Schizophyllan

Schizophyllan (Sonifilan, SPG) is a neutral extracellular polysaccharide produced by the fungus Schizophyllum commune. Schizophyllan is a β-1,3 beta-glucan with β-1,6 branching. Schizophyllan is also known as sizofiran.

Schizophyllan has a molecular weight of 450,000 Da, and a specific rotation in water of +18-24°. A chemically analogous polysaccharide, scleroglucan, is formed by the fungus Athelia rolfsii. Both polysaccharides share the chemical structure of the backbone with curdlan. It is known for several things, including its ability to stimulate the immune system, carry metals in water, aid in delivering drugs, and use in some nanofibers.[1]

Safety

Schizophyllan, classified as a beta-glucan extracted from the by the fungus Schizophyllum commune, showed no quantifiable adverse reactions through independent scientific procedures. However, it is not generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under sections 201(s) and 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

Schizophyllan and other β-glucans have been orally administered safely in a variety of vertebrate species showing immunomodulation: mice,[2][3][4][5] canines,[6] horses,[7] and humans.[8]

Processing & Efficacy

The ability for schizophyllan to produce a physiological response is directly correlated with the extraction process and subsequent processing the compound endures. This theory also coincides with that of other beta-glucans.

High dosage amounts of schizophyllan are not the primary determinant of an immunological response. Studies have validated that 10 mg (or less) of a high quality, adequately processed chemically similar beta-glucan is a sufficient dose to elicit a measurable effect on immune cells. In addition, small particle beta-glucans modified to prevent re-aggregation during digestion have the most positive effects on immune potentiation.[9]

References

  1. ↑ Kony, David B.; Damm, Wolfgang; Stoll, Serge; Van Gunsteren, Wilfred F.; Hunenberger, Philippe H. (2007). "Explicit-Solvent Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Polysaccharide Schizophyllan in Water". Biophysical Journal 93 (2): 442–55. doi:10.1529/biophysj.106.086116. PMC 1896245. PMID 17237195.
  2. ↑ Hotta, H; Hagiwara, K., Ito W., Homma M. (Jan 1993). "Augemtnation of protective immune responses against Sendai virus infection by fungal polysaccharide schizophyllan". International Journal of Immunopharmacology 15 (1): 55–60. doi:10.1016/0192-0561(93)90031-s. PMID 7679379.
  3. ↑ Itoh, W (1997). "Augemtnation of protective immune responses against viral infection by oral administration of schizophyllan". Mediators of Inflammation 6 (4): 267–269. doi:10.1080/09629359791596. PMID 18472856.
  4. ↑ Koike, K (Dec 1976). "Protective effect of schizophyllan on Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of mouse". Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 29 (12): 1098–1105. PMID 137992.
  5. ↑ Wasser, SP (1999). "Therapeutic effects of substances occurring in higher basidiomycetes mushrooms: a modern perspective". Crit Rev Immunology 19 (1): 65–96. doi:10.1615/critrevimmunol.v19.i1.30. PMID 9987601.
  6. ↑ Stuyven, E (2010). "Oral administration of beta-1,3/1,6-glucan to dogs temporally changes total and antigen-specific IgA and IgM". Clin Vaccine Immunology 17 (2): 281–285. doi:10.1128/cvi.00344-09. PMID 20032218.
  7. ↑ Krakowski, K (1999). "The effect of nonspecific immunostimulation of pregnant mares with 1,3/1,6 glucan and levamisole on the immunoglobulins levels in colostrum, selected indices of nonspecific cellular and humoral immunity in foals in neonatal and postnatal period". Vet Immuno Immunopath 68 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00006-9. PMID 10231947.
  8. ↑ Okamura, K (1989). "Adjuvant immunotherapy: two randomized controlled studies of patients with cervical cancer". Biomed Pharmacother 43 (3): 177–181. doi:10.1016/0753-3322(89)90212-6. PMID 2528386.
  9. ↑ Hunter, K (Jan 2001). "Mode of Action of B-Glucan Immunopotentiators".

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