September 1909

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The following events occurred in September 1909:

September 1, 1909: Frederick Cook announces he was the first to reach the North Pole (on April 21, 1908)

September 6, 1909: Robert Peary announces he was the first to reach the North Pole (on April 6, 1909)

September 1, 1909 (Wednesday)

• In Brussels, Belgium, the Leconte Observatory received a message cabled from Lerwick in the Shetland Islands: "Reached north pole April 21, 1908. Discovered land far north. Return to Copenhagen by steamer Hans Eged. (Signed) FREDERICK COOK".^[1] Reaction to the news was mixed.^[2] The New York Herald, which had purchased the rights, published Dr. Cook's story the next day. Meanwhile, Robert Peary, who had reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909, was still en route to a telegraph station.^[3]
• Baguio City was incorporated. At an elevation of 5,100 ft (1,500 m), the city's cool temperatures made it the "Summer Capital of the Philippines". The American Governor-General resided there during Manila's hottest months.^[4]

September 2, 1909 (Thursday)

• The New York Herald published its copyrighted story, "My Conquest of the Pole", by Dr. Frederick A. Cook. Dr. Cook wrote, "At last we had pierced the boreal center and the flag had been raised to the coveted breezes of the North Pole. The day was April 21, 1908. The sun indicated local noon, but that was a negative problem, for here all meridians meet. With a step it was possible to go from one part of the globe to the opposite side ... North, east and west had vanished. It was south in every direction, but the compass pointing to the magnetic pole was as useful as ever." The Herald had paid Cook $25,000 for exclusive rights to his story, which was cabled from the American consulate in Copenhagen.^[5]

September 3, 1909 (Friday)

• The ferry boat Magnolia was struck by another ferry, the Nettie and split in two, sinking immediately in Sheepshead Bay at New York. All 33 persons on board survived a difficult rescue.^[6]

September 4, 1909 (Saturday)

• The first Boy Scout Rally was held, bringing 11,000 boys to Crystal Palace in London. Scout founder Sir Robert Baden-Powell was approached by a group of girls who asked him to create a similar program for them. Agnes Baden-Powell, Robert's sister, set about the task of creating the Girl Guides and, later, the Girl Scouts.^[7]
• The Chinese-Korean border was agreed upon between the governments of Japan (which had made Korea its protectorate) and China in the Gando Convention treaty. The boundary is the Tumen River and the Shiyishui stream.^[8]
• Playwright Clyde Fitch died two days after an emergency appendectomy, while multimillionaire William Singer died ten days after a fatal automobile accident. Fitch, who had dreaded the prospect of surgery, had weathered two previous attacks of appendicitis and had never had his appendix taken out.^[9] Singer was, up to that time, the wealthiest person to have ever died in a car accident. He had been thrown from his car in an August 25 mishap.^[10]
• The first airplane flight in Germany was made by Orville Wright at Tempelhof.^[11]

September 5, 1909 (Sunday)

• Tsar Nicholas II arrived in Sevastopol, where an attempt on his life would have been made, but for a missed train. Julia Lublinskaia Merzheevskaia, also known as Elena Lukiens, was going to throw a bomb at the ruler of all the Russias, but she failed to get to the railroad station in time.^[12]
• The Eduard Bohlen ran aground off the coast of Namibia's Skeleton Coast on September 5, 1909, in a thick fog. Currently the wreck lies in the sand a quarter mile from the shoreline.

September 6, 1909 (Monday)

• Arctic explorer Robert Peary telegraphed the first report of his discovery, on April 6, of the North Pole. The transmission to the New York Times, which had purchased the rights to his story, was from Indian Harbor at Labrador, where the ship Roosevelt had brought him. Peary's wire to the Times read, "I have the pole, April sixth. Expect arrive Chateau Bay September seventh. Secure control wire for me there and arrange expedite transmission big story. PEARY."^[13] At that time, Peary learned that the previous week, explorer Frederick Cook had claimed to have reached the North Pole on April 21, 1908.^[14]

September 7, 1909 (Tuesday)

Eugène Lefebvre, first pilot, and second person, to die in an airplane crash

• Eugene Lefebvre became the first airplane pilot to be killed in a plane crash. Lefebvre was flying at Juvisy-sur-Orge in France and his plane was about 20 feet (6.1 m) off the ground when "suddenly, without any apparent reason, it tilted sharply downward and propelled by the force of the motor, struck the ground with great violence." Lefebvre was the second person, but first pilot, to die in an airplane accident. The first person killed had been Thomas Selfridge who had flown as a passenger on a plane with Orville Wright the previous year.^[15]
• Died: Henry Brown Blackwell, 84, British-born American reformer

September 9, 1909 (Thursday)

• The National Library of China was created, to be housed at the Guanghua Temple (Beijing). The library opened to the public on August 27, 1912.^[16]
• The 1,600-foot-long (490 m) Santa Monica Pier opened to the public in Santa Monica, California.^[17]

September 10, 1909 (Friday)

• Lord Kitchener retired as Commander of the Indian Army after seven years, having completed reorganization of the British and Indian units into a more efficient force. Kitchener was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal the next day and set off on a world tour.^[18]
• The United States Post Office Department announced a new regulation excusing letter carriers from delivering the mail "at residences where vicious dogs are permitted to run at large".^[19]

September 11, 1909 (Saturday)

• Maximilian Wolf became the first astronomer to confirm the return of Halley's Comet, last seen from the Earth in 1835, spotting it on a photographic plate.^[20] Wolff's photo was actually the fourth one taken of the comet. Subsequent searches found that Halley's had been captured on a photo taken on August 24 at the observatory in Helwan, Egypt.^[21]

September 12, 1909 (Sunday)

• A patent for the first successful method of producing synthetic rubber was applied for in Germany by chemist Fritz Hofmann. "A Method for the Preparation of Artificial Rubber" described methods of heat polymerization of isoprene at a temperature under 250 °C to create a substitute for rubber, from which German patent No. 250690 was issued.^[22]
• Emiliano Zapata began his revolutionary career when the city leaders of San Miguel Anenecuilco, in the Mexican province of Morelos, selected him to recover lands owned by the village.^[23]
• In Fes, Morocco, rebel leader El Roghi was put to death by order of the Sultan.^[24] The rebel had been placed on public view in an iron cage until the French Consul protested the torture of the rebels. It was reported later that El Roghi had been burned alive after an attempt to feed him to lions had failed.^[25]
• Dr. Willis C. Hoover and his 37 followers were expelled from the Methodist Church in Valparaíso, Chile, and organized the Pentecostal Methodist Church of Chile. By the end of the 20th Century, there were two million Pentecostals in Chile, 20 percent of the nation's population.^[26]

September 13, 1909 (Monday)

• Robert Scott announced that he was going to raise funds to become the first person to reach the South Pole. "The main object of the expedition is to reach the South Pole and secure for the British Empire the honour of that achievement.", Cook told reporters. Scott reached the South Pole in 1913, only to find that Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen had gotten there a few weeks earlier. Demoralized and down to rations, Scott and his party died in the Antarctic before they could return home.^[27]
• John King, who had won the Medal of Honor for heroism on the U.S.S. Vicksburg following a boiler accident, earned a second Medal of Honor for heroism after a boiler accident on the U.S.S. Salem.^[28]

September 14, 1909 (Tuesday)

• On the eve of a 13,000-mile (21,000 km) nationwide tour, U.S. President William Howard Taft announced in Boston his support for a national bank, as proposed by the National Monetary Commission, chaired by Senator Nelson Aldrich. "Our banking and monetary system is a patched up affair, which satisfies nobody", the President said in a speech at a banquet for the Boston Chamber of Commerce, and endorsed "a central bank of issue, which shall control the reserve and exercise a power to meet and control the casual stringency which from time to time will come."^[29] Following the Aldrich Commission proposal, the Federal Reserve Act was passed in 1913.
• Charles Pinkney, Jr. of the Dayton Veterans was fatally injured after being struck by a pitch thrown by Casey Hageman of the Grand Rapids Stags, in a Central League game played in Dayton, Ohio.^[30] Pinkney, who had hit a home run in the first game of a doubleheader,^[31] died the next day following surgery. Hageman later played major league baseball for the Red Sox, the Cardinals and the Cubs.^[32]

September 15, 1909 (Wednesday)

• The Ford Motor Company was held to have infringed upon an 1895 patent held by inventor George B. Selden. Selden had founded the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers and had required all automakers to receive an ALAM license. After ALAM denied a license to Henry Ford in 1903, Ford Motor manufactured the automobiles anyway and was sued. The judgment, by federal judge Charles M. Hough, enjoined Ford Motor from further manufacture of automobiles, but was reversed on January 11, 1911, by an appellate court. The ALAM did not pursue the injunction further.^[33]
• The Yuma Territorial Prison was closed after 33 years. Located in the desert of Yuma, Arizona, the federal prison had housed convicts from across the nation in temperatures that gave it the nickname of the American "Devil's Island".^[34]
• Pilot Georges Legagneux made the first airplane flight in Russia, demonstrating the French-built Voisin biplane at the Khodynka Field near Moscow.^[35]

September 16, 1909 (Thursday)

• Adolf Hitler, 20, moved out of his lodgings at Sechshauserstrasse 58 in Vienna with his savings exhausted, no income and no forwarding address, then spent the next several months homeless. He would later describe autumn 1909 as "an endlessly bitter time".^[36]

September 17, 1909 (Friday)

• The City of Granger, Washington, was incorporated.^[37]
• The first streetcar crossed the Queensboro Bridge from Long Island City into Manhattan on a half-hour trip that started at 3:30^[38]

September 18, 1909 (Saturday)

• The largest crowd to ever watch a baseball game, up to that time, turned out in Shibe Park as 35,409 spectators watched the Philadelphia Athletics beat the visiting Detroit Tigers, 2–0, on the pitching of future Hall of Famer Charles "Chief" Bender. The A's were second to the Tigers in the American League pennant race.^[39]

September 19, 1909 (Sunday)

• Physician Friedrich Dessauer succeeded in making a clear x-ray image with 0.03 seconds of exposure, creating "x-ray cinematography". Up to eight x-rays could be taken during the space of a heartbeat, and then viewed in succession as if on a film. However, the process required exposure of the human body to large, multiple bursts of x-ray radiation.^[40]

September 20, 1909 (Monday)

• Britain passed the South Africa Act 1909, effective May 31, 1910, which united the British colonies of the Cape of Good Hope and Natal with the Transvaal and the Orange River Colony, Britain's conquests in the Boer War, to create the Union of South Africa.^[41]
• The Grand Isle Hurricane of 1909 struck Grand Isle, Louisiana, then destroyed much of New Orleans. An estimated 350 people were killed by the Category 4 hurricane.^[42]

September 21, 1909 (Tuesday)

• Frederick Cook returned to a hero's welcome in New York City, celebrated as the discoverer of the North Pole by the New York Herald.^[43]
• Oakland resident Fong Joe Guey, a native of Kwangtung Province in China (as Feng Ru), flew an airplane that he had constructed himself. Feng Ru is now celebrated as China's first aircraft designer and aviator.^[44]
• The Shoshone Cavern National Monument was created by executive order of President Taft. Congress removed the cavern from the National Park System on May 17, 1954, and transferred the park to the city of Cody, Wyoming.^[45]
• John Albert Johnson, the first native of Minnesota to serve as its Governor, died suddenly at age 48 following intestinal surgery. The popular Governor was mourned nationwide, and a biographer noted "Never was such general grief known in Minnesota." Johnson was succeeded by Adolph O. Eberhart, a native of Sweden.^[46]
• Albert Einstein, the young Albert Einstein presented in public for the first time his theory of relativity, published in 1905. The work that has revolutionized physics then received a rather cool reception from his peers. In the gym of Andrä school, where were held the meeting of the society of natural scientists and physicians from Germany, the famous formula E = mc², energy equals mass multiplied by the speed of light squared, was chalked on the blackboard.^[47]

September 22, 1909 (Wednesday)

• Aviator Ferdinand Ferber was killed in Boulogne, France, when his airplane crashed during testing. Ferber became the fourth person, and second pilot, to die in an airplane crash.^[48]
• In the city of Valence, Drôme, France, the murderers Berruyer, David and Liotard were guillotined in a public execution. The three men had tortured and murdered at least 12 victims, and committed 200 robberies.^[49]

September 23, 1909 (Thursday)

• The British weekly magazine Truth first exposed the atrocities committed, by management of the British-owned Peruvian Amazon Company, against the indigenous people who were in its employ. Walter Hardenburg, an American traveler who had witnessed the practices, authored the article, entitled "The Devil's Paradise — A British-Owned Congo". Outrage by the British public led to an investigation by the House of Commons and the disbanding of the corporation.^[50]
• Near Montrose, Colorado, President Taft opened the Gunnison Tunnel, "setting in operation the greatest irrigation project the United States Government ever has undertaken".^[51]
• The Arctic Club of America honored Dr. Frederick Cook as the "discoverer" of the North Pole, at a banquet in his honor at The Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York, with 1,185 people in attendance.^[52] Cook's claim, that he had been the first person to reach the North Pole would be rejected three months later by an investigating commission of the University of Copenhagen.^[53]

September 24, 1909 (Friday)

• The world did not come to an end as scheduled. Led by Robert B. Swan, 300 members of the "Triune Immersionists" gathered in West Duxbury, Massachusetts, in anticipation of 10:00 a.m., when the crust of the Earth would peel off, destroying the wicked and permitting the righteous to survive.^[54] After 10:00 passed without incident, the prediction was revised to sometime within the 24 hours after 6:00 p.m.^[55]
• Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's 15th and final opera, Le Coq d'Or (The Golden Cockerel or Zolotoy Petushok) premiered at Moscow's Private Opera, more than a year after Rimsky-Korsakov's death.^[56]

September 25, 1909 (Saturday)

• Sunspot activity produced a magnetic storm that disrupted telegraph communications across the world, starting at 1200 noon GMT (7 am EST).^[57]

September 26, 1909 (Sunday)

• At a ranch near Banning, California, a Chemehuevi Indian known only as "Willie Boy" shot and killed his girlfriend's father, William Mike, then fled with her into the desert. When Carlotta Mike's body was discovered days later, the manhunt became nationwide news. Willie Boy eluded his pursuers and survived in the desert for 11 days before killing himself on October 7.^[58] The story was recounted in Harry Lawton's 1960 novel Willie Boy: A Desert Manhunt, and later in the 1969 film Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here with Robert Redford, Katherine Ross and Robert Blake (as Willie Boy).^[59]

September 27, 1909 (Monday)

• President Taft created the first American oil reserve, withdrawing 3,041,000 acres (12,310 km²) of public lands in California and Wyoming from further claims, and reserving the oil for use by the United States Navy. Ten days earlier, U.S. Geological Survey Director George Otis Smith had warned Secretary of the Interior Ballinger that oil lands were being claimed so quickly that they would be unavailable within a few months. "After that", Smith warned, "the government will be obliged to repurchase the very oil that it has practically given away." In 1910, Congress passed the Pickett Act, which gave the President the authority to set aside federally owned resources as necessary for public purposes.^[60]

September 28, 1909 (Tuesday)

• Union members were locked out of their job at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York. After strikebreakers roughed up women on the picket line, 20,000 more of the city's garment workers went on a strike that lasted until February 15, 1910. The strikers were not able to win on their demand to stop management's practice of locking the workers inside during business hours, a factor in the deaths of 146 Triangle employees on March 25, 1911.^[61]

September 29, 1909 (Wednesday)

• Wilbur Wright gave millions of New York and New Jersey residents their first view of an airplane as part of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration. Wright took off from Governors Island at 10:18 a.m., then flew around the Statue of Liberty and returned at 10:25.^[62]

September 30, 1909 (Thursday)

• Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, who had been deposed as Shah of Persia, went into exile to Russia, sailing from the Iranian port of Bandar-e Anzali on the steamer General Skobeleff to Petrovsk.^[63] In Odessa, he plotted to regain his throne, with one unsuccessful attempt in 1911.^[64]

Births

• September 5 –

Nicholas Bhengu, South African evangelist, in Entumeni; (d. 1985);

Yusuf Dadoo, South African Communist activist, in Krugersdorp; (d. 1983)

Archie Jackson, Australian cricketer, in Rutherglen, Scotland; (d. 1933)

• September 6 – Valentin Zmorovich, Soviet Ukrainian mathematician, in Kiev; (d.1994)
• September 7 – Elia Kazan, American film director, as Elias Kazanjoglous, in Istanbul; (d. 2003)
• September 8 – Max Blecher, Romanian author, in Botoşani; (d. 1938)
• September 11 – William H. Natcher, U.S. Congressman 1953–1994, in Bowling Green, Kentucky; known for never missing a vote in Congress, with 18,401 consecutive votes; (d. 1994)
• September 14 – Sir Peter Scott, British ornithologist and painter (d. 1989)
• September 15 –

Jean Batten, New Zealand-born aviatrix, in Rotorua; (d. 1982)

Tan Jiazhen, Chinese geneticist, in Cixi City; (d. 2008)

• September 19 – Ferry Porsche, Austrian automotive designer, in Wiener Neustadt (d. 1998)
• September 21 – Kwame Nkrumah, first President of Ghana, 1960–66; as Francis Nwia Kofi Nkrumah in Nkroful (d. 1972)
• September 24 – Carl Sigman, American songwriter ("It's All In The Game"), in Brooklyn; (d. 2000)
• September 28 –

Al Capp, American cartoonist ("Li'l Abner"); as Alfred Caplin in New Haven; (d. 1979)

Paidi Jairaj film actor in India; in Hyderabad; (d.2000)

• September 29 – John Converse, American plastic surgeon, in San Francisco; (d. 1981)

Deaths

• September 9 – E.H. Harriman, 61, American railroad magnate
• September 27 – Gyula Donáth, 59, Hungarian sculptor
• September 29 – Vladimir Vidrić, 34, Croatian poet

References

1. "Tells of Land Far North", New York Times, September 2, 1909, p1
2. (September 1) – "North Pole Is Discovered – Dr. Cook Lands American Flag in the World's Greatest Feat" (Oakland Tribune); "North Pole Discovered And By An American!" "Word Comes From Greenland That the Daring Explorer Is Dr. Frederick A. Cook of Brooklyn; Date of Discovery Was April 21, 1908. Dr. Cook Is Now On His Homeward Way-- Whole World Congratulates Him" (The Evening Observer, Dunkirk, New York); "North Pole Discovered April 21, 1908, And No One Knew It Until Today" (San Antonio Light and Gazette)
3. Michael F. Robinson, The Coldest Crucible: Arctic Exploration and American Culture (University of Chicago Press, 2006), p142
4. Baguio Centennial Commission
5. Susan E. Tifft and Alex S. Jones, The Trust: The Private and Powerful Family Behind The New York Times (Back Bay, 2000), p65
6. "Launch Cut in Twain; 30 Aboard Saved", New York Times, September 4, 1909, p1
7. "Girl Guides seek leading light", couriermail.com, February 28, 2009
8. Dae-Sook Suh, Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader (Columbia University Press, 1988), pp198–199
9. "Clyde Fitch Dead After Operation"; "Fitch Feared An Operation", New York Times, September 5, 1909, p1
10. "William H. Singer Dies", New York Times, September 5, 1909, p1
11. Wright Flies in Berlin, New York Times, September 5, 1909, p1
12. Sergei Stepanov (Charles A. Ruud, translator), Fontanka 16: The Tsars' Secret Police (McGill-Queen's Press, 2003), pp177–78
13. "Peary Discovers the North Pole After Eight Trials In 23 Years", New York Times, September 7, 1909, p1
14. Smithsonian Magazine
15. "Killed in Aeroplane", New York Times, September 8, 1909, p1
16. National Library of China: An Introduction
17. Santa Monica guide
18. George H. Cassar, Kitchener's War: British Strategy From 1914 to 1916 (Brassey's, 2004), p17
19. "Owners of Vicious Dogs May Not Receive Mail", Atlanta Constitution, September 11, 1909, p1
20. "Halley's Comet Seen", New York Times, September 13, 1909, p1; "Comet Has Famous History", September 14, 1909, p1
21. "The History of Comet Halley", by Daniel K. Yeomans, Jurgen Rahe, and Ruth S. Freitag, Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada (April 1986), p.81
22. "A Review of the Pioneer Work on the Synthesis of Rubber", by Francis J. Pond, Journal of the American Chemical Society (January 1914), pp188–199
23. Alex Khasnabish, Zapatismo Beyond Borders: New Imaginations of Political Possibility (University of Toronto Press, 2008), p93
24. El Roghi Put to Death, New York Times, September 18, 1909, p1
25. "El Roghi Thrown to Lions", New York Times, October 2, 1909
26. Vinson Synan, The Holiness-Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1997), pp136–137
27. Diana Preston, A First Rate Tragedy: Robert Falcon Scott and the Race to the South Pole (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1999), pp101–102
28. Ron Owens, Medal of Honor: Historical Facts and Figures (Turner Publishing Company, 2004), p79
29. "Taft With Aldrich For a Central Bank", New York Times, September 15, 1909
30. "Pinkney Dies From Effects of His Injury", Fort Wayne Sentinel, September 15, 1909, p1
31. "Grand Rapids Lost Chance to Get Third", Id. at p.3
32. Charles Pinkney biography
33. Charles E. Sorensen, My Forty Years with Ford (Wayne State University Press, 2006), pp120–121
34. Yuma Territorial Prison on ghosttowns.com
35. War and Game blog
36. Ian Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography (W. W. Norton & Company, 2008), pp29–30
37. Granger Chamber of Commerce
38. First Car Over Queensboro Bridge, New York Times, September 18, 1909, p1
39. "Big Chief Bender Shuts Out Tigers", Washington Post, September 19, 1909, p1; thebaseballpage.com
40. med-archiv.de Friedrich Dessauer
41. S. Akweenda, International Law and the Protection of Namibia's Territorial Integrity: Boundaries and Territorial Claims (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1997), p88
42. Angus M. Gunn, Encyclopedia of Disasters: Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), pp238–240
43. Fergus Fleming, Ninety Degrees North: The Quest for the North Pole (Grove Press, 2001), pp376–77
44. China Daily online
45. National Parks Traveler
46. Frank A. Day and Theodore M. Knappen, Life of John Albert Johnson: Three Times Governor of Minnesota (Forbes & Co., 1910), pp248–258
48. "French Aeronaut Crushed to Death", New York Times, September 23, 1909, p1
49. Three Men Guillotined, New York Times, September 23, 1909
50. Angus Mitchell, Casement (Haus Publishing, 2003) pp58-59
51. "Taft Opens Tunnel That Diverts River", New York Times, September 24, 1909, p1
52. "Hail Dr. Cook As Pole's Discoverer", New York Times, September 24, 1909, p1
53. "Cook's Claim to Discovery of the North Pole Rejected", New York Times, December 22, 1909, p1
54. "End of the World Set for To-morrow", New York Times, September 23, 1909
55. "End of the World, Delayed, Due To-Day", New York Times, September 25, 1909
56. Grace Robert, The Borzoi Book of Ballets (Kessinger Publishing, 2005), p95
57. "Aurora Upsets Wires", Washington Post, September 26, 1909, p3, from solarstorms.org
58. Inside the IE
59. Peter C. Rollins and John E. O'Connor, editors, Hollywood's Indian: the portrayal of the Native American in film (University Press of Kentucky, 2003), pp107–120
60. Lita Epstein, C.D. Jaco, and Julianne C. Iwersen-Niemann, The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Politics of Oil (Alpha Books, 2003), pp131–132; Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890–1920 (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1999), pp 89–90
61. Sharon Smith, "Subterranean Fire: A History of Working-Class Radicalism in the United States" (Black Rose Books, 2006), pp68–69
62. "Wright Aeroplane Flies Over the Bay", New York Times, September 30, 1909, p1
63. "Ex-Shah Leaves Persia", New York Times, October 2, 1909
64. Nagendra Kr. Singh, ed., International Encyclopaedia of Islamic Dynasties (Anmol Publications, 2000), pp201–202