Secondotto, Marquess of Montferrat

Secondotto, Marquess of Montferrat
Marquess of Montferrat
Reign	1372 - 1378
Predecessor	John II Palaiologos
Successor	John III Palaiologos
Spouse(s)	Violante Visconti
Noble family	House of Palaiologos
Father	John II, Marquess of Montferrat
Mother	Isabella of Majorca
Born	1358/61
Died	16 December 1378

Secondotto Palaeologus (also Otho or Ottone; died 16 December 1378) was the Margrave of Montferrat^[1] from 1372 to his death, the third of the Greek Palaeologan dynasty. His name Secondotto may derive from his being the second Otto to rule Montferrat in his own right, though he would really be Otto III. More probably it is derived from Saint Secundus (San Secondo in Italian), the patron saint of Asti, which his father treated as the capital of the marquisate.^[2] The Otto may be in honour of Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, a close ally of his father.^[3]

He was born around 1360 as the first son of John II and Isabella of Majorca.^[3] In December 1361, as part of a peace deal made between John II and Galeazzo II Visconti, co-lord of Milan, he was betrothed to the latter’s four-year-old daughter Maria. The city of Asti, on which Galeazzo had also had designs, was to count as part of Maria’s dowry, and Montferrat would be allowed to retain control of it. The peace was short-lived, however, as Maria died in the May of the following year.^[3][4]

He succeeded as a child of around 12, and ruled originally under the co-regency of his uncle Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, and Amadeus VI of Savoy. His father’s will had stipulated that he should remain under his uncle’s tutelage until the age of 25; however Otto left for Naples in 1376 to marry Queen Joan I.^[5]

Weak and inept, Secondotto could not carry the weight of government which devolved on his shoulders with the absence of his uncle. Secondotto thus decided to marry Violante (2 August 1377), the daughter of Galeazzo II Visconti, and widow of Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, and affirm an alliance with that family against the House of Savoy, Piedmont and Achaea.^[5]

When Otto of Brunswick's brother attacked and seized Asti, Secondotto called in the aid of his father-in-law, who, with a huge force, retook Asti and maintained it under Milanese control. Secondotto realised at that juncture the danger of his Milanese alliance, but by then it was too late. He gathered a force and led it against the Milanese troops and was defeated. Probably out of fear, he retreated to an unknown destination. He died at Langhirano in the vicinity of Parma in obscure circumstances: he may simply have been the loser in a brawl (he was famously ill-tempered and violent), or he may have been assassinated by an agent of the Visconti. His body was carried to Parma and buried before the high altar of the cathedral.^[5][6]

When his uncle received news of his death, he returned at once to the margraviate to handle the succession. He placed Secondotto's brother John III on the Montferrat throne. Despite the involvement of Emperor-elect Wenceslaus, the negotiations which Otto opened with Gian Galeazzo over the recovery of Asti were fruitless.^[5]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Secondotto, Marquess of Montferrat

16. Michael VIII Palaiologos               8. Andronikos II Palaiologos                       17. Theodora Doukaina Vatatzina               4. Theodore I, Marquess of Montferrat                             18. William VII, Marquess of Montferrat               9. Irene of Montferrat                       19. Beatrice of Castile               2. John II, Marquess of Montferrat                                   20. Sbaralia Spinola               10. Opicino Spinola                       5. Argentina Spinola                             22. Thomas I, Marquess of Saluzzo               11. Violante of Saluzzo                       23. Luigia di Ceva               1. Secondotto, Marquess of Montferrat                                         24. James II of Majorca               12. Ferdinand of Majorca                       25. Esclaramunda of Foix               6. James III of Majorca                             26. Isnard de Sabran               13. Isabelle de Sabran                       27. Margaret of Villehardouin               3. Isabella of Majorca                                   28. James II of Aragon               14. Alfonso IV of Aragon                       29. Blanche of Anjou               7. Constance of Aragon                             30. Gombald d'Entença               15. Teresa d'Entença                       31. Constance of Attillon

Notes

1. cit: Secondotto, Marquess of Montferrat, John III, Marquess of Montferrat, Theodore II, Marquess of Montferrat and Guglielmo, who were the sons of Elisabeth, daughter of James III of Majorca, and of John II, Marquess of Montferrat, have been called Dukes. Historiae et Urbium Regionum Italiae rariores, Volume 114, Cronica del Montferrato, Benvenuto Sangiorgio, Arnaldo Forni Editore 1780.
2. John II of Montferrat stipulated in his will that he should be buried in a new chapel in the church of S. Secondo. The will is reproduced in Benvenuto Sangiorgio, Cronica, ed. by Giuseppe Vernazza (Turin: 1780), pp. 209–224; see p. 222.
3. A. A. Settia, ‘Giovanni II Paleologo’, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani.
4. Benvenuto Sangiorgio, Cronica, ed. by Giuseppe Vernazza (Turin: 1780), pp. 103.
5. Roberto Maestri, ‘Secondotto’, Circolo culturale: I Marchesi del Monferrato. (The text is apparently extracted from Roberto Maestri Cenni storici sui Marchesi Paleologi di Monferrato (1306–1536), Edizioni Circolo Culturale I Marchesi del Monferrato (Genoa: Tipografia Brigati, 2006, pp. 4–5.)
6. Albert Stanburrough Cook, ‘The last months of Chaucer's earliest patron’, Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 21 (1916), 1–144 (pp. 107–109).