Severians

For other uses, see Severians (disambiguation).
European territory inhabited by East Slavic tribes in 8th and 9th century.

The Severians or Severyans or Siverians (Russian: Северяне; Ukrainian: Сiверяни; Belarusian: Севяране) were a tribe or tribal union of early East Slavs occupying areas to the east of the middle Dnieper river around the rivers Desna, Sejm and Sula on the territory of the archaeological culture of Romny. They are mentioned by the Bavarian Geographer (9th century, as Zeriuani), and in the works of Emperor Constantine VII (956-959), by khazar khagan Joseph (c. 960) and in the Primary Chronicle (1113).

Ethnonym

The etymology of the name of Severians is controversial. Though it is similar to the Slavic word for "north" (sěver), the Severians never were the northernmost tribe of Slavs.

History

The Severians had as neighbours the tribes of Viatich and Radimich in the north, and the Derevlian and Polian tribes in the west. The eastern and southern borders of the tribe's habitat, never permanent, would sometimes extend to the upper reaches of the Seversky Donets River. The principal cities of the Severians included Chernigov (modern Chernihiv), Kursk, Novgorod-Seversky (modern Novhorod-Siverskyi) and others. Archaeologists have found numerous rural settlements of the 8th to 10th centuries, inhabited by the Severians, and burial mounds with cremated bodies. The Severians mostly engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding and different handicrafts.

Their existence as a political unit can be proven from the 8th to 11th century. One theory sees their state as originating from the Krivichs. They had to pay tribute to the Khazars in the 8th and 9th century; in the late 9th century Oleg of Novgorod annexed their territory to the Kievan Rus' state together with the eastern Polans. Severians participated in Oleg's campaign against Constantinople in 907. Finally, they became part of the Grand Principality of Chernigov. The last reference to them dates from 1024.

Part of the Severians was settled in the territory of present-day north-eastern Bulgaria (Moesia Inferior and Scythia Minor).[1] According to Theophanes the Confessor, the Bulgars subjugated the so-called Seven Slavic tribes, of which the Severeis were re-settled from the mountain pass of Beregaba or Veregava, most likely the Rish Pass of the Balkan Mountains, to the East, while the other six tribes to the Southern and Western regions as far the boundary with the Pannonian Avars.[2] In 767 by the Byzantines was kidnapped certain Severi prince who made trouble in Thrace, indicating they retained tributary relation with the Bulgars.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 John Van Antwerp Fine (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. pp. 69, 77. ISBN 9780472081493.
  2. ↑ Fiedler, Uwe (2008). "Bulgars in the Lower Danube region: A survey of the archaeological evidence and of the state of current research". In Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman. The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans. Brill. p. 154. ISBN 9789004163898.
Sources
  1. Jovan M. Pejin; Iz prošlosti Kikinde; Kikinda; 2000.
  2. Istorijski atlas; Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva - Zavod za kartografiju "Geokarta"; Beograd; 1999.
  3. Školski istorijski atlas; treće izdanje; Zavod za izdavanje udžbenika Socijalističke Republike Srbije; Beograd; 1970.

See also

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