Scandium chloride

Scandium(III) chloride

Crystals of scandium(III) chloride hexahydrate
Names
IUPAC name
Scandium(III) chloride
Other names
scandium chloride
scandium trichloride
Identifiers
10361-84-9
ChemSpider 74528 YesY
Jmol 3D image Interactive graph
PubChem 82586
RTECS number VQ8925000
Properties
ScCl3
Molar mass 151.31 g/mol
Appearance grayish-white crystals
Density 2.39 g/mL, solid
Melting point 960 °C (1,760 °F; 1,230 K)[1]
63 °C (hexahydrate)
soluble
Solubility in other solvents insoluble in EtOH
Hazards
Main hazards irritant
Safety data sheet External MSDS
NFPA 704
Flammability code 0: Will not burn. E.g., water Health code 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g., turpentine Reactivity (yellow): no hazard code Special hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
0
1
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
3980 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
Related compounds
Related compounds
scandium(III) fluoride
scandium(III) nitrate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Scandium(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula ScCl3. It is a white, high-melting ionic compound, which is deliquescent and highly water-soluble.[2] Scandium(III) chloride is mainly of interest in the research laboratory. Both the anhydrous form and hexahydrate (ScCl3•6H2O) are commercially available.

Chemical and physical properties

ScCl3 crystallises in the layered BiI3 motif, which features octahedral scandium centres.[3] Monomeric ScCl3 is the predominant species in the vapour phase at 900 K, the dimer Sc2Cl6 accounts for approximately 8%.[4] The electron diffraction spectrum indicates that the monomer is planar and the dimer has two bridging Cl atoms each Sc being 4 coordinate.[4]

Reactions

ScCl3 dissolves in water to give [Sc(H2O)6]3+ ions. In fact, samples of ScCl3 converts to this hexahydrate upon exposure to air. The structure of the hexahydrate is trans-[ScCl2(H2O)4]Cl·2H2O.[5] With the less basic ligand tetrahydrofuran, ScCl3 yields the adduct ScCl3(THF)3 as white crystals. This THF-soluble complex is used in the synthesis of organoscandium compounds.[6] ScCl3 has been converted to its dodecyl sulfate salt, which has been investigated as a "Lewis acid-surfactant combined catalyst" (LASC) in aldol-like reactions.

Reduction

Scandium(III) chloride was used by Fischer et al. who first prepared metallic scandium by electrolysis of a eutectic melt of scandium(III) chloride and other salts at 700-800 °C.[7]

ScCl3 reacts with scandium metal to give a number of chlorides where scandium has an oxidation state <+3, ScCl, Sc7Cl10, Sc2Cl3, Sc5Cl8 and Sc7Cl12.[2][8] For example, reduction of ScCl3 with scandium metal in the presence of caesium chloride gives the compound CsScCl3 which contain linear chains of composition ScIICl3, containing ScIICl6 octahedra sharing faces.[9]

Uses

Scandium(III) chloride is found in some halide lamps, optical fibers, electronic ceramics, and lasers.[10]

References

  1. Frederikse, H.P.R.; Lide, David R. (1998). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (78th Edition)
  2. 1 2 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
  3. Crystal Structure of ScCl3 Refined from Powder Neutron Diffraction Data, Fjellvåg, H., Karen, P., Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 48, 294-297, doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.48-0294
  4. 1 2 Haaland A., Martinsen K-G, Shorokhov D.J, Girichev G.V., Sokolov V.I, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1998, 2787 - 2792, doi:10.1039/a803339k
  5. The Rare Earth Elements, Fundamentals and Applications David A. Atwood, 2012, John Wiley & Sons Inc, ISBN 9781119950974
  6. Manzer, L. E., "Tetrahydrofuran Complexes of Selected Early Transition Metals", Inorganic Syntheses, 1982, volume 21, page 135-40.doi:10.1002/9780470132524.ch31
  7. Fischer, Werner; Brünger, Karl; Grieneisen, Hans (1937). "Über das metallische Scandium". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 231 (1-2): 54–62. doi:10.1002/zaac.19372310107.
  8. Corbett, J.D. (1981). "Extended metal-metal bonding in halides of the early transition metals". Acc. Chem. Res. 14: 239–246. doi:10.1021/ar00068a003.
  9. Meyer, Gerd.; Corbett, John D. (1981). "Reduced ternary halides of scandium: RbScX3 (X = chlorine, bromine) and CsScX3 (X = chlorine, bromine, iodine)". Inorganic Chemistry 20 (8): 2627–2631. doi:10.1021/ic50222a047. ISSN 0020-1669.
  10. Metal Suppliers Online. (2000). Scandium Chloride


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