Scrophulariaceae

Figwort family
Scrophularia nodosa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Scrophulariaceae Juss.
Genera
See text.
Synonyms
Bontiaceae Horan. Buddlejaceae K.Wilh., nom. cons. Hebenstretiaceae Horan. Limosellaceae J.Agardh Myoporaceae R.Br., nom. cons. Oftiaceae Takht. & Reveal Selaginaceae Choisy, nom. cons. Spielmanniaceae J.Agardh, nom. illeg. Verbascaceae Bercht. & J.Presl[1]

The Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family, are a family of flowering plants. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as one genus of shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. Members of the Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L..

Taxonomy

In the past it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic.^[2] Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the Lamiales, notably Plantaginaceae and Orobanchaceae but also several new families.^[3][4] Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from Scrophulariacae sensu lato.

Fischer (2004) considered the family to consist of three subfamilies; Antirrhinoideae, Gratioloideae, and Digitalidoideae. He further divided the Gratioloideae into five tribes; Gratioleae, Angeloniaeae, Stemodieae, Limoselleae and Lindernieae. He then divided the Gratioleae, with its sixteen genera (and about 182 species) into three subtribes; Caprarinae, Dopatrinae and Gratiolinae. The Gratiolinae had ten genera (about 121 species) distributed through temperate and tropical America; Bacopa and Mecardonia (formerly Herpestis), Amphianthus, Gratiola, Sophronanthe, Benjaminia, Scoparia, Boelkea, Maeviella and Braunblequetia. Many of these were transferred to the family Plantaginaceae, in the tribe Gratioleae.

Uses

The family includes some medicinal plants, among them:

• Leptandra, black root, Culver's root
• Scrophularia, figworts
• Verbascum, mulleins

Genera

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Leucophyllum frutescens

Tribe Aptosimeae[5] Anticharis Endl. Aptosimum Burch. ex Benth. Peliostomum E.Mey. ex Benth. Tribe Buddlejeae[6] Buddleja L. – Butterfly-bush Emorya Torr. Gomphostigma Turcz. Tribe Hemimerideae[7] Alonsoa Ruiz & Pav. Colpias E.Mey. ex Benth. Diascia Link & Otto Diclis Benth. Hemimeris L.f. Nemesia Vent. Tribe Leucophylleae[8] Capraria L.[9] Eremogeton Standl. & L.O.Williams Leucophyllum Humb. & Bonpl. Tribe Limoselleae[10] Barthlottia Eb.Fisch. Camptoloma Benth. Chaenostoma Benth. (sometimes included in Sutera but separated by Kornhall and Bremer[11]) Chenopodiopsis Hilliard Cromidon Compton Dischisma Choisy Glekia Hilliard Globulariopsis Compton Glumicalyx Hiern Gosela Choisy Hebenstretia L Jamesbrittenia Kuntze[11] Limosella L.[12] Lyperia Benth. Manuleopsis Thell. ex Schinz Melanospermum Hilliard Microdon Choisy

Phyllopodium Benth. Polycarena Benth. Reyemia Hilliard Selago L. Strobilopsis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt Sutera Roth syn. Manulea Thun. – Dwarf Snapdragon, "Bacopa" Tetraselago Junell Trieenea Hilliard Zaluzianskya F.W.Schmidt Tribe Myoporeae[13] Bontia L. Calamphoreus Chinnock Diocirea Chinnock Eremophila R.Br. Glycocystis Chinnock Myoporum Sol. ex G.Forst. Pentacoelium Siebold & Zucc. Tribe Scrophularieae[14] Antherothamnus N.E.Br. Nathaliella B.Fedtsch. Oreosolen Hook.f. Scrophularia L. – Figwort Verbascum L. – Mullein Tribe Teedieae[15] Dermatobotrys Bolus Freylinia Colla Oftia Adans. Ranopisoa J.F.Leroy Teedia Rudolphi Not placed in a tribe / Unknown tribe Ameroglossum Eb.Fisch., S.Vogel & A.V.Lopes Brachystigma Pennell – Desert foxglove Dasistoma Raf. Hemianthus Nutt. Leucosalpa Scott-Elliot Ohlendorffia Lehm. Phygelius E.Mey. ex Benth. – Cape fuchsia[16]

Excluded genera

The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:

Acanthorrhinum Rothm. → Plantaginaceae Agalinis Raf. → Orobanchaceae Angelonia Humb. & Bonpl. → Plantaginaceae Antirrhinum L. → Plantaginaceae Bacopa Aubl. → Plantaginaceae Bartsia L. → Orobanchaceae Basistemon Turcz. → Plantaginaceae Besseya Rydb. → Plantaginaceae Calceolaria L. → Calceolariaceae Castilleja Mutis ex L.f. → Orobanchaceae Chaenorhinum (DC.) Rchb. → Plantaginaceae Chelone L. → Plantaginaceae Chionophila Benth. → Plantaginaceae Collinsia Nutt. → Plantaginaceae Cordylanthus Nutt. ex Benth. → Orobanchaceae Craterostigma Hochst. → Linderniaceae[17] or as part of Lindernia[18] Cymbalaria → Plantaginaceae Digitalis L. → Plantaginaceae Dopatrium Buch.-Ham. ex Benth. → Plantaginaceae Epixiphium (Engelm. ex A.Gray) Munz → Plantaginaceae Euphrasia L. → Orobanchaceae Galvezia Dombey ex Juss. → Plantaginaceae Gambelia Nutt. → Plantaginaceae

Glossostigma Wight & Arn. → Phrymaceae Gratiola L. → Plantaginaceae Hebe Comm. ex Juss. → Plantaginaceae Holmgrenanthe Elisens → Plantaginaceae Howelliella Rothm. → Plantaginaceae Keckiella Straw → Plantaginaceae Kickxia Dumort. → Plantaginaceae Lagotis Gaertn. → Plantaginaceae Limnophila R.Br. → Plantaginaceae Linaria Mill. → Plantaginaceae Lindernia All. → Linderniaceae[19] Lophospermum D.Don → Plantaginaceae Mabrya Elisens → Plantaginaceae Maurandella (A.Gray) Rothm. → Plantaginaceae Maurandya Ortega → Plantaginaceae Mazus Lour. → Phrymaceae Mecardonia Ruiz & Pav. → Plantaginaceae Melampyrum L. → Orobanchaceae Micranthemum Michx. → Plantaginaceae Mimulus L. → Phrymaceae Misopates Raf. → Plantaginaceae Mohavea A.Gray → Plantaginaceae Nemesia → Plantaginaceae Neogaerrhinum Rothm. → Plantaginaceae

Nothochelone (A.Gray) Straw → Plantaginaceae Nuttallanthus D.A.Sutton → Plantaginaceae Odontites Ludw. → Orobanchaceae Orobanche L. → Orobanchaceae Orthocarpus Nutt. → Orobanchaceae Parentucellia Viv. → Orobanchaceae Paulownia Siebold & Zucc. → Paulowniaceae Pedicularis L. → Orobanchaceae Penstemon Schmidel → Plantaginaceae Pseudorontium (A.Gray) Rothm. → Plantaginaceae Rhinanthus L. → Orobanchaceae Russelia Jacq. → Plantaginaceae Sairocarpus D.A.Sutton → Plantaginaceae Schistophragma Benth. ex Endl. → Plantaginaceae Scoparia L. → Plantaginaceae Stemodia L. → Plantaginaceae Striga Lour. → Orobanchaceae[3][20] Synthyris Benth. → Plantaginaceae Tonella Nutt. ex A.Gray → Plantaginaceae Torenia L. → Linderniaceae Triphysaria Fisch. & C.A.Mey. → Orobanchaceae Veronica L. → Plantaginaceae Veronicastrum Heist. ex Fabr. → Plantaginaceae[21]

References

1. "Family: Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
2. Fischer says that, if we consider morphology, it has been obvious for the last decades that scrophulariaceae do not represent a monophyletic group. See FISCHER (2004), p. 346.
3. Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany 88 (2): 348–361. doi:10.2307/2657024. JSTOR 2657024. PMID 11222255.
4. Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?". Fremontia 30: 13–22. - on line here
5. "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Aptosimeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
6. "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Buddlejeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
7. "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
8. "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Leucophylleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
9. Gándara, Etelvina; Victoria Sosa (March 2013). "Testing the monophyly and position of the North American shrubby desert genus Leucophyllum (Scrophulariaceae: Leucophylleae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 171 (3): 508–518. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01327.x.
10. "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
11. Kornhall, Per and Bremer, Birgitta (2004). "New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146 (4): 453–467. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x.
12. Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B. (2005). "Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". Taxon 54 (2): 411–425. doi:10.2307/25065369. JSTOR 25065369.
13. "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Myoporeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
14. "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
15. "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
16. "Genera of Scrophulariaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
17. Albach, D. C.; Meudt, H. M.; Oxelman, B. (2005). "Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae". American Journal of Botany 92 (2): 297–315. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.297. PMID 21652407.
18. "Lindernia All.". A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Missouri Botanical Garden and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.
19. Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007). "A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families". Taxon 56 (1): 7–12. doi:10.2307/25065731.
20. Nelson D. Young, Kim E. Steiner, Claude W. dePamphilis (Autumn 1999). "The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86 (4): 876–893. doi:10.2307/2666173. JSTOR 2666173.
21. "GRIN genera sometimes placed in Scrophulariaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-10-17.

Bibliography

• Fischer, E. (2004). "Scrophulariaceae". In Kubitzki, K.; Kadereit, J.W. Flowering Plants — Dicotyledons: Lamiales. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants VII. Springer. pp. 333−432. ISBN 3-540-40593-3.

External links

• Kew list of Scrophulariaceae
• Family Scrophulariaceae Flowers in Israel
• verbascum.org