Sexual intercourse in English law
The expression sexual intercourse has been used as a legal term of art in England and Wales. From its enactment to its repeal on the 1 May 2004,[1] section 44 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 read:
Where, on the trial of any offence under this Act, it is necessary to prove sexual intercourse (whether natural or unnatural), it shall not be necessary to prove the completion of the intercourse by the emission of seed, but the intercourse shall be deemed complete upon proof of penetration only
Unnatural
This expression referred to buggery (including both buggery with a person and buggery with an animal).[2]
Penetration
According to cases decided on the meaning of the statutory definition of carnal knowledge under the Offences against the Person Act 1828, which was in identical terms to this definition, the slightest penetration was sufficient.[3] The book "Archbold" said that it "submitted" that this continued to be the law under the new enactment.[4]
See also R v Hughes (1841) 9 C & P 752, (1841) 2 Mood CC 190 and R v Lines (1844) 1 Car & Kir 393.
Continuing act
See Kaitamaki v R [1985] AC 147, [1984] 3 WLR 137, [1984] 2 All ER 435, 79 Cr App R 251, [1984] Crim LR 564, PC (decided under equivalent legislation in New Zealand).
Other definitions
Section 7(2) of the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976 contained the following words: "In this Act . . . references to sexual intercourse shall be construed in accordance with section 44 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 so far as it relates to natural intercourse (under which such intercourse is deemed complete on proof of penetration only)". The Act made provision, in relation to rape and related offences, for England and Wales, and for courts-martial elsewhere.
From 3 November 1994 to 1 May 2004, section 1(2)(a) of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 (as substituted by section 142 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994) referred to "sexual intercourse with a person (whether vaginal or anal)". This section created the offence of rape in England and Wales.
Unlawful sexual intercourse
In R v Chapman,[5] the court considered section 19 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 and held that sexual intercourse was "unlawful" if it was extra-marital.
Consortium
Sexual intercourse is an incident of consortium.[6]
Human rights
Article 12 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms does not confer on prisoners a right to conjugal relations whilst in prison.[7]
References
- Card, Richard. Card, Cross and Jones: Criminal Law. 12th ed. Butterworths. 1992. Paras 12.2 and 12.9.
- Barnett, Hilaire. Constitutional and Administrative Law. Second Edition. Cavendish. 1998. Page 829.
- ↑ The Sexual Offences Act 2003 (Commencement) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004/874)
- ↑ R v Gaston 73 Cr App R 164, CA
- ↑ R v R'Rue (1838) 8 C & P 641; R v Allen (1839) 9 C & P 31
- ↑ Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice, 1999, paragraph 20-24
- ↑ R v Chapman [1959] 1 QB 100, [1958] 3 WLR 401,[1958] All ER 142, 42 Cr App R 257, CCA
- ↑ Bromley and Lowe. Bromley's Family Law. 8th ed. Butterworths. 1992 . pp 109, 111 - 113, 877.
- ↑ X v United Kingdom Appl 6564/74 (1975); D and R2 (1975)