulted in the Sanjak of Smederevo being ruled by these renegade janissaries independently from the Ottoman government. Several district chiefs were murdered in the Slaughter of the Knezes on February 4, 1804, by the renegade janissaries. This sparked the First Serbian Uprising (1804–13), the first phase of the Serbian Revolution. Despite suppression of the uprising in 1813 and Hadži Prodan's Revolt in 1814, the Second Serbian Uprising led by Duke MiloÅ¡ Obrenović succeeded with creation of semi-independent Principality of Serbia in 1817 (confirmed with Ferman from Mahmud II in 1830), gained independence in 1878 by Treaty of San Stefano and evolved to Kingdom of Serbia in 1882. This marked the end of the Sanjak.
Demographics
The majority of Slavic-speaking Muslims (called "Serb-Muslims" in historiography) in the Belgrade Pashaluk were immigrants.[10] These were mostly villagers, but also feudals, soldiers, officials, and some were among the highest social class, in the administration.[10]
Economy
The Sanjak of Smederevo was one of six Ottoman sanjaks with most developed shipbuilding (besides sanjaks of Vidin, Nicopolis, Požega, Zvornik and MohaÄ).[11]
Governors
- Ali Bey Mihaloğlu (1462–1507)
- KuÄuk Bali-beg (1526)
- Hadži Mustafa Pasha (1793–1801)
- Bekir Pasha (1804)
- Suleyman Pasha (–1815)
- Marashli Ali Pasha (1815–17)
Citations
- ↑ Balkan Studies. The Institute. 1986. p. 10. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
Turkish sources declare that a wave of Vlah herdsmen flowed into Smederevo sandzak and a large part of Krusevac and Vidin sandzak
- ↑ Peçevî, İbrahim (2000). Historija: 1520-1576 (in Serbian). El-Kalem. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
Brat je KuÄuk bali-bega koji je u vreme MohaÄke bitke bio beg Smedereva.
- ↑ von Ranke, Leopold, ed. (1973), History of Servia and the Servian Revolution (Europe 1815-1945 Series), Da Capo Pr, ISBN 978-0-306-70051-4
- ↑ Roger Viers Paxton (1968). Russia and the First Serbian Revolution: A Diplomatic and Political Study. The Initial Phase, 1804-1807. - (Stanford) 1968. VII, 255 S. 8°. Department of History, Stanford University. p. 13.
- ↑ Ćorović 1997
U leto 1797. sultan ga je imenovao za rumeliskog begler-bega i Mustafa je otišao u Plovdiv, da rukovodi akcijom protiv buntovnika iz Vidina i u Rumeliji.
- ↑ Ćorović 1997
Za vreme njegova otsutstva vidinski gospodar sa janiÄarima naredio je brz napad i potukao je srpsku i paÅ¡inu vojsku kod Požarevca, pa je prodro sve do Beograda i zauzeo samu varoÅ¡.
- ↑ Filipović, Stanoje R. (1982). Podrinsko-kolubarski region. RNIRO "Glas Podrinja". p. 60.
ВаљевÑки кнезови ÐлекÑа Ðенадовић, Илија Бирчанин и Ðикола Грбовић довели Ñу Ñвоју војÑку у Београд и учеÑтвовали у оштрој борби Ñа јаничарима који Ñу Ñе побеђени повукли.
- ↑ Ćorović 1997
Pred sam Božić stigoÅ¡e u pomoć valjevski Srbi i sa njihovom pomoću turska gradska posada odbi napadaÄe i oÄisti grad. Ilija BirÄanin gonio je "Vidinlije" sve do Smedereva.
- ↑ Ćorović, Vladimir (1997), Istorija srpskog naroda, Ars Libri, retrieved 7 December 2012,
janjiÄari ga 15. decembra 1801. ubiÅ¡e u beogradskom gradu. Potom uzeÅ¡e vlast u svoje ruke, spremni da je brane svima sredstvima. Kao glavne njihove voÄ‘e istakoÅ¡e se Äetiri dahije: KuÄuk Alija, paÅ¡in ubica, Aganlija, Mula Jusuf i Mehmed-aga FoÄić.
- 1 2 Konstandinović 1970, p. 55.
- ↑ Godis̆njak grada Beograda. Beogradske novine. 1979. p. 35. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
Ипак градња бродова Ñе поÑебно везивала за шеÑÑ‚ Ñанџака: никопољÑки, видинÑки, ÑмедеревÑки, зворнички, пожешки и мохачки.
Sources
- Pantelić, DuÅ¡an (1949). "БеоградÑки пашалук" (in Serbian). Belgrade: Srpska akademija nauka.
- Konstandinović, Nikola (1970). Beogradski pašaluk: severna Srbija pod Turcima : teritorija, stanovništvo, proizvodne snage. N. Konstandinović.
Further reading
- ÄorÄ‘ević, M.; Nedeljković, S. (2015). "Политичке прилике у београдÑком пашалуку у предвечерје ÑрпÑке револуције (1787-1804)". Teme-ÄŒasopis za DruÅ¡tvene Nauke.
- Самарџић, Ð (1960). Београд и Србија у ÑпиÑима француÑких Ñавременика XVI-XVIII века [Belgrade and Serbia in the writings of French contemporaries from 16th to 18th century]. Београд: ПроÑвета.
- Radosavljević, Nedeljko (2007). ПравоÑлавна црква у БеоградÑком пашалуку 1766-1831. Istorijski institut. ISBN 978-86-7743-065-8.
- SvirÄević, Miroslav (2002). "Knežinska i seoska samouprava u Srbiji 1739-1788-delokrug i identitet lokalne samouprave u Srbiji od Beogradskog mira (1739) do Austrijsko-turskog rata (1788)". Balcanica (22-23).
- Miljković-Bojanić, E. (2004) Smederevski sandžak - 1476-1560 - zemlja, naselja, stanovništvo. Beograd: Istorijski institut
External links
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