Laminaria

Laminaria
Laminaria hyperborea
Scientific classification
(unranked):	SAR
Phylum:	Heterokontophyta
Class:	Phaeophyceae
Order:	Laminariales
Family:	Laminariaceae
Genus:	Laminaria J. V. Lamouroux
Species
c. 30 species; see text

Laminaria setchellii at Montana de Oro State Park

Laminaria is a genus of 31 species of brown algae commonly called "kelp". Some species are also referred to as tangle. This economically important genus is characterized by long, leathery laminae and relatively large size. Some species are referred to by the common name Devil's apron, due to their shape,^[1] or sea colander, due to the perforations present on the lamina.^[2] It is found in the north Atlantic Ocean and the northern Pacific Ocean at depths from 8 to 30 m (26 to 98 ft) (exceptionally to 120 m (390 ft) in the warmer waters of the Mediterranean Sea and off Brazil).^[3]

According to C.Michael Hogan the life cycle of the genus involves a diploid generational system.^[4]

Laminaria japonica (J. E. Areschoug — Japón) ^[5] is now regarded as a synonym of Saccharina japonica^[6] and Laminaria saccharina is now classified as Saccharina latissima.^[7]

Uses

Medical

A laminaria stick may be used to slowly dilate the cervix to induce labor and delivery, or for surgical procedures including abortions or to facilitate the placement of an Intrauterine Device.

Food

Various species of Laminaria have been used for food purposes since ancient times wherever humans have encountered them. Typically, the prepared parts, usually the blade, are consumed either immediately after boiling in broth or water, or consumed after drying, or drying then rehydrating. The greater proportion of commercial cultivation is for algin, iodine, and mannitol, which are used in a range of industrial applications. In South Korea it is processed into a sweetmeat known as laminaria jelly, in other countries it is also used in fresh salad form, which is also canned for preservation to deliverу and selling purposes in other regions. Many countries produce and consume laminaria products, but the largest is China.^[8]

Species

Laminaria digitata, Cyanotype by Anna Atkins, 1843

• Laminaria abyssalis A.B. Joly & E.C. Oliveira — South American Atlantic^[9][10]
• Laminaria agardhii Kjellman^[11] — North American Atlantic ^[12]
• Laminaria appressirhiza J. E. Petrov & V. B. Vozzhinskaya ^[13]
• Laminaria brasiliensis A. B. Loly & E. C. Oliveira
• Laminaria brongardiana Postels & Ruprecht ^[14]
• Laminaria bulbosa J. V. Lamouroux
• Laminaria bullata Kjellman
• Laminaria complanata (Setchell & N. L. Garder) Muenscher
• Laminaria digitata (Hudson) J. V. Lamouroux
• Laminaria ephemera Setchell — Pacific of North America: From Vancouver to California ^[15]
• Laminaria farlowii Setchell — Coast of the North American Pacific ^[15]
• Laminaria groenlandica — British Columbia
• Laminaria hyperborea (Gunnerus) Foslie — Northeast Atlantic, Baltic Sea and North Sea.
• Laminaria inclinatorhiza J. Petrov & V. Vozzhinskaya
• Laminaria multiplicata J. Petrov & M. Suchovejeva
• Laminaria nigripes J. Agardh
• Laminaria ochroleuca Bachelot de la Pylaie
• Laminaria pallida Greville — South Africa, ^[16] Indian Ocean, Canary Islands and de Tristán da Cunha ^[17]
• Laminaria platymeris Bachelot de la Pylaie
• Laminaria rodriguezii Barnet
• Laminaria ruprechtii (Areschoug) Setchell
• Laminaria sachalinensis (Miyabe) Miyabe
• Laminaria setchellii P. C. Silva
• Laminaria sinclairii (Harvey ex J. D. Hooker & Harvey) Farlow, Anderson & Eaton — North American Pacific coast ^[15]
• Laminaria solidungula J. Agardh
• Laminaria yezoensis Miyabe

References

1. "Devil's Apron". Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. C. & G. Merriam Co. 1913.
2. "Devil's apron - Sea Vegetable". Archived from the original on October 16, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
3. Guiry, Michael. "Kelps: Laminaria and Saccharina". Archived from the original on November 19, 2007. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
4. C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Brown algae. eds. E.Monosson & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
5. T. Tori (1998). An Illustrated Atlas of the Life History of Algae. Uchida Rokakuho Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo. ISBN 4-7536-4057-4.
6. M. D. Guiry & Wendy Guiry (2006-09-29). "Laminaria japonica J. E. Areschoug". AlgaeBase.
7. Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux The Seaweed Site. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
8. Culture of Kelp (Laminaria japonica) in China. FAO. June 1989.
9. Yoneshigue-Valentin, Yocie (1990). "The life cycle of Laminaria abyssalis (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) en cultivo". Hydrobiologia. 204–205 (1): 461–466. doi:10.1007/BF00040271.
10. M. D. Guiry (2006-03-26). "Laminaria abyssalis A. B. Joly & E. B. Oliveira". AlgaeBase.
11. M. D. Guiry (2004-09-23). "Laminaria agardhii Kjellman". AlgaeBase.
12. Taylor (1957). Marine Algae of Northeastern Coast of North America. Ann Arbor. ISBN 0-472-04904-6.
13. M. D. Guiry & Olga Selivanova (2006-09-19). "Laminaria appressirhiza J. E. Petrov & V. B. Vozzhinskaya". AlgaeBase.
14. M. D. Guiry (2006-04-24). "Laminaria brongardiana Postels & Ruprecht". AlgaeBase.
15. I. A. Abbott & G. J. Hollenberg (1976). Marine Algae of California. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. ISBN 0-8047-0867-3.
16. H. Stegenga, J. J. Bolton & R. J. Anderson (1997). Seaweeds of the South Africal West Coast. Bolus Herbarium Number 18, University of Cape Town.
17. Guiry, M. D. (2004-09-23). "Laminaria pallida Greville". AlgaeBase. National University of Ireland, Galway.

External links

• Laminaria at AlgaeBase