Seljuq Armenia

Armenia under the Seljuq Empire

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1071–1201

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Armenia, split among the Shaddadids of Ani and Gandzak, Ahlatshahs (Shah-Armen), the Saltukids of Erzurum (Karin/Theodosiopolis), the Kingdom of Syunik-Baghk, states in the Armenian Highlands during its Seljuq rule.

Capital

Ani

Languages

Armenian (native language)
Oghuz Turkic

Religion

Armenian Apostolic
Sunni Islam

Government

Monarchy

Historical era

Middle Ages

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Established

1071

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Disestablished

1201

History of Armenia

Etymology Timeline Traditional Urheimat
Prehistory Stone & Copper Age Shulaveri-Shomu culture c.6500–3400 BCE Areni-1 Cave Complex Kura–Araxes culture c.3400–2000 BCE Legend of Hayk (?) 2492 BCE Bronze & Iron Age Hayasa-Azzi c.1500–1290 BCE Arme-Shupria c.1300s–1190 BCE Ararat/Urartu Nairi Tribes 1114–860 BCE Kingdom of Van 860–590 BCE Scythian & Mede Invasions 6th Century BCE
Antiquity Achaemenid Period Satrapy of Armina 549–331 BCE Orontid Dynasty Ancient Armenia Kingdom of Armenia 321 BCE–428 CE Artaxiad dynasty 189 BCE–12 CE Empire 84–34 BCE Arsacid dynasty 52–428 CE Roman–Parthian War 58–63 CE Roman Province of Armenia 114–118 CE Christianization 301 CE Armenia Minor 331–72 BCE Kingdom of Sophene c.200–94 BCE Kingdom of Commagene 163 BCE–72 CE Marzpanate period Byzantine Armenia 387–536 Persian Armenia 428–646 Mamikonian dynasty Battle of Avarayr 451
Middle Ages Arabic Period Emirate of Armenia 653–884 Hamamshen 700s–1300s Amatuni Dynasty Medieval Armenia Bagratid Armenia 884–1045 Bagratid dynasty 861–1118 Kingdom of Vaspurakan 908–1021 Artsruni dynasty Sajid dynasty 889–929 Sallarid dynasty 919–1062 Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget 979–1118 Kingdom of Artsakh 1000–1261 House of Hasan-Jalalyan Battle of Manzikert 1071 Cilician & Turco-Mongol Period Seljuq rule 1071–1201 Georgian union 1201–1236 Ilkhanid rule 1236–1335 Principality of Khachen 1261–1750 Turkmen rule 1335–1508 Kingdom of Cilicia 1198–1375 Rubenid dynasty 1000–1261 Hethumid dynasty 1226–1373 Lusignan dynasty 1341–1375
Early modern age Perso-Ottoman Period Safavid & Qajar rule 1502–1828 Five Melikdoms Nakhichevan deportation 1606 Ceding of Eastern Armenia 1828 Ottoman rule 1548–1915 Six Vilayets 1878 Hamidian massacres 1895–1896 Armenian Genocide 1909–1918 Russian period Russian rule 1828–1918 Armenian Oblast 1828–1840 Western Armenia 1915–1918 National Liberation Movement Armenakan 1885 S.D. Hunchakian Party 1887 ARF (Dashnaktsutyun) 1890 Caucasus Campaign 1914–1918 Battle of Sardarapat 1918 Battle of Karakilisa 1918 Modern Armenia First Republic of Armenia 1918–1920 Treaty of Batum 1918 War with Azerbaijan 1918–1920 War with Georgia 1918 Treaty of Sèvres 1920 Wilsonian Armenia 1920 War with Turkey 1920 Treaty of Alexandropol 1920
Modern age Soviet Period Armenian S.S.R. 1920–1991 February Uprising 1921 Republic of Mountainous Armenia 1921 Treaty of Moscow 1921 Treaty of Kars 1921 Territorial claims against Turkey 1945–1953 Independence Armenian diaspora Hidden Armenians Republic of Armenia since 1991 Nagorno-Karabakh Republic since 1994 Nagorno-Karabakh War 1989–1994
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Seljuq Armenia refers to the period of Medieval Armenia under the Seljuq Empire, which began after its brief conquest by the Byzantine Empire with the fall of Bagratid Armenia in 1045 until its complete acquirement by the Kingdom of Georgia and the beginning of the Armenian-Georgian union in 1201 out of the turmoil of the fall of the Seljuq Empire in the same year.

Background

Although the native Bagratuni Dynasty was founded under favourable circumstances, the feudal system gradually weakened the country by eroding loyalty to the central government. Thus internally enfeebled, Armenia proved an easy victim for the Byzantines, who captured Ani in 1045.

Battle of Manzikert

Further information: Battle of Manzikert

The Seljuq dynasty under Alp Arslan took the city of Ani in 1064.^[1] In 1071, after the defeat of the Byzantine forces by the Seljuq Turks at the Battle of Manzikert, the Turks captured the rest of Greater Armenia and much of Anatolia.^[2] So ended Christian leadership of Armenia for the next millennium with the exception of a period of the late 12th-early 13th centuries, when the Muslim power in Greater Armenia was seriously troubled by the resurgent Georgian monarchy. Many local nobles (nakharars) joined their efforts with the Georgians, leading to liberation of several areas in northern Armenia, which was ruled, under the authority of the Georgian crown, by the Zacharids/Mkhargrdzeli, a prominent Armeno-Georgian noble family.^[3]

Foreign Dominions and Beyliks

Saltukids

The Saltukids were centered in Arzan ar-Rum (Armenian: Կարին Karin, Greek: Θεοδοσιούπολις Theodosiopolis, Turkish: Erzurum) following the Battle of Manzikert, who ruled from 1071 to 1202.

Shah-Armen (Ahlatshahs)

Shah-Armens were centered in Ahlat on the northwestern shore of the Lake Van. They ruled most of modern Bitlis and Van provinces and parts of Batman, Siirt and Diyarbakır.

Shaddadids

The Shaddadids were a dynasty of Kurdish origin^[4]^[5]^[6] who ruled in various parts of Armenia and Arran from 951 to 1174. They were established in Dvin. Through their long tenure in Armenia, they often intermarried with the Bagratuni royal family of Armenia.

Armenian Dominions

Kingdom of Syunik Baghk

The Kingdom of Syunik-Baghk was an Armenian state that ruled the territories of Syunik, Artsakh and Arran.

Others

Various Armenian villages and towns remained semi-independent under Armenian rule. Among these were Sassun, Moks, the Hayhurum rule of Melitene under Gabriel of Melitene, and other smaller states.

References

↑ "Alp Arslan". Archived from the original on 2011-08-27. Retrieved February 6, 2007.
↑ "Byzantium and Its Influence on Neighboring Peoples". Archived from the original on 2011-08-27. Retrieved February 8, 2007.
↑ Dissertation, Appendix A, Supplementary Notes on the 11-13th Century Naxarars, Turco-Mongolica, History, Historical, Medieval, Armenia, Armenian, Georgia, Georgian, Mongolian,...
↑ Andrew C. S. Peacock, Nomadic Society and the Seljūq Campaigns in Caucasia, 209.
↑ Shaddadids, C.E. Bosworth, The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol.IX, Ed. C.E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P.Heinrichs and G.Lecomte, (Brill, 1997), 169.
↑ Lokman I. Meho,Kelly L. Maglaughli (1968). Kurdish culture and society: an annotated bibliography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31543-5.

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