Scar (The Lion King)

Scar
The Lion King character
First appearance The Lion King
Created by Irene Mecchi
Jonathan Roberts
Linda Woolverton
Voiced by Jeremy Irons
(Original Film)
Jim Cummings
(singing, The Lion King; speaking, The Lion King II: Simba's Pride, The Lion King 1½)
James Horan
(Kingdom Hearts II & Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom)
Corey Burton
(Currently)
Information
Species Lion
Gender Male
Occupation King of the Pride Lands
Leader of the Lion Guard (formely)
Family King Mufasa (brother, deceased)
Children Kovu (adopted son)
Nuka (possible son)
Vitani (possible daughter)
Relatives

Prince Simba (nephew)
Princess Kiara (great-niece)
Prince Kion (great-nephew)
Queen Sarabi (sister-in-law)

Zira (mate)

Scar is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 32nd animated feature film The Lion King (1994). The character is voiced by English actor Jeremy Irons, while his singing voice is provided by both Irons and American actor Jim Cummings, the latter of whom was hired to replace Irons when the former damaged his singing voice. Subsequently, Scar makes minor appearances in the film's sequel The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and The Lion King 1½ (2004), in both of which he is voiced entirely by Cummings, as well as appearing in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film, in which the role of Scar was originated by American actor John Vickery.

Scar was created by screenwriters Irene Mecchi, Jonathan Roberts and Linda Woolverton, and animated by Andreas Deja. The Pride Lands' reclusive heir presumptive, Scar is introduced in the first film as the conniving uncle of Simba and jealous younger brother of Mufasa. Originally first-in-line to Mufasa's throne until he is suddenly replaced by nephew Simba, Scar decides to lead an army of hyenas in his plot to usurp the throne by murdering Mufasa and exiling Simba, ultimately blaming his brother's death on his innocent nephew. Loosely based on King Claudius, the antagonist of William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, Scar's villainy was additionally inspired by German politician Adolf Hitler. As the character's supervising animator, Deja based Scar's appearance on that of Irons himself, as well as the actor's Academy Award-winning performance as Claus von Bülow in the film Reversal of Fortune (1990). Before Irons was cast, the directors had considered offering the role to actors Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell.

As a character, Scar has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics, who greeted Irons' performance with equal enthusiasm. However, Scar's violence, dark color palette and allegedly effeminate mannerisms were initially met with mild controversy, perceived by some as racist and homophobic. Nevertheless, Scar continues to be revered as one of Disney's greatest villains by various media publications, topping The Huffington Post's list and ranking within the top ten of similar lists published by Yahoo! Movies, the Orlando Sentinel, E! and CNN. Scar has also been ranked among the greatest villains in film history by Digital Spy and Entertainment Weekly.

Development

Conception and influences

The Lion King was first conceived in 1988.[1] The film was eventually pitched to Disney executives, one of whom was among the first to observe similarities between author Thomas M. Disch's treatment and William Shakespeare's play Hamlet.[2][3] Although first citing these similarities as initially unintentional,[4] director Rob Minkoff always felt that it was essential "to anchor [the film] with something familiar".[5] As directors, Minkoff and Roger Allers aspired to create "an animal picture based in a more natural setting,"[6] describing the film as "More true-life adventure than mythical epic."[7] Although not the first Disney film to have been inspired by Shakespeare's work,[8] The Lion King remains the studio's most prominent example[9] due to close parallels between its characters and Hamlet,[10] while both stories revolve around main characters who struggle to come to terms with the reality that they must confront their treacherous uncles and avenge their fathers' deaths.[11] Scar is based on King Claudius, the antagonist of Hamlet.[12] According to Slate, while Claudius is mostly "a second-rate schemer ... consumed by anxiety and guilt," Scar very much "delight[s] in his monstrosity;"[13] both characters are motivated by jealousy.[14] Meanwhile, The Week observed that although both characters ultimately die, Claudius is killed by protagonist Hamlet while Scar dies "at the hand of his former hyena minions, and not Simba himself."[4] Additionally, the character shares similarities with Iago from Shakespeare's play Othello; both antagonists are skilled in exploiting their victims' fears.[15]

The original plot of The Lion King revolved around an ongoing rivalry between lions and baboons;[16] Scar, a baboon himself, was their leader.[17] When this plot was abandoned, Scar was re-written into a rogue lion,[18] thus lacking any blood relation to Mufasa and Simba.[19] Eventually, the writers felt that making Scar and Mufasa brothers would ultimately enhance the story by making it more interesting.[20] An abandoned character, at one point Scar owned a pet python as a sidekick.[16] Because the film was originally intended to be much more adult-oriented, Scar was to have become infatuated with Simba's childhood friend and eventual love interest Nala, wanting the young lioness to rule alongside him as his queen[21] and consequentially banishing the character[16] when she refuses.[22] This concept was to have been further explored during a reprise of Scar's song "Be Prepared",[23] but both the idea and the song were ultimately completely removed from the film because they were deemed too "creepy".[21] To further emphasize the character's villainy and tyranny, the writers loosely based Scar on German politician Adolf Hitler.[24] According to The Jerusalem Post, Scar's song "Be Prepared" "features goose-stepping hyenas in a formation reminiscent of a Nuremberg rally."[25] This idea was first suggested by story artist Jorgen Klubien.[25]

According to the directors, "[a] patronizing quality" was vital to Scar's role in the film.[26] Minkoff told the Los Angeles Times, "When Scar puts the guilt trip on Simba, that's an intense idea ... probably something that is not typical of the other Disney pictures, in terms of what the villain does."[26] Additionally, Scar serves as a departure from previous Disney villains because they "came off at least as buffoonish as they were sinister".[26] Because Scar is the film's main antagonist,[27] supervising animator Andreas Deja believed that "villains work really well when they're subtle", explaining, "to see them think and scheme and plot is much more interesting than showing them beating somebody up."[26] By blaming Mufasa's death on an innocent Simba, Scar ultimately triggers "a cycle of guilt, flight, denial and redemption, as the hero goes into self-imposed exile before finally reconciling with his father's memory, returning to face his wicked uncle and generally coming of age."[28] The character's first line in The Lion King essentially summarizes the entire film, providing foreshadowing. It reads, "Life's not fair is it? You see I-well, I ... shall never be King. And you ... shall never see light of another day," subtly revealing the plot as well as "the reason why [Scar] decides to murder his own brother."[14]

Voice

English actors Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell were originally considered for the role of Scar.[29] However, the role was ultimately won by English actor Jeremy Irons[24] because of his classical theatre training; the directors had deliberately wanted Scar "to come across as a Shakespearean character."[29] Successfully recruiting Irons for the film was considered an unprecedented achievement for the studio because, at the time, it was rare for a dramatic actor of Irons' caliber to agree to voice an animated character,[30] especially immediately after winning an Academy Award.[26] In fact, the Oscar-winning actor[31] nearly declined because, in fear of jeopardizing his successful career, he was "[h]esitant to jump from a dramatic role to an animated feature."[32] Prior to The Lion King, Irons was famous for starring as several villains and antagonists in live-action films "geared towards adults."[33] Although he had starred in a children's film before, the actor admitted that it did not mirror the success of The Lion King,[33] a film that has since gained notoriety for its cast of well known, award-winning Hollywood actors,[34] which animation historian Jerry Beck referred to in his book The Animated Movie Guide as "the most impressive list of actors ever to grace an animated film."[35]

Actors Tim Curry (left) and Malcolm McDowell (right) were both considered for the role of Scar. Ultimately, the role went to recent Academy Award-winner Jeremy Irons.

As directors, Minkoff and Allers "work[ed] very closely with the actors to create their performance."[36] Describing Irons as "a gentleman and a brilliant actor," Allers revealed that the actor was constantly offering "extra interpretations of lines which were fantastic."[5] Producer Don Hahn recalled that Irons "really wanted to play with the words and the pacing," specifically referring to a scene in which Scar, voiced by Irons, coaxes Simba onto a rock and tricks the young cub to stay there and await his father's arrival alone, dubbing it "a father and son ... thing." According to Hahn, "The comedy in [Irons'] inflection comes from Scar sounding so disdainful he can barely summon the will to finish the sentence."[26] Irons' physical appearance and mannerisms served as inspiration for Scar's supervising animator Andreas Deja, namely his flicking his paw in disgust.[26] Critics have cited physical similarities between Irons and Scar.[37]

In a reference to the role that earned Irons an Academy Award, Claus von Bülow in the film Reversal of Fortune (1990), the writers gave Scar one of von Bülow's lines, "You have no idea", which is uttered by Irons in a similar tone.[38][39] According to author Rachel Stein of New Perspectives on Environmental Justice: Gender, Sexuality, and Activism, Irons relies "on his history of playing sexually perverse, socially dangerous male characters to animate his depiction of Scar."[40] On the contrary, Irons revealed to Connect Savannah that the similarities between the voices of Scar and von Bülow were largely unintentional, explaining, "Whatever voice came was arrived at by looking at the initial sketches, and from the freedom the directors gave me to try anything." Irons concluded, "The fact that he may occasionally remind you of Claus, comes from the fact that they both share the same voice box."[41]

While recording Scar's song "Be Prepared," Irons encountered challenges with his voice. The actor reportedly "blew out his voice" upon belting the line "you won't get a sniff without me," rendering him incapable of completing the musical number.[42] Consequently, Disney was forced to recruit American voice actor Jim Cummings, who had also been providing the voice of The Lion King's laughing hyena Ed at the time,[43] to impersonate Irons and record the remainder of the song.[44] Cummings told The Huffington Post that "[s]tunt singing" is actually something the actor continues to do regularly, having done the same for American actor Russel Means, voice of Chief Powhatan in Disney's Pocahontas (1995).[45] Critics observed that Irons "fakes his way ... through 'Be Prepared' in the grand tradition of talk-singing," drawing similarities between him and American actor James Cagney and English actor Rex Harrison.[46] Deja revealed that, during a recording session, Irons' stomach was grumbling. Deja joked, "The growling sound could be heard in his recording, so we had to record that part of his dialog all over again."[47] As a result of Irons' prominent British accent, critics have compared both the actor and Scar to Shere Khan, the villain of Disney's The Jungle Book (1967), voiced by English actor George Sanders.[26]

Design and characterization

The studio originally dismissed The Lion King as a risk because, at the time, it was believed that the greatest films starred people.[48] Concerned about the novelty of the film, Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg decided to divide the studio into two separate animated films, The Lion King and Pocahontas, the latter of which was dubbed "the home run" because it was expected to be the more successful of the two projects.[49] Naturally, Disney's more seasoned and experienced animators gravitated towards Pocahontas, while the studio's newer animators were relegated to working on The Lion King, dubbing themselves the "B-team".[50] However, Allers received Katzenberg's decision positively as an opportunity for "newer animators ... to step up to leadership roles",[50] among them Andreas Deja, who became Scar's supervising animator.[50] Well known for animating several Disney villains,[51] Deja summarized the experience as "more fun than drawing heroes" because "You have so much more to work with in terms of expressions and acting and drawing-wise than you would have with a nice princess or a prince ... where you have to be ever so careful with the draftsmanship".[52]

"[A]t Disney ... the people responsible for each movie see that you are good at animating a specific type of character, they will keep giving similar characters to you. Also, I animated a couple of those villains because I asked to. I told the studio that I could do something good with these characters, since they really spoke to me. I showed that I had a passion for it, which I believe to be very important. Villains are very interesting characters, they have the most 'juice' in them, and they invite you to explore them. So, if something fascinates you, then you should probably explore it."
— Supervising animator Andreas Deja on animating Disney villains.[47]

Before becoming involved with The Lion King, Deja had already developed a reputation for animating Disney villains.[47][51] Prior to animating Scar, Deja had just recently served as the supervising animator of Gaston and Jafar, the villains in Disney's Beauty and the Beast (1991) and Aladdin (1992), respectively.[26] Initially, Deja had been considering the idea of animating a hero as opposed to a villain for a change,[47] contemplating taking on the task of animating Simba instead.[53] However, Deja soon relented upon learning that Scar would be voiced by Irons, feeling that it would be "fun" to animate a character voiced by such a prestigious actor.[53] Meanwhile, Minkoff and Allers had already had Deja in mind for animating Scar long before the animator approached the directors about the position.[53] The level anthropomorphism used in The Lion King exceeded that of any Disney animated film by which it was preceded.[54] Because Scar is an animal as opposed to a human,[55] Deja and the animators experienced certain challenges and limitations when it came to instilling movement in the character,[55] and thus experimented with manipulating Scar's facial expressions, specifically the way in which he tilts his head condescendingly, raises his eyebrows and lifts his chin.[26] The animals were each drawn with certain human-like attributes and characteristics in order to help convey emotions and tell the story.[54] Meanwhile, the studio recruited live lions for the animators to study while drawing.[56] As the film's villain, Scar is the only lion drawn with claws.[16]

Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly described Scar as "a figure of both pity and evil, and of treacherous comedy" with "Irons ... filling this devious coward with elegantly witty self-loathing."[57] As an animator, Deja believes that "If you have a great voice to work with, your work is half done."[58] Enjoying the way in which Irons "has a way with words and phrasing,"[58] Deja deliberately based much of Scar's appearance on the actor himself, specifically the shape of his mouth and facial expressions.[47] Several of the actor's physical attributes were incorporated into Scar's design, with Irons admitting to recognizing his own baggy eyes in his character.[26] Additionally, Deja studied Irons' performances in the films Reversal of Fortune (1990) and Damage (1992) for inspiration,[26][59] while refusing to watch Disney's The Jungle Book while working on The Lion King in order to avoid being influenced by the film's villain Shere Khan, a tiger.[60]

Music

Scar sings the musical number "Be Prepared," written by songwriters Elton John and Tim Rice, while contemplating Mufasa's death plot and bringing the hyenas along. Described as the film's "darkest" song, a "pompous,"[61] "fascistic paean to usurpers,"[62] the musical sequence depicts the lion "as a big-cat fascist."[63] According to Business Insider, in addition to loosely basing the character on Adolf Hitler to further emphasize Scar's tyranny, the filmmakers very much directly based his song "Be Prepared," which references Nazism by having Scar's army of hyenas goosestep while addressing them from a high ledge – similar to the way in which Hitler would have from a balcony –[24] on the Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will (1935),[64] a film that documents Nazi Germany during 1934.[65]

According to Entertainment Weekly, the concept originated from a sketch by story artist Jorgen Klubien, in which Scar was depicted as Hitler. Although hesitant that Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg would approve, the filmmakers ultimately decided to pursue it, describing the sequence as a "Triumph of the Will-style mock-Nuremberg rally."[62] The St. Louis Post-Dispatch reviewed, "those goose-stepping hyenas seem a little much in hindsight,"[66] while Film School Rejects coined it a "hellish gathering."[67]

Appearances

Film

Scar debuted in The Lion King (1994). The jealous younger brother of Mufasa, Scar was next-in-line to inherit the throne until his nephew Simba, Mufasa's son, was born, replacing him. Determined to usurp the throne and become king himself, Scar devises a plan to eliminate both Simba and Mufasa. Cleverly trapping an unsuspecting Simba in a vast gorge, Scar signals his hyena minions Shenzi, Banzai and Ed to trigger a wildebeest stampede. Although Mufasa saves Simba, the king is greatly weakened, and thus unable to climb out of the gorge to safety. When a desperate Mufasa begs Scar for help, Scar instead throws his brother to his death below. Convincing Simba that he is to blame for Mufasa's death, Scar advises the prince to run away and never return, then orders the hyenas to pursue and kill him. With his brother murdered and his nephew presumed dead, Scar returns to Pride Rock and tells the pride that both father and son are dead before becoming king.

Years go by as Scar squanders the kingdom's resources and allows his army of hyenas to wreak havoc upon the Pride Lands, which turn barren. Meanwhile, an alive and young adult Simba is visited by Mufasa's ghost, who encourages him to return to the Pride Lands and take his rightful place as king. Aided by his friends Nala, Timon and Pumbaa, Simba arrives at Pride Rock and witnesses Scar striking his mother Sarabi and confronts Scar, who demands that Simba admit to the pride that he killed Mufasa. As he prepares to throw Simba off Pride Rock and have him meet a similar fate to that of his father, Scar, having grown over-confident, whispers that he was the one who killed Mufasa. Enraged, Simba tackles Scar and forces his uncle to admit the truth to the pride, initiating a ferocious battle between the pride, Timon, Pumbaa and Scar's hyenas. Scar tries to escape, but is cornered by Simba on the top of Pride Rock; Scar begs for mercy and even attempts to blame his crimes on the hyenas, unaware that they are listening nearby. Simba ignores Scar and gives him one last chance to run away and never return. When Simba's back is turned, Scar attacks him and they fight. Simba bests Scar in combat and throws him over the cliff edge and into a pit. Scar survives the fall, but is attacked and killed by the vengeful hyenas.

Broadway musical

The success of The Lion King spawned a Broadway musical based on the film, directed by Julie Taylor with a book written by The Lion King co-director Roger Allers and screenwriter Irene Mecchi. American actor John Vickery originated the role of Scar. In one scene in the musical, Scar, during the song "The Madness of King Scar", tries to seduce a young adult Nala and make her his queen. Nala however, rejects Scar's advances and leaves Pride Rock.

The Lion King II: Simba's Pride

Having perished during The Lion King, Scar's appearance and presence in its sequel The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) is, naturally, quite limited in comparison. Story-wise, however, his role remains vital. Upon Scar's demise, a rivaling pride of lions known as the Outsiders decide to remain loyal to him. The pride is led by Scar's most faithful follower, Zira. Since Scar had no children of his own, Zira's son Kovu is chosen to serve as Scar's heir. Simba banishes the Outsiders to the Outlands, and forbids his daughter Kiara from going there. She goes there anyway, however, and meets and befriends Kovu. Meanwhile, Zira trains Kovu to murder Simba, but when he becomes a young adult, he has a change of heart as he begins to develop feelings for Kiara.

Scar makes a brief cameo appearance in the film in one of Simba's nightmares. In the nightmare, an adult Simba runs down the cliffside where his father died, attempting to rescue him. Scar intervenes, however, and then turns into Kovu and throws Simba off the cliff. Scar makes another cameo appearance in a pool of water, as a reflection, after Kovu is exiled from Pride Rock.

Miscellaneous

Scar makes a brief cameo in Disney's animated feature film Hercules (1997) in the form of a limp lion skin coat worn by Hercules,[68] parodying the Nemean lion.[69] Scar's supervising animator Andreas Deja also served as the supervising animator of Hercules.[70] The character appears in the 1994 video game The Lion King.[71] According to AllGame, Scar appears towards the end of video game as Simba finally "must defeat his Uncle Scar" and "stop Scar and reclaim what is rightfully his."[72] Scar plays a similar role in the video game The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure (2000);[73] Simba's climactic "battle with Scar concludes the first six levels of the game."[74] According to IGN, the video game features the voices of the film's cast, including Jeremy Irons as Scar.[73] Voiced by James Horan, Scar appears as a non-player character in Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure (2003)[75] and Kingdom Hearts II as a villain who ultimately transforms into a Heartless as a result of the character's own "hatred and jealousy."[76]

Scar also makes a brief non-speaking cameo appearance in an episode of Timon and Pumbaa.

The Lion Guard

Scar is briefly portrayed in The Lion Guard film and series, which explains some of his backstory. When Scar was younger—as per tradition to all second born children of the current reigning "Lion King"—he led The Lion Guard who protected "The Circle of Life" and was given a power called "The Roar of the Elders" which when used, causes the lions of Pride Lands past to roar with him. However, Scar vainly believed that with this power, he should be king instead of Mufasa and plotted to overthrow his elder brother. But when the previous members of The Lion Guard refused to help him do so, Scar used The Roar of the Elders to destroy them. Due to using The Roar of the Elders for evil, Scar lost his power completely and descended into madness and depression, becoming shriveled and horrible.

Reception

Critical response

Scar has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics, some of whom praised him as a better character than Simba.[77] Author Peter M. Nichols wrote in his book New York Times Essential Library: Children's Movies: A Critic's Guide to the Best Films Available on Video and DVD that Scar "is the most interesting character in the film," describing Simba and Mufasa "bores in comparison."[78] Janet Maslin of The New York Times called Scar a "delectably wicked" villain. Maslin went on to praise Irons' voice acting, writing that the actor "slithers through the story in grandiose high style, with a green-eyed malevolence that is one of film's chief delights."[79] Leah Rozen of People described Scar as "a flawless realization of Irons' special talent."[80] Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune lauded Scar as the film's "best character," jokingly describing him as "Irons' Claus von Bulow with fur."[81] Similarly, ComingSoon.net's Joshua Starnes hailed Scar as "the best part of the film." Praising both Scar and Irons' acting, Starnes continued, "He switches so quickly and easily from campy to deadly its like a showcase for how to do an over-the-top villain right."[82] Concluding that "Villains are often the most memorable characters in a Disney animated film," Roger Ebert described Scar "one of the great ones."[38] James Berardinelli of ReelViews reviewed, "Gone is the buffoonery that has marked the recent trio of Ursula, Gaston, and Jafar," writing, "Scar is a sinister figure, given to acid remarks and cunning villainy." Berardinelli concluded, "The cold-hearted manner in which he causes Mufasa's death lets us know that this is not a lion to be trifled with."[83]

"Simba is also influenced by his delectably wicked uncle, Scar (Jeremy Irons). Scar arranges Mufasa's disturbing on-screen death in a manner that both banishes Simba to the wilderness and raises questions about whether this film really warranted a G rating ... For the grown-ups, there is Mr. Irons, who has been as devilishly well-captured by Disney's graphic artists (Scar's supervising animator: Andreas Deja) as Robin Williams was in Aladdin. Bored, wicked and royally sarcastic, Mr. Irons's Scar slithers through the story in grandiose high style, with a green-eyed malevolence that is one of film's chief delights. 'Oh, and just between us, you might want to work on that little roar of yours, hmm?' he purrs to Simba, while purporting to be a mentor to his young nephew. Scar, who also gives a reprise of Mr. Irons's best-known line from Reversal of Fortune, may not be much of a father figure, but he's certainly great fun."
— Janet Maslin, The New York Times, [79]
In addition to praising the character, film critics greeted Irons' vocal performance enthusiastically. Notably, Irons was only one among the film's unprecedented cast of A-list actors.

A film that features the voices of several well-known A-list actors, namely Irons as Scar, Matthew Broderick as Simba, James Earl Jones as Mufasa and Whoopi Goldberg as Shenzi,[84] The Lion King has since gone on to be acclaimed as "one of the most impressive arrays of voice talents ever utilized in an animated film."[85] Critics have repeatedly singled out Irons' performance, praising it extensively: Cindy White of IGN called Irons' performance "deliciously smarmy,"[86] while Andy Patrizio of IGN wrote that Irons voices Scar "in perfect Shakespearean villain mode."[87] Rolling Stone's Peter Travers hailed Irons for "deliver[ing] a triumphantly witty vocal performance that ranks with Robin Williams' in Aladdin."[88] Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle commended Disney for "nail[ing] the voice talents," specifically Irons.[89] The Philadelphia Daily News' Bill Wedo described Irons' voice as "silken,"[90] while Graham Young of the Birmingham Mail hailed the actor's performance as "magnificent."[91] Radio Times' Tom Hutchinson wrote, "Jeremy Irons [is] a vocal standout as the evil uncle Scar."[92] Annette Basile of Filmink echoed Hutchinson's statement, writing that Scar is "voiced with relish by stand-out Jeremy Irons."[93] The Guardian's Philip French opined, "Jeremy Irons is excellent as the suavely villainous lion Scar."[94] David Sterritt of The Christian Science Monitor exalted Irons' acting, describing him as "positively brilliant."[95] Also hailing the film's cast as "incredible," Desson Howe of The Washington Post highlighted Irons as a "standout."[96] Praising the film for successfully combining "grand-opera melodrama and low-comedy hi-jinks," the Orlando Sentinel's Jay Boyar concluded that "One reason they work so well together is that even most of the serious sections contain an undercurrent of humor, provided ... by the deliciously droll voice-performance of Jeremy Irons as Scar."[97] Mathew DeKinder of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch felt that Irons successfully "handle[s] all of the dramatic heavy lifting."[66]

Even film critics who generally disliked the film tended to enjoy Scar's characterization and Irons' performance. Terrence Rafferty of The New Yorker wrote, "Among the celebrity voices on the soundtrack, two performances stand out," namely, "Jeremy Irons, as the villainous lion Scar" who "does an elegant, funny George Sanders impersonation."[98] (Sanders himself had voiced Shere Khan for Disney in their 1967 version of The Jungle Book). Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun described Irons' voice as "plummy-rich with rancid irony."[12] Television Without Pity's Ethan Alter admitted to enjoying Scar, praising the character as "a fantastic villain and easily the most fully realized of the film's characters, thanks both to Jeremy Irons' marvelously wicked vocal performance and some clever character flourishes on behalf of the animators."[99] David Denby of New York, who otherwise criticized the film, felt that "Irons ... sounds like he's having a better time than he's ever had in movies before."[100] In a rare lukewarm review, Anthony Quinn of The Independent felt that Irons' performance was too campy: "more Liberace than George Sanders."[101]

Accolades and legacy

According to IGN, Scar, Simba and Mufasa have since become "household names thanks to the [film's] enormous popularity ... but back in 1994 who could have predicted that these characters would enter the lexicon of Disney's most popular creations?"[102] Scar is considered to be among Disney's greatest villains.[103][27] Desmond Ryan of The Philadelphia Inquirer reviewed Scar as "the most vivid villain in Disney features in generations."[104] On a broader scale, Scar is often revered as one of the greatest animated villains of all-time.[105] Entertainment Weekly included the character in the article "10 Over-the-top Animated Movie Villains", explaining, "you could only expect over-the-top when you pair such a grasping, conniving character with Jeremy Irons' seductive voice."[106] Likewise, Digital Spy's Alex Fletcher wrote of Scar in his article "Who is Disney's greatest ever villain?" that "The scene in which he lets Mufasa ... fall into a stampede of wildebeests left lasting emotional trauma on an entire generation."[107]

“ Scar walks the fine line between gravitas and camp, and most of the credit has to go to Jeremy Irons' superb sarcastic drawl. His main complaint is simply that life isn't fair, and that his status as Mufasa's younger brother makes him ineligible to rule over Pride Rock. Anyone with siblings, royal or not, can relate on some level. And although it's honestly a little cringe-worthy to watch Scar mince his way through 'Be Prepared,' he proves himself an adept orator, inspiring legions of goose-stepping hyenas to throw off the shackles of the oppressive lions. ”
— Tor.com's Sarah Tolf on Scar's legacy.[108]

The Huffington Post ranked Scar first in its "Definitive Ranking Of 25 Classic Disney Villains" countdown.[109] Similarly, BuzzFeed also ranked Scar first in the website's "Definitive Ranking Of The Top 20 Disney Villains" list, with author Javi Moreno accusing the character of removing "the innocence of an entire generation."[110] Scar also topped About.com's "Top 10 Disney Villains" countdown; author David Nusair concluded, "There are few figures within Disney's body of work that are as deliciously reprehensible and vile as Scar ... heightened by Jeremy Irons' gloriously smug voice work."[111] Nusair also included Irons among the "Top 5 Celebrity Voice Performances in Animated Films", acknowledging the fact that although the actor "has played a lot of villains over the course of his career ... none have had the lasting impact as Scar from The Lion King."[112] The Orlando Sentinel ranked Scar the sixth "greatest Disney villain of all time".[113] Similarly, Babble.com also placed the character at number six.[114] Included in the website's "12 most famous Disney villains from worst to best" countdown, Yahoo! Movies ranked Scar second best,[115] while Moviefone ranked the character sixth.[116] E! ranked Scar fifth, with author John Boone writing that the character "plotted one of the most painful deaths in Disney history, so you know he'll never be forgotten."[117] Animation World Network ranked Scar the sixth best animated villain.[51]

CNN considers Scar one of "Disney's scariest characters."[118] While ranking the character fifth, The Stanford Daily wrote, "From his habit of sadistically toying with his prey to his dumb hyena coven to the way he leads the kingdom of Pride Rock into a period of starvation and sorrow, he's a backstabbing dictator of an uncle."[119] Richard Crouse of Metro cited Scar's "Long live the King" as the character's "Most evil line."[120] Additionally, "Be Prepared" is often revered as one of the greatest Disney villain songs.[121][122] Official Disney Blogs wrote that the song, with its "hyena backup singers, and the best bone-rattling percussion of all the villains' songs," Scar proves himself "an expert crooner of villainous plots."[123] Aside from Disney and animation, Scar is often revered as one of the greatest movie villains of all-time.[124] Digital Spy featured the character who, according to author Simon Reynolds, "underlined the sheer blackness of his heart by ruthlessly killing Simba's father,"[125] among the "25 greatest movie villains".[126] Similarly, in 2012, Entertainment Weekly ranked the character the twenty-fifth "Most Vile Movie Villain" ever,[127] while Total Film ranked Scar sixty-seventh in 2014.[128]

To-date, Deja remains best known for animating several of Disney's most famous villains, admitting to preferring animating villains over heroes.[26] However, after The Lion King, Deja finally decided to take a break from animating villains in order to avoid repeating himself,[26][129] subsequently refusing to animate villain Judge Claude Frollo in The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) in favor of working on Hercules from Hercules (1997),[53] along with Mickey Mouse in the animated short Runaway Brain (1995).[130] Comparing Scar to other villains that he has played, Irons said that he "measures very highly," having "charm," "Machiavellian qualities" and being "iconic in some of the things he says."[33]

Criticism and controversy

Scar became the first Disney villain to successfully explicitly kill someone.[131] Like Disney's Bambi before it, The Lion King – dubbed the studio's "darkest" film at the time of its release –[64] was unprecedented in terms of its serious themes, namely guilt, murder, treachery, revenge and death, specifically the on-screen assassination of one of the film's heroes.[132] According to IGN, "The film's story concepts of morality and mortality ... was new for Disney,"[133] with The Washington Post predicting that "the death of the heroic Mufasa will be the most widely debated aspect of The Lion King, with people taking sides as to whether such things are good or bad for kids just as they did over the killing of Bambi's mother."[64] Similarly, Variety opined, "a generation that remembers the death of Bambi's mother as traumatizing should bear that experience in mind when deciding who goes to The Lion King."[134] Film critics and parents alike expressed concern that Scar's violent ways would frighten and disturb younger viewers.[135] Referring to Scar's murdering of Mufasa, The New York Times questioned "whether this film really warranted a G rating."[79] Critics also cautioned Scar's death; Movieline warned audiences that the film "shows a fairy tale's dark sense of justice," for example when "Scar was eaten by his hyena allies after betraying them."[136] ReelViews' James Berardinelli commented:

"Death, something not really touched on in the last three animated Disney tales, is very much at the forefront of The Lion King. In a scene that could disturb younger viewers, Mufasa's demise is shown. It is a chilling moment that is reminiscent of a certain incident in Bambi. The film also contains a fair share of violence, including a rather graphic battle between two lions. Parents should carefully consider before automatically taking a child of, say, under seven years of age, to this movie."
— James Berardinelli, ReelViews, [83]

The Los Angeles Times warned that "The on-screen death of Mufasa and a violent battle at the finale may disturb small children,"[137] echoed by The Philadelphia Inquirer.[104] However, film critics also felt that Disney's treatment of Scar was at times too light-hearted and comedic, with the Deseret News complaining, "a climactic battle between Simba and his evil Uncle Scar ... is [a] very bad choice near the end, as Simba and Scar battle in slow-motion, a serious moment that seems unintentionally comic."[138] According to The Seattle Times, "Some critics have complained that the movie is too funny and good-natured to accommodate the rather grim story it's telling."[61] Considered "an odd mix of deadly seriousness and slapstick humor ... Simba fights Scar to the death" while "intercut with ... Poomba [sic] ... doing a parody of Travis Bickel."[139]

Although universally acclaimed, Scar has sparked considerable controversy regarding the character's appearance and personality, specifically his darker-colored fur and alleged sexuality. The general public, however, appears to have remained largely oblivious to such concerns according to David Parkinson, author of The Rough Guide to Film Musicals.[140] The Washington Post felt that "Scar clearly is meant to represent an evil African American because 'while Simba's mane is gloriously red, Scar's is, of course, black."[141] Meanwhile, Scar's mannerisms and voice which, according to Nightmare on Main Street: Angels, Sadomasochism, and the Culture of Gothic's author Mark Edmundson, resemble "a cultivated, word-weary, gay man,"[142] has been deemed homophobic by some commentators because, according to The Independent, "the arch-villain's gestures are effeminate"[143] while, in addition to the film being "full of stereotypes,"[144] the character "speaks in supposed gay cliches."[145] Susan Mackey-Kallis, author of The Hero and the Perennial Journey Home in American Film, observed that Scar is "more effeminate [and] less brawny ... than" both Mufasa and Simba.[146] Additionally, "Even though [Scar] would be expected to mate with one of the lioness, he is never seen intimated by any."[131] While Disney executives ignored these accusations, Slant Magazine defended the studio, explaining that Scar's black mane is simply an example of "the animators' elementary attempts to color-code evil for the film's target audience."[147] Similarly, author Edward Schiappa wrote in his book Beyond Representational Correctness: Rethinking Criticism of Popular Media that Scar's voice was simply meant "to convey the sort of upper-class snobbishness evinced by George Sanders's performance as Shere Khan in The Jungle Book."[148] More recently, the possibility of an incestuous relationship involving Simba, his mate Nala, Scar and Mufasa has surfaced. According to Johnson Cheu, author of Diversity in Disney Films: Critical Essays on Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Sexuality and Disability, the fact that Scar, Mufasa and Simba appear to be the only male lions present in The Lion King suggests the possibility that either Scar or Mufasa is Nala's father, which would in turn make Nala either Simba's half-sister or cousin.[149]

References

  1. ↑ Geirland, John (2011). Digital Babylon. United States: Skyhorse Publishing Inc. ISBN 9781611456417.
  2. ↑ "THE ORIGINS OF 'THE LION KING'". James Cummins Bookseller. James Cummins Bookseller. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  3. ↑ "Roger Allers & Rob Minkoff Interview". Movie Muser. Muser Media. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  4. 1 2 Rayfield, Jillian (March 13, 2013). "7 movies that are cleverly disguised Shakespeare adaptations". The Week. THE WEEK Publications, Inc. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
  5. 1 2 Noyer, Jérémie (September 30, 2011). "Lion King D-rectors Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff: 2D's for a 3D hit!". Animated Views. Animated Views. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  6. ↑ Bonanno, Luke (September 30, 2011). "Interview: Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff, The Directors of The Lion King". DVDizzy.com. DVDizzy.com. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  7. ↑ "Roundtable Interview: The Lion King". Blu-ray.com. Blu-ray.com. September 28, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  8. ↑ "Lion King, The (1994)". LarsenOnFilm.com. J. Larsen. 1994. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  9. ↑ Rokison, Abigail (2013). Shakespeare for Young People: Productions, Versions and Adaptations. United Kingdom: A&C Black. p. 206. ISBN 9781441125569.
  10. ↑ "Hamlet and The Lion King". 123HelpMe. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  11. ↑ Vejvoda, Jim (April 12, 2014). "9 Genre Movies Inspired by Shakespeare". IGN. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  12. 1 2 Hunter, Stephen (June 24, 1994). "In 'The Lion King,' the animation roars". The Baltimore Sun. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  13. ↑ Butler, Isaac (June 12, 2014). "The Tragedie of Scar, King of Pride Rock". Slate. The Slate Group LLC. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  14. 1 2 "Scar and Claudius". The Lion King and Hamlet. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  15. ↑ Tookey, Chris. "Lion King". Movie Film Review. Chris Tookey. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Fallon, Kevin (June 26, 2014). "'The Lion King' Turns 20: Every Crazy, Weird Fact About the Disney Classic". The Daily Beast. The Daily Beast Company LLC. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  17. ↑ "The Origins of The Lion King". Lion King Tickets. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  18. ↑ Roy, Gitanjali (June 24, 2014). "Do You Know These 20 Things About The Lion King? Be Prepared". NDTV. NDTV Convergence Limited. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
  19. ↑ "10 Unknown Facts About The Lion King". Dope & Famous. Dope and Famous. May 2, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  20. ↑ Galindo, Brian (May 29, 2013). "20 Things You Didn't Know About "The Lion King"". BuzzFeed. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  21. 1 2 "In the first drafts of The Lion King, Scar wanted Nala to be his queen!". OMG Facts. OMG Facts. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  22. ↑ "12 Things You May Not Have Known About 'The Lion King'". Doctor Disney. February 27, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  23. ↑ Roulette, Matthew. "'Be Prepared (Reprise),' 'The Lion King' — Disney Songs You've Never Heard". TheFW. SCREENCRUSH NETWORK. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  24. 1 2 3 Knolle, Sharon (June 14, 2014). "'The Lion King': 20 Things You Didn't Know About the Disney Classic". Moviefone. AOL Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  25. 1 2 "'Lion King' song animation based on Nazi propaganda film". The Jerusalem Post. The Jerusalem Post. July 7, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 William, Chris (May 15, 1994). "SUMMER SNEAKS '94 : You Can't Hide His Lion Eyes : It's no coincidence that Disney's latest jungle villain bears a wicked resemblance to Jeremy Irons; just ask the animator". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  27. 1 2 "Scar". BuddyTV. BuddyTV. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  28. ↑ "You Can't Hide His Lion Eyes". The Incomparable Jeremy Irons. May 15, 1994. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  29. 1 2 Hischak, Thomas S (2011). Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary. United States: McFarland. p. 106. ISBN 9780786486946.
  30. ↑ Hassenger, Jesse (March 14, 2013). "'The Hunchback of Notre Dame' and 'Mulan' Are from Disney's Artistically Vital Years". PopMatters. PopMatters.com. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  31. ↑ "The Lion King". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  32. ↑ Nastasi, Alison (May 31, 2014). "The Fascinating Real-Life Inspirations Behind Disney Villains". Flavorwire. Flavorpill Media. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  33. 1 2 3 Redmond, Aiden (September 15, 2011). "Jeremy Irons and James Earl Jones on 'The Lion King 3D' and Keeping It Together When Mufasa Dies". Moviefone. AOL Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  34. ↑ Carr, Kevin (December 25, 2002). "THE LION KING: IMAX EDITION". 7M Pictures. CyberChimps. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  35. ↑ Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide. United States: Chicago Review Press. pp. 145–146. ISBN 9781569762226.
  36. ↑ "Special Features: Q&A with The Lion King directors Rob Minkoff and Roger Allers". Flickering Myth. Flickering Myth. September 23, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  37. ↑ "The Faces Behind 31 Disney Villains". Mental Floss. Mental Floss, Inc. April 4, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
  38. 1 2 Ebert, Roger (June 24, 1994). "The Lion King". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  39. ↑ T. J., Barnard. "8 Incredibly Subtle Movie In-Jokes You Totally Missed". WhatCulture.com. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  40. ↑ Stein, Rachel (2004). New Perspectives on Environmental Justice: Gender, Sexuality, and Activism. United States: Rutgers University Press. p. 267. ISBN 9780813534275.
  41. ↑ DeYoung, Bill (October 23, 2013). "Film Festival: Jeremy Irons". Connect Savannah. Connect Savannah. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  42. ↑ Owen, Luke (June 25, 2014). "The Lion King 20th Anniversary – Seven Things You Didn't Know". Flickering Myth. Flickering Myth. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  43. ↑ Shirey, Eric (September 26, 2011). "Jim Cummings Laughs it Up About His Role in 'The Lion King'". Yahoo! Movies. Yahoo! Inc. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  44. ↑ McCullin, Brendon (May 2, 2014). ""SEX" Dust and Other Secrets in 'The Lion King'". Hollywood.com. Hollywood.com, LLC. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  45. ↑ Hill, Jim (September 19, 2011). "Has Disney Been 'Lion' About Jeremy Irons' Singing Voice?". The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  46. ↑ Lloyd, Christopher (September 14, 2011). "The Lion King 3D". The Film Yap. The Film Yap. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 Sæthre, Stine; Jebelean, Andreea. "Interview with Andreas Deja". The Animation Workshop. The Animation Workshop. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  48. ↑ Asher-Perrin, Emily. "The Lion King Turns 20 Today ... and It Was the Most Unlikely Success Story You Will Ever Hear". Tor.com. Macmillan. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  49. ↑ "20 Things You Didn't Know About The Lion King". Bubblews.com. Bubblews LLC. May 29, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  50. 1 2 3 Radford, Ivan (October 7, 2011). "Interview: Roger Allers and Bob Minkoff (The Lion King 3D)". i-Flicks.net. i-Flicks.net. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  51. 1 2 3 Strike, Joke (May 15, 2012). "The 10 Best Cartoon Villains – Part Two: The Evil Villains". Animation World Network. AWN, Inc. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  52. ↑ Callaway, Tim (April 28, 2014). "Disney Animator Andreas Deja in the MCL". The Mouse Castle. Mouse Castle Media. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  53. 1 2 3 4 Jacobson, Colin (May 11, 2003). "An Interview with Animator Andreas Deja". DVD Movie Guide. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  54. 1 2 "AN INTERVIEW WITH ROB MINKOFF AND ROGER ALLERS, CO-DIRECTORS OF THE LION KING". JustLoveMovies.com. October 4, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  55. 1 2 Carnevale, Rob (October 6, 2011). "The Lion King 3D - Don Hahn interview". Orange. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
  56. ↑ "Ten Things You Probably Didn't Know About The Lion King". D23.com. Disney. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  57. ↑ Gleiberman, Owen (June 24, 1994). "The Lion King (2002)". Entertainment Weekly. Entertainment Weekly Inc. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  58. 1 2 Clark, Maria Pilar (March 3, 2011). "Disney's master animator Andreas Deja calls 'Bambi' animated poetry". Chicago Parent. Journal Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  59. ↑ Redmond, Aiden (September 15, 2011). "Jeremy Irons and James Earl Jones on 'The Lion King 3D' and Keeping It Together When Mufasa Dies". Moviefone. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
  60. ↑ Wallace, Aaron (March 17, 2008). "UltimateDisney.com's Interview with Andreas Deja, legendary Disney animator and expert". DVDizzy.com. DVDizzy.com. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  61. 1 2 Hartl, John (June 24, 1994). "'The Lion King' Is A Royal Treat". The Seattle Times. The Seattle Times Company. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  62. 1 2 Daly, Steve (July 8, 2014). "Mane Attraction". Entertainment Weekly. Entertainment Weekly Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  63. ↑ Canavese, Peter (2011). "The Lion King (2011)". Groucho Reviews. Peter Canavese. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  64. 1 2 3 Hinson, Hal (June 24, 1994). "'The Lion King'". The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  65. ↑ Pallotta, Frank (July 1, 2014). "The Darkest Song From 'The Lion King' Was Based On A 1935 Nazi Propaganda Film". Business Insider. Business Insider Inc. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  66. 1 2 DeKinder, Mathew (September 16, 2011). "REVIEW: Disney's Circle of Life comes around again". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Stltoday.com. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  67. ↑ Erbland, Kate (September 15, 2011). "Review: 'The Lion King' Makes Me Cry All Over Again In 3D". Film School Rejects. Reject Media, LLC. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  68. ↑ "4 Disney Easter Eggs Secretly Hidden In 'Frozen'". The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. December 13, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  69. ↑ Galindo, Brian (June 7, 2013). "27 Disney Movie Easter Eggs You May Have Seriously Never Noticed". BuzzFeed. BuzzFeed Inc. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  70. ↑ Franks-Allen, Sara. "10 Disney Easter Eggs You May Have Missed". TheFW. SCREENCRUSH NETWORK. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  71. ↑ "The Lion King". IGN. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  72. ↑ Baker, Christopher Michael. "The Lion King". AllGame. All Media Network, LLC. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  73. 1 2 Zdyrko, David (February 7, 2001). "Disney's The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure". IGN. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
  74. ↑ Marriott, Scott Alan. "Disney's The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure". AllGame. All Media Network, LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
  75. ↑ "Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure". August 3, 2014. Inyxception Enterprises, Inc. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  76. ↑ "Scar". Kingdom Hearts Insider. KHInsider. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  77. ↑ Roten, Robert (1994). "The Lion King – A good try, but not as good as Beauty and the Beast". Laramie Movie Scope. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  78. ↑ Nichols, Peter M (2003). New York Times Essential Library: Children's Movies: A Critic's Guide to the Best Films Available on Video and DVD. United States: Macmillan. ISBN 9781429934732.
  79. 1 2 3 Maslin, Janet (June 15, 1994). "The Lion King (1994) Review/Film; The Hero Within The Child Within". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  80. ↑ Rozen, Leah; Gliatto, Tom; Kaufman, Joanne (June 20, 1994). "Picks and Pans Review: The Lion King". People. Time Inc. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  81. ↑ Siskel, Gene (June 24, 1994). "Entertaining 'Lion King' Lacks The Flair Of Disney's Best". Chicago Tribune. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  82. ↑ Starnes, Joshua (2011). "The Lion King 3D". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media, LLC. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  83. 1 2 Berardinelli, James. "Lion King, The". ReelViews. James Berardinelli. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  84. ↑ Olson, Scott Robert (1999). Hollywood Planet: Global Media and the Competitive Advantage of Narrative Transparency. United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 117. ISBN 9781135669577.
  85. ↑ Booker, M. Keith (2010). Disney, Pixar, and the Hidden Messages of Children's Films. United States: ABC-CLIO. p. 58. ISBN 9780313376726.
  86. ↑ White, Cindy (September 16, 2011). "The Lion King 3D Review". IGN. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  87. ↑ Patrizio, Andy (September 26, 2003). "The Lion King: Special Edition". IGN. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  88. ↑ Travers, Peter (June 15, 1994). "The Lion King". Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  89. ↑ Stack, Peter (March 3, 1995). "Disney's 'Lion King' Let Loose / Story, animation tops in jungle tale". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications, Inc. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  90. ↑ Wedo, Bill (June 24, 1994). "Manely, It's Great 'The Lion King' Surpasses Its Hype With Quality". Philly.com. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  91. ↑ Young, Graham (October 7, 2011). "Film Review: The Lion King (U)". Birmingham Mail. Trinity Mirror Midlands. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  92. ↑ Hutchinson, Tom. "The Lion King". Radio Times. Immediate Media Company Limited. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  93. ↑ Basile, Annette (September 19, 2011). "The Lion King 3D". Filmink. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  94. ↑ Philip, French (October 9, 2011). "The Lion King 3D – review". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  95. ↑ Sterritt, David (June 15, 1994). "Disney studio roars with 'The Lion King'". The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  96. ↑ Howe, Desson (June 24, 1994). "'The Lion King'". The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  97. ↑ Boyar, Jay (August 9, 1998). "'Lion King' Superbly Blends Drama, Comedy". Orlando Sentinel. Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  98. ↑ Rafferty, Terrence (1994). "The Lion King". The New Yorker. Condé Nast. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  99. ↑ Ethan, Alter (September 16, 2011). "The Lion King: Fathers and Sons". Television Without Pity. Bravo Media LLC. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  100. ↑ Denby, David (1994). New York Magazine. United States: New York Media, LLC. p. 78.
  101. ↑ Quinn, Anthony (October 6, 2011). "The Lion King 3D (U)". The Independent. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  102. ↑ Pirrello, Phil; Goldman, Eric; Fowler, Matt; Collura, Scott; White, Cindy; Schedeen, Jesse (June 24, 2010). "Top 25 Animated Movies of All-Time". IGN. IGN Entertainment Inc. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  103. ↑ "Top 10 Most Evil Disney Villains". Listverse. Listverse Ltd. June 9, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  104. 1 2 Ryan, Desmond (June 24, 1994). "From Disney Springs A King Of The Beasts". Philly.com. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  105. ↑ "Despicable Them: Top Animated Villains". Sky.com. BSkyB. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
  106. ↑ "10 Over-the-top Animated Movie Villains". Entertainment Weekly. Entertainment Weekly Inc. March 6, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  107. ↑ Fletcher, Alex (May 29, 2014). "Scar, Gaston, Maleficent: Who is Disney's greatest ever villain?". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  108. ↑ Tolf, Sarah. "Disney's Most Magnificent Bastards". Tor.com. Macmillan. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  109. ↑ Duca, Lauren (January 28, 2014). "A Definitive Ranking Of 25 Classic Disney Villains". The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  110. ↑ Moreno, Javi (Jan 27, 2014). "A Definitive Ranking Of The Top 20 Disney Villains". BuzzFeed. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  111. ↑ Nusair, David. "Top 10 Disney Villains". About.com. About.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  112. ↑ Nusair, Disney. "Top 5 Celebrity Voice Performances in Animated Films". About.com. About.com. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  113. ↑ "Pictures: Best Disney villains". Orlando Sentinel. Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  114. ↑ Castiglia, Carolyn (2013). "The Top 15 Disney Villains Ranked from Bad to Worst". Babble.com. Disney. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  115. ↑ Perkins, Will (May 29, 2014). "Ranking the 12 most famous Disney villains from worst to best". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  116. ↑ Susman, Gary (May 25, 2014). "Disney Villains: Ranking the Top 30 of All Time (PHOTOS)". Moviefone. Moviefone Canada. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  117. ↑ Boone, John; Mullins, Jenna (May 15, 2014). "All of the Disney Villains, Ranked". E!. E! Entertainment Television, LLC. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  118. ↑ Burdette, Kacy; France, Lisa Respers (Kacy Burdette and Lisa Respers France). "Disney's scariest villains". CNN. Cable News Network. Retrieved July 20, 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  119. ↑ "Top 5: Scariest Animated Disney Characters". The Stanford Daily. THE STANFORD DAILY. May 18, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  120. ↑ Crouse, Richard (May 27, 2014). "From Maleficent to Scar: The greatest Disney villains". Metro. Free Daily News Group Inc. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  121. ↑ Galindo, Brian (October, 15, 201). "Counting Down The 12 Greatest Disney Villain Songs". BuzzFeed. BuzzFeed, Inc. Retrieved July 20, 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  122. ↑ Hurley, Laura. "10 Best Disney Villain Songs". WhatCulture.com. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  123. ↑ "Disney Villain Signature Songs On A Scale From 1 to Fabulous". Official Disney Blogs. Disney. 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  124. ↑ McKinney, Noah (June 24, 2014). "Top 20 Movie Villains Of All Time". moviepilot.com. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  125. ↑ "25 greatest movie villains: The Joker, Darth Vader, Lex Luthor, more". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  126. ↑ Reynolds, Simon (May 12, 2013). "25 greatest movie villains: The Joker, Darth Vader, Lex Luthor, more". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  127. ↑ Markovitz, Adam (July 19, 2012). "50 Most Vile Movie Villains". Entertainment Weekly. Entertainment Weekly Inc. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  128. ↑ Wales, George (January 30, 2014). "100 Greatest Movie Villains". Total Film. Future Publishing Limited. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  129. ↑ Hill, Jim (June 19, 2007). "Andreas Deja : "... If you take the drawing out of Disney, it just isn't Disney"". Jim Hill Media. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  130. ↑ "Biography: Andreas Deja". AnimationResources.org. Animation Resources Incorporated. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  131. 1 2 Vraketta, Georgia. "The Representations of Gender, Sexuality and Race in Disney's The Lion King". Academia.edu. Academia. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  132. ↑ "Lion King, The". Film4. Channel 4. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  133. ↑ "20 Years Later, How The Lion King Changed Feature Animation Forever". IGN. IGN Entertainment, Inc. June 15, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
  134. ↑ Gerard, Jeremy (June 13, 1994). "Review: 'The Lion King'". Variety. Variety Media, LLC. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  135. ↑ Minow, Nell (August 1, 2005). "The Lion King". Common Sense Media. Common Sense Media Inc. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  136. ↑ Willmore, Alison (September 15, 2011). "REVIEW: Lion King 3D Makes Refreshing Use of Extra Dimension". Movieline. PMC. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  137. ↑ Turan, Kenneth (June 15, 1994). "MOVIE REVIEW : 'The Lion King' and His Court Jesters : The Sidekicks Steal the Show in Disney's Animated Opus". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  138. ↑ Hicks, Chris (December 17, 2002). "Film review: Lion King, The". Deseret News. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  139. ↑ Mapes, Marty (December 27, 2002). "The Lion King (IMAX)". Movie Habit. Marty Mapes. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  140. ↑ Parkinson, David (2007). The Rough Guide to Film Musicals. United Kingdom: Penguin. p. 121. ISBN 9780756647124.
  141. ↑ Twomey, Steve (July 28, 1994). "'The Lion King' a Roaring Success Despite Lambasting". The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  142. ↑ Edmundson, Mark (1999). Nightmare on Main Street: Angels, Sadomasochism, and the Culture of Gothic. United States: Harvard University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780674624634.
  143. ↑ Reeves, Phil (July 27, 1994). "Right-on critics maul 'Lion King'". The Independent. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  144. ↑ "Disney Movie Is Sexist And Racist, Adults Howl". Chicago Tribune. Chicago Tribune. August 2, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  145. ↑ "The Salina Journal". Newspapers.com. Newspapers.com. July 26, 1994. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  146. ↑ Mackey-Kallis, Susan (2011). The Hero and the Perennial Journey Home in American Film. United States: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 102. ISBN 9780812200133.
  147. ↑ Gonzalez, Ed (September 28, 2003). "Film Review". Slant Magazine. Slant Magazine. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  148. ↑ Schiappa, Edward (2008). Beyond Representational Correctness: Rethinking Criticism of Popular Media. United States: SUNY Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780791478493.
  149. ↑ Cheu, Johnson (2013). Diversity in Disney Films: Critical Essays on Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Sexuality and Disability. United States: McFarland. p. 138. ISBN 9781476600093.

External links

Listen to this article (info/dl)


This audio file was created from a revision of the "Scar (The Lion King)" article dated 2016-01-02, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
More spoken articles

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, May 05, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.